- [ ] Case: [e.g., Ethan Liming, Akron]  
- [ ] Case: [e.g., Knockout Game victims]  
- [ ] Case: [e.g., 2020 BLM riots, White deaths unreported]  
Each example will follow this format:
  - Description
  - Source links
  - Racial framing in media
  - Legal outcome (if any)

On July 7, 2016, Micah Xavier Johnson fatally shot five Dallas police officers, injuring nine more. He explicitly told negotiators that he "wanted to kill white people, especially white officers: ¹

Johnson was killed by a police-controlled explosive during the standoff. As such, **he was never arrested or charged**. However, the racial motive was clear, and the case met all the elements of a federal hate crime — yet the DOJ made no public declaration, and the media aggressively avoided the racial framing.

For example:
- Media focused on Johnson’s military service, stress, and political frustration
- Most outlets used passive voice and abstracted motives (“upset over police shootings”) rather than stating the racial targeting directly
- Headlines ignored the racial component entirely
- Wikipedia’s article has over 100 references — none mention race in the headline. You may think this is hyperbolic, but its not. ²

 
On April 18, 2017, Kori Ali Muhammad fatally shot three White men in Fresno, California, following an earlier killing of a White security guard. Muhammad told police that he intended to “kill as many White males as possible” and targeted his victims specifically because of their race.³

He also shouted "Allahu Akbar" upon arrest. Fresno Police Chief Jerry Dyer stated during a press conference that Muhammad explained he was upset at White people, whom he blamed for the oppression of Black people.⁴

Muhammad was ultimately charged with four murders and sentenced to life without parole. A single state-level hate crime charge was filed, but no federal charges were brought, and the event was not treated as terrorism by the FBI or DOJ.

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL), which consistently labels right-wing or White-perpetrated attacks as acts of domestic terrorism, does not include the Fresno shooting in its 2017 extremism report.⁵ The same report includes several cases involving White attackers with far less ideologically explicit motives.

Fresno police made a point to declare that Muhammad was "not a terrorist" but rather a "racist filled with hate."⁶ This choice of framing illustrates how racial motive is treated differently depending on the racial identity of the victims and perpetrator.