... |
... |
@@ -1388,6 +1388,7 @@ |
1388 |
1388 |
{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}} |
1389 |
1389 |
[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]] |
1390 |
1390 |
{{/expandable}} |
|
1391 |
+{{/expandable}} |
1391 |
1391 |
|
1392 |
1392 |
= Media = |
1393 |
1393 |
|
... |
... |
@@ -1591,4 +1591,109 @@ |
1591 |
1591 |
[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]] |
1592 |
1592 |
{{/expandable}} |
1593 |
1593 |
{{/expandable}} |
|
1595 |
+ |
|
1596 |
+{{expandable summary="Study: White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years"}} |
|
1597 |
+Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) |
|
1598 |
+Date of Publication: February 20, 2024 |
|
1599 |
+Author(s): Julia Diana Lenk, Jochen Hartmann, Henrik Sattler |
|
1600 |
+Title: "White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years: A Meta-Analysis" |
|
1601 |
+DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307505121 |
|
1602 |
+Subject Matter: Advertising, Race, Consumer Behavior, Meta-Analysis |
|
1603 |
+ |
|
1604 |
+{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}} |
|
1605 |
+ |
|
1606 |
+Study Scale: |
|
1607 |
+ |
|
1608 |
+62 studies, 332 effect sizes, 10,186 participants (Black and White Americans). |
|
1609 |
+ |
|
1610 |
+Covers the period 1956–2022. |
|
1611 |
+ |
|
1612 |
+Cohen’s d Effect Sizes (Model-Free): |
|
1613 |
+ |
|
1614 |
+Black viewers: d = 0.50 → strong, consistent ingroup preference for Black models. |
|
1615 |
+ |
|
1616 |
+White viewers: d = –0.08 overall; pre-2000: d = –0.16 (ingroup); post-2000: d = +0.02 (outgroup leaning). |
|
1617 |
+ |
|
1618 |
+Regression Findings: |
|
1619 |
+ |
|
1620 |
+White viewers’ preference for Black models increases by ~0.0128 d/year since 1956 (p < 0.05). |
|
1621 |
+ |
|
1622 |
+By 2022, White viewers showed positive directional preference for Black endorsers. |
|
1623 |
+ |
|
1624 |
+Black viewer preferences remained stable across the 66 years. |
1594 |
1594 |
{{/expandable}} |
|
1626 |
+ |
|
1627 |
+{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}} |
|
1628 |
+ |
|
1629 |
+Primary Observations: |
|
1630 |
+ |
|
1631 |
+Ingroup favoritism is evident: Black viewers consistently prefer Black endorsers. |
|
1632 |
+ |
|
1633 |
+White viewers’ preferences have shifted significantly over time toward favoring Black endorsers. |
|
1634 |
+ |
|
1635 |
+Temporal Trends: |
|
1636 |
+ |
|
1637 |
+Turning point: Around 2002–2003, White viewers began showing a positive (though small) preference for Black endorsers. |
|
1638 |
+ |
|
1639 |
+Moderator Effects: |
|
1640 |
+ |
|
1641 |
+Low anti-Black prejudice and low White ethnic identification correlate with greater White preference for Black endorsers. |
|
1642 |
+ |
|
1643 |
+Economic hardship (e.g., high unemployment) slightly reduces White preference for Black endorsers. |
|
1644 |
+ |
|
1645 |
+Identification Model: |
|
1646 |
+ |
|
1647 |
+Preference changes are stronger when outcomes measure identification with endorsers (e.g., similarity, attractiveness). |
|
1648 |
+{{/expandable}} |
|
1649 |
+ |
|
1650 |
+{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}} |
|
1651 |
+ |
|
1652 |
+Strengths of the Study: |
|
1653 |
+ |
|
1654 |
+Longest-running meta-analysis on interracial preferences in advertising. |
|
1655 |
+ |
|
1656 |
+Includes multilevel modeling and 21 meta-analytic covariates. |
|
1657 |
+ |
|
1658 |
+Accounts for both perceiver and societal context, and controls for publication bias. |
|
1659 |
+ |
|
1660 |
+Limitations: |
|
1661 |
+ |
|
1662 |
+Only examines Black and White racial dynamics—doesn’t cover Hispanic, Asian, or multiracial groups. |
|
1663 |
+ |
|
1664 |
+72% of effect sizes are from student samples (not fully generalizable). |
|
1665 |
+ |
|
1666 |
+Social desirability bias may affect lab-based responses. |
|
1667 |
+ |
|
1668 |
+Suggestions for Improvement: |
|
1669 |
+ |
|
1670 |
+Include field experiments and more representative samples (age, class, ideology). |
|
1671 |
+ |
|
1672 |
+Examine how Black models are portrayed, not just if they are shown. |
|
1673 |
+ |
|
1674 |
+Extend research to other racial groups and multiracial representations. |
|
1675 |
+{{/expandable}} |
|
1676 |
+ |
|
1677 |
+{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}} |
|
1678 |
+ |
|
1679 |
+Provides empirical support for the dynamic shift in White American attitudes over time. |
|
1680 |
+ |
|
1681 |
+Directly informs discussions about media representation, consumer behavior, and racial identity. |
|
1682 |
+ |
|
1683 |
+Supports policy and commercial arguments for including more diverse models in advertising. |
|
1684 |
+{{/expandable}} |
|
1685 |
+ |
|
1686 |
+{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}} |
|
1687 |
+ |
|
1688 |
+Expand analysis to Latino, Asian, and multiracial models in media. |
|
1689 |
+ |
|
1690 |
+Study real-world (non-lab) consumer reactions to racial diversity in advertising. |
|
1691 |
+ |
|
1692 |
+Investigate how economic anxiety influences racial preferences in other domains (e.g., hiring, education). |
|
1693 |
+ |
|
1694 |
+Explore how virtual influencers or AI-generated models affect racial perceptions. |
|
1695 |
+{{/expandable}} |
|
1696 |
+ |
|
1697 |
+{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}} |
|
1698 |
+[[Download Full Study>>attach:lenk-et-al-white-americans-preference-for-black-people-in-advertising-has-increased-in-the-past-66-years-a-meta-analysis.pdf]] |
|
1699 |
+{{/expandable}} |
|
1700 |
+{{/expandable}} |