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+{{expandable summary="Study: Brain Size, IQ, and Racial-Group Differences"}} |
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+**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)* |
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+**Date of Publication:** *2003* |
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+**Author(s):** *J. Philippe Rushton, Elizabeth W. Rushton* |
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+**Title:** *"Brain size, IQ, and racial-group differences: Evidence from musculoskeletal traits"* |
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+**DOI:** [10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00137-X](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(02)00137-X) |
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+**Subject Matter:** *Neuroanatomy, Intelligence, Evolutionary Anthropology, Racial Differences* |
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+ |
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+{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}} |
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+1. **Average Brain Volumes (cc):** |
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+ - Blacks: ~1267 cm³ |
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+ - Whites: ~1347 cm³ |
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+ - East Asians: ~1364 cm³ |
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+ |
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+2. **IQ Averages:** |
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+ - Blacks: ~85 |
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+ - Whites: 100 |
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+ - East Asians: ~106 |
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+ |
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+3. **Correlation Between Brain Size & Morphological Traits:** |
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+ - Across 37 skeletal variables, mean correlation with brain size: **r = 0.94** |
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+ |
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+4. **Sample Basis:** |
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+ - Study synthesizes cranial and postcranial anatomical data from global populations. |
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+{{/expandable}} |
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+ |
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+{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}} |
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+1. **Primary Conclusion:** |
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+ - Brain size differences among races are robust, **biologically grounded**, and closely track IQ differences. |
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+ |
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+2. **Skeletal Evidence:** |
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+ - Morphological traits (jaw shape, tooth structure, thigh curvature, pelvis width) correlate with brain volume across groups. |
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+ |
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+3. **Interpretation:** |
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+ - These consistent anatomical differences support the theory that **evolved brain size variation underlies racial IQ gaps**. |
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+{{/expandable}} |
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+ |
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+{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}} |
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+1. **Strengths of the Study:** |
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+ - High ecological correlations (r = 0.94) across diverse skeletal metrics. |
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+ - Integrates anthropometry with cognitive data for holistic biological analysis. |
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+ |
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+2. **Limitations:** |
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+ - Relies on preexisting datasets rather than new measurements. |
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+ - Assumes uniformity within broad racial categories without finer intra-group distinctions. |
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+ |
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+3. **Suggestions for Improvement:** |
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+ - Add neuroimaging evidence (MRI/CT) to confirm volume estimates. |
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+ - Include modern genomic ancestry estimates for greater precision. |
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+{{/expandable}} |
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+ |
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+{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}} |
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+- Provides **hard anatomical evidence** reinforcing racial differences in cognitive ability. |
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+- Links IQ differences to **physiological, not social** factors—countering CRT narratives. |
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+- Strong empirical foundation for hereditarian interpretations of race and intelligence. |
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+{{/expandable}} |
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+ |
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+{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}} |
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+1. Cross-validate musculoskeletal trait correlations using modern 3D skeletal databases. |
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+2. Explore how sexual dimorphism interacts with racial brain size differences. |
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+3. Investigate similar correlations in other species to support evolutionary reasoning. |
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+{{/expandable}} |
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+ |
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+{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}} |
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+[[Download Full Study>>attach:rushton2003.pdf]] |
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+{{/expandable}} |
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+{{/expandable}} |
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