Changes for page Studies: Crime and Substance Abuse

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133	133	[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.3109_10826087709027235.pdf]]
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135	135	{{/expandable}}
	136	+
	137	+{{expandable summary="Study: Racial Differences in Marijuana Users’ Risk of Arrest in the United States"}}
	138	+**Source:** *Drug and Alcohol Dependence*
	139	+**Date of Publication:** *2006*
	140	+**Author(s):** *Rajeev Ramchand, Rosalie Liccardo Pacula, Martin Y. Iguchi*
	141	+**Title:** *"Racial Differences in Marijuana Users’ Risk of Arrest in the United States"*
	142	+**DOI:** [10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.02.010](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.02.010)
	143	+**Subject Matter:** *Marijuana Use, Policing, Racial Disparities, Drug Markets*
	144	+
	145	+{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	146	+1. **General Observations:**
	147	+ - African Americans are **2.5× more likely** to be arrested for marijuana possession than Whites.
	148	+ - Arrest disparity persists **despite similar usage rates** between groups.
	149	+
	150	+2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
	151	+ - African Americans were:
	152	+ - **Twice as likely** to buy outdoors (0.31 vs. 0.14)
	153	+ - **Three times as likely** to buy from a stranger (0.30 vs. 0.09)
	154	+ - **More likely** to buy away from home (0.61 vs. 0.48)
	155	+
	156	+3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
	157	+ - Over **39% of all U.S. drug arrests in 2002** were for marijuana possession.
	158	+ - Nearly **80% of the increase in drug arrests from 1990–2002** was due to marijuana alone.
	159	+{{/expandable}}
	160	+
	161	+{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	162	+1. **Primary Observations:**
	163	+ - **Differences in purchasing behavior** partially explain racial arrest disparities.
	164	+ - Riskier purchasing settings (outdoors, strangers, away from home) increase arrest probability.
	165	+
	166	+2. **Subgroup Trends:**
	167	+ - African Americans’ higher arrest rates are linked more to **behavioral exposure** than usage frequency.
	168	+ - Purchasing from strangers and in public **correlates with law enforcement encounters**.
	169	+
	170	+3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
	171	+ - Results based on **2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)**.
	172	+ - Multivariate regression models confirm **race remains a significant predictor** even after controlling for demographics and behaviors.
	173	+{{/expandable}}
	174	+
	175	+{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	176	+1. **Strengths of the Study:**
	177	+ - Uses **nationally representative survey data** and robust statistical modeling.
	178	+ - Separates **usage rates from behavior-related arrest risks**.
	179	+
	180	+2. **Limitations of the Study:**
	181	+ - Focused specifically on **marijuana**, may not generalize to other drugs.
	182	+ - **Does not directly test law enforcement bias**, only behavioral correlates of arrest risk.
	183	+
	184	+3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
	185	+ - Include **law enforcement data** on arrest locations and procedures.
	186	+ - Extend model to **longitudinal outcomes** (repeat arrest, conviction).
	187	+{{/expandable}}
	188	+
	189	+{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	190	+- Supports the argument that **behavioral patterns—not usage rates—drive racial arrest disparities**.
	191	+- Highlights **systemic vulnerability among Black marijuana users** due to social context of purchases.
	192	+- Reinforces critique of **“race-neutral” enforcement** in drug policy discussions.
	193	+{{/expandable}}
	194	+
	195	+{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	196	+1. Study **how police patrol patterns** correlate with outdoor purchasing risk.
	197	+2. Investigate **racial profiling in drug arrests** beyond behavioral correlates.
	198	+3. Compare marijuana purchase risks in **urban vs. suburban contexts**.
	199	+{{/expandable}}
	200	+
	201	+{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
	202	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.drugalcdep.2006.02.010.pdf]]
	203	+{{/expandable}}
	204	+{{/expandable}}
	205	+