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Last modified by Ryan C on 2025/06/26 03:09

From version 108.1
edited by Ryan C
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To version 109.1
edited by Ryan C
on 2025/06/19 02:53
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... ... @@ -1388,6 +1388,7 @@
1388 1388  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
1389 1389  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]
1390 1390  {{/expandable}}
1391 +{{/expandable}}
1391 1391  
1392 1392  = Media =
1393 1393  
... ... @@ -1591,4 +1591,109 @@
1591 1591  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]
1592 1592  {{/expandable}}
1593 1593  {{/expandable}}
1595 +
1596 +{{expandable summary="Study: White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years"}}
1597 +Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
1598 +Date of Publication: February 20, 2024
1599 +Author(s): Julia Diana Lenk, Jochen Hartmann, Henrik Sattler
1600 +Title: "White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years: A Meta-Analysis"
1601 +DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307505121
1602 +Subject Matter: Advertising, Race, Consumer Behavior, Meta-Analysis
1603 +
1604 +{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
1605 +
1606 +Study Scale:
1607 +
1608 +62 studies, 332 effect sizes, 10,186 participants (Black and White Americans).
1609 +
1610 +Covers the period 1956–2022.
1611 +
1612 +Cohen’s d Effect Sizes (Model-Free):
1613 +
1614 +Black viewers: d = 0.50 → strong, consistent ingroup preference for Black models.
1615 +
1616 +White viewers: d = –0.08 overall; pre-2000: d = –0.16 (ingroup); post-2000: d = +0.02 (outgroup leaning).
1617 +
1618 +Regression Findings:
1619 +
1620 +White viewers’ preference for Black models increases by ~0.0128 d/year since 1956 (p < 0.05).
1621 +
1622 +By 2022, White viewers showed positive directional preference for Black endorsers.
1623 +
1624 +Black viewer preferences remained stable across the 66 years.
1594 1594  {{/expandable}}
1626 +
1627 +{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
1628 +
1629 +Primary Observations:
1630 +
1631 +Ingroup favoritism is evident: Black viewers consistently prefer Black endorsers.
1632 +
1633 +White viewers’ preferences have shifted significantly over time toward favoring Black endorsers.
1634 +
1635 +Temporal Trends:
1636 +
1637 +Turning point: Around 2002–2003, White viewers began showing a positive (though small) preference for Black endorsers.
1638 +
1639 +Moderator Effects:
1640 +
1641 +Low anti-Black prejudice and low White ethnic identification correlate with greater White preference for Black endorsers.
1642 +
1643 +Economic hardship (e.g., high unemployment) slightly reduces White preference for Black endorsers.
1644 +
1645 +Identification Model:
1646 +
1647 +Preference changes are stronger when outcomes measure identification with endorsers (e.g., similarity, attractiveness).
1648 +{{/expandable}}
1649 +
1650 +{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
1651 +
1652 +Strengths of the Study:
1653 +
1654 +Longest-running meta-analysis on interracial preferences in advertising.
1655 +
1656 +Includes multilevel modeling and 21 meta-analytic covariates.
1657 +
1658 +Accounts for both perceiver and societal context, and controls for publication bias.
1659 +
1660 +Limitations:
1661 +
1662 +Only examines Black and White racial dynamics—doesn’t cover Hispanic, Asian, or multiracial groups.
1663 +
1664 +72% of effect sizes are from student samples (not fully generalizable).
1665 +
1666 +Social desirability bias may affect lab-based responses.
1667 +
1668 +Suggestions for Improvement:
1669 +
1670 +Include field experiments and more representative samples (age, class, ideology).
1671 +
1672 +Examine how Black models are portrayed, not just if they are shown.
1673 +
1674 +Extend research to other racial groups and multiracial representations.
1675 +{{/expandable}}
1676 +
1677 +{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
1678 +
1679 +Provides empirical support for the dynamic shift in White American attitudes over time.
1680 +
1681 +Directly informs discussions about media representation, consumer behavior, and racial identity.
1682 +
1683 +Supports policy and commercial arguments for including more diverse models in advertising.
1684 +{{/expandable}}
1685 +
1686 +{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
1687 +
1688 +Expand analysis to Latino, Asian, and multiracial models in media.
1689 +
1690 +Study real-world (non-lab) consumer reactions to racial diversity in advertising.
1691 +
1692 +Investigate how economic anxiety influences racial preferences in other domains (e.g., hiring, education).
1693 +
1694 +Explore how virtual influencers or AI-generated models affect racial perceptions.
1695 +{{/expandable}}
1696 +
1697 +{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
1698 +[[Download Full Study>>attach:lenk-et-al-white-americans-preference-for-black-people-in-advertising-has-increased-in-the-past-66-years-a-meta-analysis.pdf]]
1699 +{{/expandable}}
1700 +{{/expandable}}