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Wiki source code of Studies: Race

Last modified by Ryan C on 2025/06/21 05:59
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1 {{expandable summary="Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"}}
2 **Source:** *Genetic Epidemiology*
3 **Date of Publication:** *2001*
4 **Author(s):** *Neil Risch, Esteban Burchard, Elisa Ziv, Hua Tang*
5 **Title:** *"Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"*
6 **DOI:** [10.1038/ng1199-355](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1199-355)
7 **Subject Matter:** *Population Genetics, Biomedical Research, Race & Ancestry*
8
9 {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
10 1. **General Observations:**
11 - Sample: 3,636 individuals from **White, African-American, East Asian, and Hispanic** groups.
12 - Genotyped for **326 microsatellite markers**.
13
14 2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
15 - **Self-identified race matched genetic clusters 99.86% of the time**.
16 - Each group formed **distinct, non-overlapping clusters** in genetic space.
17
18 3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
19 - Genetic structure correlated strongly with **continental ancestry**, not geography of residence.
20 - Demonstrated minimal overlap between populations, affirming **biological distinctiveness** of racial groupings.
21 {{/expandable}}
22
23 {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
24 1. **Primary Observations:**
25 - **Self-identified race is a valid proxy for genetic ancestry** in medical and population studies.
26 - Racial classification is not merely “socially constructed,” but **reflects deep ancestral population structure**.
27
28 2. **Subgroup Trends:**
29 - East Asians, Africans, and Europeans formed **clear, separable genetic clusters**.
30 - Hispanics showed **admixture**, but still clustered distinguishably.
31
32 3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
33 - The paper challenged the **PC dogma** that race is biologically meaningless.
34 - Warned that **ignoring race in genetic studies can introduce confounding**, especially in disease association research.
35 {{/expandable}}
36
37 {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
38 1. **Strengths of the Study:**
39 - Robust dataset across multiple racial/ethnic groups.
40 - Clear empirical demonstration of the **biological reality of race**.
41
42 2. **Limitations of the Study:**
43 - Did not account for intra-population stratification or recent admixture in fine detail.
44 - Based on microsatellite markers — less resolution than full-genome sequencing.
45
46 3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
47 - Update with modern SNP or WGS data.
48 - Include more populations (e.g., Middle Easterners, South Asians) for global structure.
49 {{/expandable}}
50
51 {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
52 - Provides foundational genetic evidence **supporting the coherence of racial classifications**.
53 - Useful in refuting the claim that race is merely a sociological artifact.
54 - Directly applicable to the **race realism** and **genetic confounding** discussion in medical ethics and social sciences.
55 {{/expandable}}
56
57 {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
58 1. Analyze how racial identity correlates with **disease risk and treatment outcomes**.
59 2. Compare modern SNP datasets to validate or refine the 2001 conclusions.
60 3. Investigate how **DEI-driven research** suppresses or distorts findings on genetic ancestry.
61 {{/expandable}}
62
63 {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
64 [[Download Full Study>>attach:tang2005.pdf]]
65 {{/expandable}}
66 {{/expandable}}

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