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Changes for page Studies: IQ

Last modified by Ryan C on 2025/06/25 20:56

From 9.1 to 10.1 From 11.1 to 12.1

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edited by Ryan C
on 2025/06/21 06:06

Change comment: Uploaded new attachment "rushton2003.pdf", version 1.1

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edited by Ryan C
on 2025/06/21 06:29

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@@ -134,73 +134,77 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"}}
--**Source:** *Genetic Epidemiology*
--**Date of Publication:** *2001*
--**Author(s):** *Neil Risch, Esteban Burchard, Elisa Ziv, Hua Tang*
--**Title:** *"Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"*
--**DOI:** [10.1038/ng1199-355](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng1199-355)
--**Subject Matter:** *Population Genetics, Biomedical Research, Race & Ancestry*
++{{expandable summary="Study: Thirty Years of Research on Race Differences in Cognitive Ability"}}
++**Source:** *Psychology, Public Policy, and Law*
++**Date of Publication:** *2005*
++**Author(s):** *J. Philippe Rushton & Arthur R. Jensen*
++**Title:** *"Thirty Years of Research on Race Differences in Cognitive Ability"*
++**DOI:** [10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235)
++**Subject Matter:** *Psychometrics, Racial Differences, Intelligence, Heritability*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
--   - Sample: 3,636 individuals from **White, African-American, East Asian, and Hispanic** groups.
--   - Genotyped for **326 microsatellite markers**.
++   - Mean IQ gap between Blacks and Whites in the U.S.: **~15 points**.
++   - Heritability estimates for IQ: **0.5 to 0.8** (moderate to high).
++   - Brain volume differences align with IQ differences: **~50 cm³ difference** on average.
 . **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - **Self-identified race matched genetic clusters 99.86% of the time**.
--   - Each group formed **distinct, non-overlapping clusters** in genetic space.
++   - **Black Americans** consistently score about 1 SD below **White Americans** across age groups.
++   - **East Asians** tend to score slightly higher than Whites on non-verbal IQ tests.
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - Genetic structure correlated strongly with **continental ancestry**, not geography of residence.
--   - Demonstrated minimal overlap between populations, affirming **biological distinctiveness** of racial groupings.
++   - Between-group differences are found on **culture-free, g-loaded** tests.
++   - Adoption studies: **Black children raised in White households** still show IQ closer to Black population mean.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
--   - **Self-identified race is a valid proxy for genetic ancestry** in medical and population studies.
--   - Racial classification is not merely “socially constructed,” but **reflects deep ancestral population structure**.
++   - The Black–White IQ gap is **persistent, replicable**, and appears early in life.
++   - **g factor (general intelligence)** underlies the racial IQ gap across diverse cognitive tasks.
 . **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - East Asians, Africans, and Europeans formed **clear, separable genetic clusters**.
--   - Hispanics showed **admixture**, but still clustered distinguishably.
++   - Differences are larger on more **g-loaded tests**, suggesting the gap is not a test artifact.
++   - Socioeconomic status **does not eliminate** the gap, though it can influence expression.
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - The paper challenged the **PC dogma** that race is biologically meaningless.
--   - Warned that **ignoring race in genetic studies can introduce confounding**, especially in disease association research.
++   - Minnesota Transracial Adoption Study: **Black children adopted into affluent White homes** scored lower than White adoptees.
++   - U.S. military data (e.g. AFQT scores) showed **consistent racial stratification** in cognitive performance.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - Robust dataset across multiple racial/ethnic groups.
--   - Clear empirical demonstration of the **biological reality of race**.
++   - Synthesizes **hundreds of studies** spanning psychometrics, neuroscience, and genetics.
++   - Applies rigorous **meta-analytic and test-construction logic**.
++   - Challenges purely environmental or cultural explanations with empirical evidence.
 . **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - Did not account for intra-population stratification or recent admixture in fine detail.
--   - Based on microsatellite markers — less resolution than full-genome sequencing.
++   - The review is **intensely controversial**, particularly due to assumptions about race as a valid biological category.
++   - Heritability within groups **does not automatically justify** between-group heritability claims — critics argue this is misused.
++   - Critics allege selective reporting or bias in study inclusion (e.g. underrepresenting null results).
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Update with modern SNP or WGS data.
--   - Include more populations (e.g., Middle Easterners, South Asians) for global structure.
++   - Further work could benefit from **modern genomic tools** (e.g. polygenic risk scoring) to isolate population-level traits.
++   - Greater inclusion of **cross-cultural replications** would help test universality vs. U.S.-specific effects.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
--- Provides foundational genetic evidence **supporting the coherence of racial classifications**.
--- Useful in refuting the claim that race is merely a sociological artifact.
--- Directly applicable to the **race realism** and **genetic confounding** discussion in medical ethics and social sciences.
++- This is one of the most comprehensive defenses of **biological origins of racial cognitive differences**.
++- Supports the view that racial gaps in academic or occupational outcomes are **not purely environmental**.
++- Challenges dominant narratives in education policy, DEI programming, and social justice frameworks.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
--1. Analyze how racial identity correlates with **disease risk and treatment outcomes**.
--2. Compare modern SNP datasets to validate or refine the 2001 conclusions.
--3. Investigate how **DEI-driven research** suppresses or distorts findings on genetic ancestry.
++1. How have genetic studies (e.g. GWAS) since 2005 confirmed or contradicted Rushton & Jensen’s findings?
++2. What are the **policy implications** of acknowledging cognitive group differences — in education, immigration, or welfare?
++3. To what extent do **cultural suppression and academic censorship** affect open discussion of these results?
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
--[[Download Full Study>>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1196372/]]
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:THIS IS SAVED DIRECTLY.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
++
  {{expandable summary="Study: Brain Size, IQ, and Racial-Group Differences"}}
  **Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2003*