Editing Borderless Welfare State

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space-Main_Categories.Immigration_&#38;_Politics.Borderless_Welfare_State"><h1 id="HBORDERLESSWELFARESTATE" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><strong>BORDERLESS WELFARE STATE</strong></span></h1><h2 id="HTheConsequencesofImmigrationforPublicFinances" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><strong>The Consequences of Immigration for Public Finances</strong></span></h2><h3 id="HKeyFindingsandAnalysis" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><em>Key Findings and Analysis</em></span></h3><h3 id="H1.FiscalImpactofImmigration" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><strong>1. Fiscal Impact of Immigration</strong></span></h3><ul><li><strong>€400 billion</strong>: Total net cost of immigration to the Netherlands from <strong>1995-2019</strong>, equivalent to the country's total natural gas revenues since the 1960s.</li><li><strong>€27 billion annually</strong>: Current estimated burden of immigration on Dutch public finances.</li><li>Projected increase: From <strong>€17 billion in 2016</strong> to <strong>€50 billion annually</strong> if trends continue.</li></ul><h3 id="H2.ContributionbyImmigrationType" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><strong>2. Contribution by Immigration Type</strong></span></h3><ul><li><strong>Labour Immigration</strong>: <strong>+€125,000</strong> net contribution per person.</li><li><strong>Study Immigration</strong>: <strong>-€75,000</strong> net cost per person.</li><li><strong>Family Immigration</strong>: <strong>-€275,000</strong> net cost per person.</li><li><strong>Asylum Immigration</strong>: <strong>-€475,000</strong> net cost per person.</li></ul><h3 id="H3.ContributionbyRegionofOrigin" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><strong>3. Contribution by Region of Origin</strong></span></h3><ul><li><strong>Western Immigrants</strong>: <strong>+€25,000</strong> average contribution.</li><li><strong>Non-Western Immigrants</strong>: <strong>-€275,000</strong> per person on average.</li><li>Highest fiscal costs: Immigrants from <strong>Morocco and the Horn of Africa</strong>, reaching up to <strong>-€600,000</strong> per person.</li><li>Positive contributors: Immigrants from <strong>Japan, North America, and Oceania</strong>, averaging <strong>+€200,000</strong> per person.</li></ul><h3 id="H4.Long-TermPopulationImpact" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><strong>4. Long-Term Population Impact</strong></span></h3><ul><li>Dutch population would need to grow to <strong>100 million by 2100</strong> to maintain the current welfare state dependency ratio.</li><li>Immigration is <strong>not a sustainable solution</strong> to the aging population due to declining fertility rates among immigrant groups.</li></ul><h3 id="H5.Second-GenerationPerformance" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><strong>5. Second-Generation Performance</strong></span></h3><ul><li>Despite improvements, second-generation immigrants remain a <strong>net fiscal burden</strong> overall.</li><li><strong>Cito test scores:</strong> Each additional point increase correlates with an improvement of <strong>€20,000</strong> in lifetime fiscal contribution.</li></ul><h3 id="H6.PolicyRecommendations" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><strong>6. Policy Recommendations</strong></span></h3><ul><li>A <strong>selective immigration policy</strong> focusing on high-skilled workers could alleviate fiscal pressure.</li><li>Without policy reform, the welfare system may become unsustainable.</li></ul><hr/><h3 id="HImplications" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><strong>Implications</strong></span></h3><ul><li>Immigration trends pose a significant challenge to public finances.</li><li>Policymakers must consider balancing social inclusivity with economic sustainability.</li><li>Targeted immigration strategies could ensure positive fiscal contributions.</li></ul><hr/><h3 id="HReferences" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><strong>References</strong></span></h3><ul><li><span class="wikiexternallink"><a href="/pdfs/borderless_welfare_state-2-1.pdf">Full Report PDF</a></span></li></ul><hr/><h3 id="HAuthors:" class="wikigeneratedid"><span><strong>Authors:</strong></span></h3><ul><li>Jan H. van de Beek</li><li>Hans Roodenburg</li><li>Joop Hartog</li><li>Gerrit W. Kreffer</li></ul><p><strong>Published by:</strong> Demo-Demo Publisher, Zeist, Netherlands</p><p><strong>ISBN:</strong> 9789083334820</p></body>
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