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--Main.Studies.WebHome
++Main Categories.Science & Research.WebHome

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++{{toc/}}
++
++
  = Research at a Glance =
--    Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various important Racial themes. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout. I wanted to make this for a couple of reasons. Number one is organization. There are a ton of useful studies out there that expose the truth, sometimes inadvertently. You'll notice that in this initial draft the summaries are often woke and reflect the bias of the AI writing them as well as the researchers politically correct conclusion in most cases. That's because I haven't gotten to going through and pointing out the reasons I put all of them in here.
++    Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various important Racial themes. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout. I wanted to make this for a couple of reasons. Number one is organization. There are a ton of useful studies out there that expose the truth, sometimes inadvertently. You'll notice that in this initial draft the summaries are often woke and reflect the bias of the AI writing them as well as the researchers politically correct conclusion in most cases. That's because I haven't gotten to going through and pointing out the reasons I put all of them in here.
      There is often an underlying hypocrisy or double standard, saying the quiet part out loud, or conclusions that are so much of an antithesis to what the data shows that made me want to include it. At least, thats the idea for once its polished. I have about 150 more studies to upload, so it will be a few weeks before I get through it all. Until such time, feel free to search for them yourself and edit in what you find, or add your own studies. If you like you can do it manually, or if you'd rather go the route I did, just rename the study to its doi number and feed the study into an AI and tell them to summarize the study using the following format:
--{{example}}
--~= Study: [Study Title] =
--~{~{expand title="Study: [Study Title] (Click to Expand)" expanded="false"}}
--~*~*Source:~*~* *[Journal/Institution Name]*
--~*~*Date of Publication:~*~* *[Publication Date]*
--~*~*Author(s):~*~* *[Author(s) Name(s)]*
--~*~*Title:~*~* *"[Study Title]"*
--~*~*DOI:~*~* [DOI or Link]
--~*~*Subject Matter:~*~* *[Broad Research Area, e.g., Social Psychology, Public Policy, Behavioral Economics]*
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Key Statistics~*~*
--~1. ~*~*General Observations:~*~*
--   - [Statistical finding or observation]
--   - [Statistical finding or observation]
--
--2. ~*~*Subgroup Analysis:~*~*
--   - [Breakdown of findings by gender, race, or other subgroups]
--
--3. ~*~*Other Significant Data Points:~*~*
--   - [Any additional findings or significant statistics]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Findings~*~*
--~1. ~*~*Primary Observations:~*~*
--   - [High-level findings or trends in the study]
--
--2. ~*~*Subgroup Trends:~*~*
--   - [Disparities or differences highlighted in the study]
--
--3. ~*~*Specific Case Analysis:~*~*
--   - [Detailed explanation of any notable specific findings]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Critique and Observations~*~*
--~1. ~*~*Strengths of the Study:~*~*
--   - [Examples: strong methodology, large dataset, etc.]
--
--2. ~*~*Limitations of the Study:~*~*
--   - [Examples: data gaps, lack of upstream analysis, etc.]
--
--3. ~*~*Suggestions for Improvement:~*~*
--   - [Ideas for further research or addressing limitations]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Relevance to Subproject~*~*
--- [Explanation of how this study contributes to your subproject goals.]
--- [Any key arguments or findings that support or challenge your views.]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Suggestions for Further Exploration~*~*
--~1. [Research questions or areas to investigate further.]
--2. [Potential studies or sources to complement this analysis.]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Summary of Research Study~*~*
--This study examines ~*~*[core research question or focus]~*~*, providing insights into ~*~*[main subject area]~*~*. The research utilized ~*~*[sample size and methodology]~*~* to assess ~*~*[key variables or measured outcomes]~*~*.
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*📄 Download Full Study~*~*
--~{~{velocity}}
--#set($doi = "[Insert DOI Here]")
--#set($filename = "${doi}.pdf")
--#if($xwiki.exists("attach~:$filename"))
--~[~[Download Full Study>>attach~:$filename]]
--#else
--~{~{html}}<span style="color:red; font-weight:bold;">🚨 PDF Not Available 🚨</span>~{~{/html}}
--#end
--~{~{/velocity}}
--
--~{~{/expand}}
--
--
--{{/example}}
--
--
--
  - Click on a **category** in the **Table of Contents** to browse studies related to that topic.
  - Click on a **study title** to expand its details, including **key findings, critique, and relevance**.
  - Use the **search function** (Ctrl + F or XWiki's built-in search) to quickly find specific topics or authors.
@@ -101,16 +101,12 @@
  - You'll also find a download link to the original full study in pdf form at the bottom of the collapsible block.
--{{toc/}}
--
--
--
--
  = Genetics =
++{{expandable summary="
--{{expandable summary="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
++Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
  **Source:** *Nature*
  **Date of Publication:** *2009*
  **Author(s):** *David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price, Lalji Singh*
@@ -174,22 +174,17 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]
--##
--  ##
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
++**Source:** *Nature*
++**Date of Publication:** *2016*
++**Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
++**Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
++**DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
++**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
--
--Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
--**Source:** *Nature*
--**Date of Publication:** *2016*
--**Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
--**Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
--**DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
--**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **high-coverage genome sequences of 300 individuals from 142 populations**.
@@ -246,14 +246,11 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]
--##
--  ##
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
--
  Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"}}
  **Source:** *Nature Genetics*
  **Date of Publication:** *2015*
@@ -321,9 +321,8 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
--
  Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"}}
  **Source:** *Nature Reviews Genetics*
  **Date of Publication:** *2002*
@@ -391,9 +391,8 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
--
  Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA"}}
  **Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
  **Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
@@ -462,10 +462,7 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
--
--
--Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
++{{expandable summary="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
  **Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2013*
  **Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
@@ -532,10 +532,7 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
--
--
--Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
++{{expandable summary="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
  **Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2010*
  **Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
@@ -810,7 +810,7 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
--
++
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
@@ -883,17 +883,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
++**Source:** *Current Psychology*
++**Date of Publication:** *2024*
++**Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
++**Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
++**DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
++**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
--
--Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
--**Source:** *Current Psychology*
--**Date of Publication:** *2024*
--**Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
--**Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
--**DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
--**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **67 self-identified incels** and **103 non-incel men**.
@@ -951,11 +951,10 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
  = Crime and Substance Abuse =
--{{/expandable}}
--
  {{expandable summary="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
  **Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
  **Date of Publication:** *2002*
@@ -1023,17 +1023,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
++**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
++**Date of Publication:** *2003*
++**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
++**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
++**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
++**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
--
--Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
--**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
--**Date of Publication:** *2003*
--**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
--**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
--**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
--**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **how racial and cultural factors influence self-reported substance use data**.
@@ -1160,11 +1160,9 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"}}
++{{expandable summary="
--{{/expandable}}
--
--{{expandable summary="Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
++Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
  **Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2014*
  **Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley, Jan te Nijenhuis, Raegan Murphy*
@@ -1229,11 +1229,10 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
  = Whiteness & White Guilt =
--{{/expandable}}
--
  {{expandable summary="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
  **Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
  **Date of Publication:** *2019*
@@ -1369,12 +1369,12 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
--**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2015*
--**Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
--**Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
--**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
--**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
++**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2015*
++**Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
++**Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
++**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
++**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
@@ -1500,11 +1500,10 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
  = Media =
--{{/expandable}}
--
  {{expandable summary="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic"}}
  **Source:** *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication*
  **Date of Publication:** *2021*
@@ -1703,6 +1703,111 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]
--##~{~{/expand}}##
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="Study: White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years"}}
++Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
++Date of Publication: February 20, 2024
++Author(s): Julia Diana Lenk, Jochen Hartmann, Henrik Sattler
++Title: "White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years: A Meta-Analysis"
++DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307505121
++Subject Matter: Advertising, Race, Consumer Behavior, Meta-Analysis
++
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
++
++Study Scale:
++
++62 studies, 332 effect sizes, 10,186 participants (Black and White Americans).
++
++Covers the period 1956–2022.
++
++Cohen’s d Effect Sizes (Model-Free):
++
++Black viewers: d = 0.50 → strong, consistent ingroup preference for Black models.
++
++White viewers: d = –0.08 overall; pre-2000: d = –0.16 (ingroup); post-2000: d = +0.02 (outgroup leaning).
++
++Regression Findings:
++
++White viewers’ preference for Black models increases by ~0.0128 d/year since 1956 (p < 0.05).
++
++By 2022, White viewers showed positive directional preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Black viewer preferences remained stable across the 66 years.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
++
++Primary Observations:
++
++Ingroup favoritism is evident: Black viewers consistently prefer Black endorsers.
++
++White viewers’ preferences have shifted significantly over time toward favoring Black endorsers.
++
++Temporal Trends:
++
++Turning point: Around 2002–2003, White viewers began showing a positive (though small) preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Moderator Effects:
++
++Low anti-Black prejudice and low White ethnic identification correlate with greater White preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Economic hardship (e.g., high unemployment) slightly reduces White preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Identification Model:
++
++Preference changes are stronger when outcomes measure identification with endorsers (e.g., similarity, attractiveness).
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
++
++Strengths of the Study:
++
++Longest-running meta-analysis on interracial preferences in advertising.
++
++Includes multilevel modeling and 21 meta-analytic covariates.
++
++Accounts for both perceiver and societal context, and controls for publication bias.
++
++Limitations:
++
++Only examines Black and White racial dynamics—doesn’t cover Hispanic, Asian, or multiracial groups.
++
++72% of effect sizes are from student samples (not fully generalizable).
++
++Social desirability bias may affect lab-based responses.
++
++Suggestions for Improvement:
++
++Include field experiments and more representative samples (age, class, ideology).
++
++Examine how Black models are portrayed, not just if they are shown.
++
++Extend research to other racial groups and multiracial representations.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
++
++Provides empirical support for the dynamic shift in White American attitudes over time.
++
++Directly informs discussions about media representation, consumer behavior, and racial identity.
++
++Supports policy and commercial arguments for including more diverse models in advertising.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
++
++Expand analysis to Latino, Asian, and multiracial models in media.
++
++Study real-world (non-lab) consumer reactions to racial diversity in advertising.
++
++Investigate how economic anxiety influences racial preferences in other domains (e.g., hiring, education).
++
++Explore how virtual influencers or AI-generated models affect racial perceptions.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:lenk-et-al-white-americans-preference-for-black-people-in-advertising-has-increased-in-the-past-66-years-a-meta-analysis.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}

lenk-et-al-white-americans-preference-for-black-people-in-advertising-has-increased-in-the-past-66-years-a-meta-analysis.pdf

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	1	+XWiki.AdminAngriff

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