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Wiki source code of Studies: Genetics

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1 = Genetics =
2
3 {{expandable summary="
4
5 Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
6 **Source:** *Nature*
7 **Date of Publication:** *2009*
8 **Author(s):** *David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price, Lalji Singh*
9 **Title:** *"Reconstructing Indian Population History"*
10 **DOI:** [10.1038/nature08365](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08365)
11 **Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Population History, South Asian Ancestry* 
12
13 {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
14 1. **General Observations:**
15 - Study analyzed **132 individuals from 25 diverse Indian groups**.
16 - Identified two major ancestral populations: **Ancestral North Indians (ANI)** and **Ancestral South Indians (ASI)**.
17
18 2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
19 - ANI ancestry is closely related to **Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans**.
20 - ASI ancestry is **genetically distinct from ANI and East Asians**.
21
22 3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
23 - ANI ancestry ranges from **39% to 71%** across Indian groups.
24 - **Caste and linguistic differences** strongly correlate with genetic variation.
25 {{/expandable}}
26
27 {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
28 1. **Primary Observations:**
29 - The genetic landscape of India has been shaped by **thousands of years of endogamy**.
30 - Groups with **only ASI ancestry no longer exist** in mainland India.
31
32 2. **Subgroup Trends:**
33 - **Higher ANI ancestry in upper-caste and Indo-European-speaking groups**.
34 - **Andaman Islanders** are unique in having **ASI ancestry without ANI influence**.
35
36 3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
37 - **Founder effects** have maintained allele frequency differences among Indian groups.
38 - Predicts **higher incidence of recessive diseases** due to historical genetic isolation.
39 {{/expandable}}
40
41 {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
42 1. **Strengths of the Study:**
43 - **First large-scale genetic analysis** of Indian population history.
44 - Introduces **new methods for ancestry estimation without direct ancestral reference groups**.
45
46 2. **Limitations of the Study:**
47 - Limited **sample size relative to India's population diversity**.
48 - Does not include **recent admixture events** post-colonial era.
49
50 3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
51 - Future research should **expand sampling across more Indian tribal groups**.
52 - Use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer resolution of ancestry.
53 {{/expandable}}
54
55 {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
56 - Provides a **genetic basis for caste and linguistic diversity** in India.
57 - Highlights **founder effects and genetic drift** shaping South Asian populations.
58 - Supports research on **medical genetics and disease risk prediction** in Indian populations.
59 {{/expandable}}
60
61 {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
62 1. Examine **genetic markers linked to disease susceptibility** in Indian subpopulations.
63 2. Investigate the impact of **recent migration patterns on ANI-ASI ancestry distribution**.
64 3. Study **gene flow between Indian populations and other global groups**.
65 {{/expandable}}
66
67 {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
68 [[Download Full Study>>attach:Reich et al. - 2009 - Reconstructing Indian population history.pdf]]
69 {{/expandable}}
70 {{/expandable}}
71
72 {{expandable summary="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
73 **Source:** *Nature*
74 **Date of Publication:** *2016*
75 **Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
76 **Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
77 **DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
78 **Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
79
80 {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
81 1. **General Observations:**
82 - Analyzed **high-coverage genome sequences of 300 individuals from 142 populations**.
83 - Included **many underrepresented and indigenous groups** from Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
84
85 2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
86 - Found **higher genetic diversity within African populations** compared to non-African groups.
87 - Showed **Neanderthal and Denisovan ancestry in non-African populations**, particularly in Oceania.
88
89 3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
90 - Identified **5.8 million base pairs absent from the human reference genome**.
91 - Estimated that **mutations have accumulated 5% faster in non-Africans than in Africans**.
92 {{/expandable}}
93
94 {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
95 1. **Primary Observations:**
96 - **African populations harbor the greatest genetic diversity**, confirming an out-of-Africa dispersal model.
97 - Indigenous Australians and New Guineans **share a common ancestral population with other non-Africans**.
98
99 2. **Subgroup Trends:**
100 - **Lower heterozygosity in non-Africans** due to founder effects from migration bottlenecks.
101 - **Denisovan ancestry in South Asians is higher than previously thought**.
102
103 3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
104 - **Neanderthal ancestry is higher in East Asians than in Europeans**.
105 - African hunter-gatherer groups show **deep population splits over 100,000 years ago**.
106 {{/expandable}}
107
108 {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
109 1. **Strengths of the Study:**
110 - **Largest global genetic dataset** outside of the 1000 Genomes Project.
111 - High sequencing depth allows **more accurate identification of genetic variants**.
112
113 2. **Limitations of the Study:**
114 - **Limited sample sizes for some populations**, restricting generalizability.
115 - Lacks ancient DNA comparisons, making it difficult to reconstruct deep ancestry fully.
116
117 3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
118 - Future studies should include **ancient genomes** to improve demographic modeling.
119 - Expand research into **how genetic variation affects health outcomes** across populations.
120 {{/expandable}}
121
122 {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
123 - Provides **comprehensive data on human genetic diversity**, useful for **evolutionary studies**.
124 - Supports research on **Neanderthal and Denisovan introgression** in modern human populations.
125 - Enhances understanding of **genetic adaptation and disease susceptibility across groups**.
126 {{/expandable}}
127
128 {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
129 1. Investigate **functional consequences of genetic variation in underrepresented populations**.
130 2. Study **how selection pressures shaped genetic diversity across different environments**.
131 3. Explore **medical applications of population-specific genetic markers**.
132 {{/expandable}}
133
134 {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
135 [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]
136 {{/expandable}}
137 {{/expandable}}
138
139 {{expandable summary="
140
141 Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"}}
142 **Source:** *Nature Genetics*
143 **Date of Publication:** *2015*
144 **Author(s):** *Tinca J. C. Polderman, Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, Danielle Posthuma*
145 **Title:** *"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"*
146 **DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
147 **Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
148
149 {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
150 1. **General Observations:**
151 - Analyzed **17,804 traits from 2,748 twin studies** published between **1958 and 2012**.
152 - Included data from **14,558,903 twin pairs**, making it the largest meta-analysis on human heritability.
153
154 2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
155 - Found **49% average heritability** across all traits.
156 - **69% of traits follow a simple additive genetic model**, meaning most variance is due to genes, not environment.
157
158 3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
159 - **Neurological, metabolic, and psychiatric traits** showed the highest heritability estimates.
160 - Traits related to **social values and environmental interactions** had lower heritability estimates.
161 {{/expandable}}
162
163 {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
164 1. **Primary Observations:**
165 - Across all traits, genetic factors play a significant role in individual differences.
166 - The study contradicts models that **overestimate environmental effects in behavioral and cognitive traits**.
167
168 2. **Subgroup Trends:**
169 - **Eye and brain-related traits showed the highest heritability (70-80%)**.
170 - **Shared environmental effects were negligible (<10%) for most traits**.
171
172 3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
173 - Twin correlations suggest **limited evidence for strong non-additive genetic influences**.
174 - The study highlights **missing heritability in complex traits**, which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yet to fully explain.
175 {{/expandable}}
176
177 {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
178 1. **Strengths of the Study:**
179 - **Largest-ever heritability meta-analysis**, covering nearly all published twin studies.
180 - Provides a **comprehensive framework for understanding gene-environment contributions**.
181
182 2. **Limitations of the Study:**
183 - **Underrepresentation of African, South American, and Asian twin cohorts**, limiting global generalizability.
184 - Cannot **fully separate genetic influences from potential cultural/environmental confounders**.
185
186 3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
187 - Future research should use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer-grained heritability estimates.
188 - **Incorporate non-Western populations** to assess global heritability trends.
189 {{/expandable}}
190
191 {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
192 - Establishes a **quantitative benchmark for heritability across human traits**.
193 - Reinforces **genetic influence on cognitive, behavioral, and physical traits**.
194 - Highlights the need for **genome-wide studies to identify missing heritability**.
195 {{/expandable}}
196
197 {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
198 1. Investigate how **heritability estimates compare across different socioeconomic backgrounds**.
199 2. Examine **gene-environment interactions in cognitive and psychiatric traits**.
200 3. Explore **non-additive genetic effects on human traits using newer statistical models**.
201 {{/expandable}}
202
203 {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
204 [[Download Full Study>>attach:Polderman et al. - 2015 - Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies.pdf]]
205 {{/expandable}}
206 {{/expandable}}
207
208 {{expandable summary="
209
210 Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"}}
211 **Source:** *Nature Reviews Genetics*
212 **Date of Publication:** *2002*
213 **Author(s):** *Sarah A. Tishkoff, Scott M. Williams*
214 **Title:** *"Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"*
215 **DOI:** [10.1038/nrg865](https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg865)
216 **Subject Matter:** *Population Genetics, Human Evolution, Complex Diseases* 
217
218 {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
219 1. **General Observations:**
220 - Africa harbors **the highest genetic diversity** of any region, making it key to understanding human evolution.
221 - The study analyzes **genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in African populations**.
222
223 2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
224 - African populations exhibit **greater genetic differentiation compared to non-Africans**.
225 - **Migration and admixture** have shaped modern African genomes over the past **100,000 years**.
226
227 3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
228 - The **effective population size (Ne) of Africans** is higher than that of non-African populations.
229 - LD blocks are **shorter in African genomes**, suggesting more historical recombination events.
230 {{/expandable}}
231
232 {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
233 1. **Primary Observations:**
234 - African populations are the **most genetically diverse**, supporting the *Recent African Origin* hypothesis.
235 - Genetic variation in African populations can **help fine-map complex disease genes**.
236
237 2. **Subgroup Trends:**
238 - **West Africans exhibit higher genetic diversity** than East Africans due to differing migration patterns.
239 - Populations such as **San hunter-gatherers show deep genetic divergence**.
240
241 3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
242 - Admixture in African Americans includes **West African and European genetic contributions**.
243 - SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) diversity in African genomes **exceeds that of non-African groups**.
244 {{/expandable}}
245
246 {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
247 1. **Strengths of the Study:**
248 - Provides **comprehensive genetic analysis** of diverse African populations.
249 - Highlights **how genetic diversity impacts health disparities and disease risks**.
250
251 2. **Limitations of the Study:**
252 - Many **African populations remain understudied**, limiting full understanding of diversity.
253 - Focuses more on genetic variation than on **specific disease mechanisms**.
254
255 3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
256 - Expand research into **underrepresented African populations**.
257 - Integrate **whole-genome sequencing for a more detailed evolutionary timeline**.
258 {{/expandable}}
259
260 {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
261 - Supports **genetic models of human evolution** and the **out-of-Africa hypothesis**.
262 - Reinforces **Africa’s key role in disease gene mapping and precision medicine**.
263 - Provides insight into **historical migration patterns and their genetic impact**.
264 {{/expandable}}
265
266 {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
267 1. Investigate **genetic adaptations to local environments within Africa**.
268 2. Study **the role of African genetic diversity in disease resistance**.
269 3. Expand research on **how ancient migration patterns shaped modern genetic structure**.
270 {{/expandable}}
271
272 {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
273 [[Download Full Study>>attach:Tishkoff and Williams - 2002 - Genetic analysis of African populations human evolution and complex disease.pdf]]
274 {{/expandable}}
275 {{/expandable}}
276
277 {{expandable summary="
278
279 Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA"}}
280 **Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
281 **Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
282 **Author(s):** *Ali Akbari, Alison R. Barton, Steven Gazal, Zheng Li, Mohammadreza Kariminejad, et al.*
283 **Title:** *"Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation"*
284 **DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
285 **Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
286
287 {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
288 1. **General Observations:**
289 - Study analyzes **8,433 ancient individuals** from the past **14,000 years**.
290 - Identifies **347 genome-wide significant loci** showing strong selection.
291
292 2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
293 - Examines **West Eurasian populations** and their genetic evolution.
294 - Tracks **changes in allele frequencies over millennia**.
295
296 3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
297 - **10,000 years of directional selection** affected metabolic, immune, and cognitive traits.
298 - **Strong selection signals** found for traits like **skin pigmentation, cognitive function, and immunity**.
299 {{/expandable}}
300
301 {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
302 1. **Primary Observations:**
303 - **Hundreds of alleles have been subject to directional selection** over recent millennia.
304 - Traits like **immune function, metabolism, and cognitive performance** show strong selection.
305
306 2. **Subgroup Trends:**
307 - Selection pressure on **energy storage genes** supports the **Thrifty Gene Hypothesis**.
308 - **Cognitive performance-related alleles** have undergone selection, but their historical advantages remain unclear.
309
310 3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
311 - **Celiac disease risk allele** increased from **0% to 20%** in 4,000 years.
312 - **Blood type B frequency rose from 0% to 8% in 6,000 years**.
313 - **Tuberculosis risk allele** fluctuated from **2% to 9% over 3,000 years before declining**.
314 {{/expandable}}
315
316 {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
317 1. **Strengths of the Study:**
318 - **Largest dataset to date** on natural selection in human ancient DNA.
319 - Uses **direct allele frequency tracking instead of indirect measures**.
320
321 2. **Limitations of the Study:**
322 - Findings **may not translate directly** to modern populations.
323 - **Unclear whether observed selection pressures persist today**.
324
325 3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
326 - Expanding research to **other global populations** to assess universal trends.
327 - Investigating **long-term evolutionary trade-offs of selected alleles**.
328 {{/expandable}}
329
330 {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
331 - Provides **direct evidence of long-term genetic adaptation** in human populations.
332 - Supports theories on **polygenic selection shaping human cognition, metabolism, and immunity**.
333 - Highlights **how past selection pressures may still influence modern health and disease prevalence**.
334 {{/expandable}}
335
336 {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
337 1. Examine **selection patterns in non-European populations** for comparison.
338 2. Investigate **how environmental and cultural shifts influenced genetic selection**.
339 3. Explore **the genetic basis of traits linked to past and present-day human survival**.
340 {{/expandable}}
341
342 {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
343 [[Download Full Study>>attach:Akbari et al. - 2024 - Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human ad.pdf]]
344 {{/expandable}}
345 {{/expandable}}
346
347 {{expandable summary="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
348 **Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
349 **Date of Publication:** *2013*
350 **Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
351 **Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
352 **DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
353 **Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
354
355 {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
356 1. **General Observations:**
357 - The study documents how the **heritability of IQ increases with age**, reaching an asymptote at **0.80 by adulthood**.
358 - Analysis is based on **longitudinal twin and adoption studies**.
359
360 2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
361 - Shared environmental influence on IQ **declines with age**, reaching **0.10 in adulthood**.
362 - Monozygotic twins show **increasing genetic similarity in IQ over time**, while dizygotic twins become **less concordant**.
363
364 3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
365 - Data from the **Louisville Longitudinal Twin Study and cross-national twin samples** support findings.
366 - IQ stability over time is **influenced more by genetics than by shared environmental factors**.
367 {{/expandable}}
368
369 {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
370 1. **Primary Observations:**
371 - Intelligence heritability **strengthens throughout development**, contrary to early environmental models.
372 - Shared environmental effects **decrease by late adolescence**, emphasizing **genetic influence in adulthood**.
373
374 2. **Subgroup Trends:**
375 - Studies from **Scotland, Netherlands, and the US** show **consistent patterns of increasing heritability with age**.
376 - Findings hold across **varied socio-economic and educational backgrounds**.
377
378 3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
379 - Longitudinal adoption studies show **declining impact of adoptive parental influence on IQ** as children age.
380 - Cross-sectional twin data confirm **higher IQ correlations for monozygotic twins in adulthood**.
381 {{/expandable}}
382
383 {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
384 1. **Strengths of the Study:**
385 - **Robust dataset covering multiple twin and adoption studies over decades**.
386 - **Clear, replicable trend** demonstrating the increasing role of genetics in intelligence.
387
388 2. **Limitations of the Study:**
389 - Findings apply primarily to **Western industrialized nations**, limiting generalizability.
390 - **Lack of neurobiological mechanisms** explaining how genes express their influence over time.
391
392 3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
393 - Future research should investigate **gene-environment interactions in cognitive aging**.
394 - Examine **heritability trends in non-Western populations** to determine cross-cultural consistency.
395 {{/expandable}}
396
397 {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
398 - Provides **strong evidence for the genetic basis of intelligence**.
399 - Highlights the **diminishing role of shared environment in cognitive development**.
400 - Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.
401 {{/expandable}}
402
403 {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
404 1. Investigate **neurogenetic pathways underlying IQ development**.
405 2. Examine **how education and socioeconomic factors interact with genetic IQ influences**.
406 3. Study **heritability trends in aging populations and cognitive decline**.
407 {{/expandable}}
408
409 {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
410 [[Download Full Study>>attach:Bouchard - 2013 - The Wilson Effect The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age.pdf]]
411 {{/expandable}}
412 {{/expandable}}
413
414 {{expandable summary="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
415 **Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
416 **Date of Publication:** *2010*
417 **Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
418 **Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
419 **DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
420 **Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
421
422 {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
423 1. **General Observations:**
424 - The study argues that **Homo sapiens is polytypic**, meaning it consists of multiple subspecies rather than a single monotypic species.
425 - Examines **genetic diversity, morphological variation, and evolutionary lineage** in humans.
426
427 2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
428 - Discusses **four primary definitions of race/subspecies**: Essentialist, Taxonomic, Population-based, and Lineage-based.
429 - Suggests that **human heterozygosity levels are comparable to species that are classified as polytypic**.
430
431 3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
432 - The study evaluates **FST values (genetic differentiation measure)** and argues that human genetic differentiation is comparable to that of recognized subspecies in other species.
433 - Considers **phylogenetic species concepts** in defining human variation.
434 {{/expandable}}
435
436 {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
437 1. **Primary Observations:**
438 - Proposes that **modern human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**.
439 - Highlights **medical and evolutionary implications** of human taxonomic diversity.
440
441 2. **Subgroup Trends:**
442 - Discusses **how race concepts evolved over time** in biological sciences.
443 - Compares **human diversity with that of other primates** such as chimpanzees and gorillas.
444
445 3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
446 - Evaluates how **genetic markers correlate with population structure**.
447 - Addresses the **controversy over race classification in modern anthropology**.
448 {{/expandable}}
449
450 {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
451 1. **Strengths of the Study:**
452 - Uses **comparative species analysis** to assess human classification.
453 - Provides a **biological perspective** on the race concept, moving beyond social constructivism arguments.
454
455 2. **Limitations of the Study:**
456 - Controversial topic with **strong opposing views in anthropology and genetics**.
457 - **Relies on broad genetic trends**, but does not analyze individual-level genetic variation in depth.
458
459 3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
460 - Further research should **incorporate whole-genome studies** to refine subspecies classifications.
461 - Investigate **how admixture affects taxonomic classification over time**.
462 {{/expandable}}
463
464 {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
465 - Contributes to discussions on **evolutionary taxonomy and species classification**.
466 - Provides evidence on **genetic differentiation among human populations**.
467 - Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.
468 {{/expandable}}
469
470 {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
471 1. Examine **FST values in modern and ancient human populations**.
472 2. Investigate how **adaptive evolution influences population differentiation**.
473 3. Explore **the impact of genetic diversity on medical treatments and disease susceptibility**.
474 {{/expandable}}
475
476 {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
477 [[Download Full Study>>attach:Woodley - 2010 - Is Homo sapiens polytypic Human taxonomic diversity and its implications.pdf]]
478 {{/expandable}}
479 {{/expandable}}

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