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--Main.Studies.WebHome
++Main Categories.Science & Research.WebHome

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@@ -1,99 +1,17 @@
++{{toc/}}
++
++
  = Research at a Glance =
--    Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various important Racial themes. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout. I wanted to make this for a couple of reasons. Number one is organization. There are a ton of useful studies out there that expose the truth, sometimes inadvertently. You'll notice that in this initial draft the summaries are often woke and reflect the bias of the AI writing them as well as the researchers politically correct conclusion in most cases. That's because I haven't gotten to going through and pointing out the reasons I put all of them in here.
++    Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various important Racial themes. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout. I wanted to make this for a couple of reasons. Number one is organization. There are a ton of useful studies out there that expose the truth, sometimes inadvertently. You'll notice that in this initial draft the summaries are often woke and reflect the bias of the AI writing them as well as the researchers politically correct conclusion in most cases. That's because I haven't gotten to going through and pointing out the reasons I put all of them in here.
      There is often an underlying hypocrisy or double standard, saying the quiet part out loud, or conclusions that are so much of an antithesis to what the data shows that made me want to include it. At least, thats the idea for once its polished. I have about 150 more studies to upload, so it will be a few weeks before I get through it all. Until such time, feel free to search for them yourself and edit in what you find, or add your own studies. If you like you can do it manually, or if you'd rather go the route I did, just rename the study to its doi number and feed the study into an AI and tell them to summarize the study using the following format:
--{{example}}
--~= Study: [Study Title] =
--~{~{expand title="Study: [Study Title] (Click to Expand)" expanded="false"}}
--~*~*Source:~*~* *[Journal/Institution Name]*
--~*~*Date of Publication:~*~* *[Publication Date]*
--~*~*Author(s):~*~* *[Author(s) Name(s)]*
--~*~*Title:~*~* *"[Study Title]"*
--~*~*DOI:~*~* [DOI or Link]
--~*~*Subject Matter:~*~* *[Broad Research Area, e.g., Social Psychology, Public Policy, Behavioral Economics]*
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Key Statistics~*~*
--~1. ~*~*General Observations:~*~*
--   - [Statistical finding or observation]
--   - [Statistical finding or observation]
--
--2. ~*~*Subgroup Analysis:~*~*
--   - [Breakdown of findings by gender, race, or other subgroups]
--
--3. ~*~*Other Significant Data Points:~*~*
--   - [Any additional findings or significant statistics]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Findings~*~*
--~1. ~*~*Primary Observations:~*~*
--   - [High-level findings or trends in the study]
--
--2. ~*~*Subgroup Trends:~*~*
--   - [Disparities or differences highlighted in the study]
--
--3. ~*~*Specific Case Analysis:~*~*
--   - [Detailed explanation of any notable specific findings]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Critique and Observations~*~*
--~1. ~*~*Strengths of the Study:~*~*
--   - [Examples: strong methodology, large dataset, etc.]
--
--2. ~*~*Limitations of the Study:~*~*
--   - [Examples: data gaps, lack of upstream analysis, etc.]
--
--3. ~*~*Suggestions for Improvement:~*~*
--   - [Ideas for further research or addressing limitations]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Relevance to Subproject~*~*
--- [Explanation of how this study contributes to your subproject goals.]
--- [Any key arguments or findings that support or challenge your views.]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Suggestions for Further Exploration~*~*
--~1. [Research questions or areas to investigate further.]
--2. [Potential studies or sources to complement this analysis.]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Summary of Research Study~*~*
--This study examines ~*~*[core research question or focus]~*~*, providing insights into ~*~*[main subject area]~*~*. The research utilized ~*~*[sample size and methodology]~*~* to assess ~*~*[key variables or measured outcomes]~*~*.
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*📄 Download Full Study~*~*
--~{~{velocity}}
--#set($doi = "[Insert DOI Here]")
--#set($filename = "${doi}.pdf")
--#if($xwiki.exists("attach~:$filename"))
--~[~[Download Full Study>>attach~:$filename]]
--#else
--~{~{html}}<span style="color:red; font-weight:bold;">🚨 PDF Not Available 🚨</span>~{~{/html}}
--#end
--~{~{/velocity}}
--
--~{~{/expand}}
--
--
--{{/example}}
--
--
--
  - Click on a **category** in the **Table of Contents** to browse studies related to that topic.
  - Click on a **study title** to expand its details, including **key findings, critique, and relevance**.
  - Use the **search function** (Ctrl + F or XWiki's built-in search) to quickly find specific topics or authors.
@@ -101,16 +101,12 @@
  - You'll also find a download link to the original full study in pdf form at the bottom of the collapsible block.
--{{toc/}}
--
--
--
--
  = Genetics =
++{{expandable summary="
--{{expandable summary="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
++Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
  **Source:** *Nature*
  **Date of Publication:** *2009*
  **Author(s):** *David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price, Lalji Singh*
@@ -174,22 +174,17 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]
--##
--  ##
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
++**Source:** *Nature*
++**Date of Publication:** *2016*
++**Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
++**Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
++**DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
++**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
--
--Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
--**Source:** *Nature*
--**Date of Publication:** *2016*
--**Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
--**Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
--**DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
--**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **high-coverage genome sequences of 300 individuals from 142 populations**.
@@ -246,21 +246,18 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]
--##
--  ##
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
--
  Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"}}
--**Source:** *Nature Genetics*
--**Date of Publication:** *2015*
--**Author(s):** *Tinca J. C. Polderman, Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, Danielle Posthuma*
--**Title:** *"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"*
--**DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
++**Source:** *Nature Genetics*
++**Date of Publication:** *2015*
++**Author(s):** *Tinca J. C. Polderman, Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, Danielle Posthuma*
++**Title:** *"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"*
++**DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
++**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
@@ -321,9 +321,8 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
--
  Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"}}
  **Source:** *Nature Reviews Genetics*
  **Date of Publication:** *2002*
@@ -391,16 +391,15 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
--
  Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA"}}
--**Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
--**Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
--**Author(s):** *Ali Akbari, Alison R. Barton, Steven Gazal, Zheng Li, Mohammadreza Kariminejad, et al.*
--**Title:** *"Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation"*
--**DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
++**Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
++**Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
++**Author(s):** *Ali Akbari, Alison R. Barton, Steven Gazal, Zheng Li, Mohammadreza Kariminejad, et al.*
++**Title:** *"Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation"*
++**DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
++**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
@@ -462,17 +462,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
++**Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2013*
++**Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
++**Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
++**DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
++**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
--
--Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
--**Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2013*
--**Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
--**Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
--**DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
--**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study documents how the **heritability of IQ increases with age**, reaching an asymptote at **0.80 by adulthood**.
@@ -532,17 +532,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
++**Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2010*
++**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
++**Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
++**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
--
--Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
--**Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2010*
--**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
--**Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
--**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study argues that **Homo sapiens is polytypic**, meaning it consists of multiple subspecies rather than a single monotypic species.
@@ -602,17 +602,16 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++= IQ =
++{{expandable summary="Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"}}
++**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2019*
++**Author(s):** *Heiner Rindermann, David Becker, Thomas R. Coyle*
++**Title:** *"Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
++**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
--Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"}}
--**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2019*
--**Author(s):** *Heiner Rindermann, David Becker, Thomas R. Coyle*
--**Title:** *"Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
--**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Survey of **102 experts** on intelligence research and public discourse.
@@ -672,17 +672,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"}}
++**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2015*
++**Author(s):** *Davide Piffer*
++**Title:** *"A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
++**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
--
--Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"}}
--**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2015*
--**Author(s):** *Davide Piffer*
--**Title:** *"A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **genome-wide association studies (GWAS) hits** linked to intelligence.
@@ -742,16 +742,13 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
--
--
--Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding"}}
--**Source:** Journal of Genetic Epidemiology
--**Date of Publication:** 2024-01-15
--**Author(s):** Smith et al.
--**Title:** "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"
--**DOI:** [https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235)
--**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
++{{expandable summary="Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding"}}
++**Source:** Journal of Genetic Epidemiology
++**Date of Publication:** 2024-01-15
++**Author(s):** Smith et al.
++**Title:** "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"
++**DOI:** [https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235)
++**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
  {{/expandable}}
  = Dating =
@@ -817,21 +817,18 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
--
++
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"}}
++**Source:** *Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica*
++**Date of Publication:** *2012*
++**Author(s):** *Ravisha M. Srinivasjois, Shreya Shah, Prakesh S. Shah, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births*
++**Title:** *"Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"*
++**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
++**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
--
--Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"}}
--**Source:** *Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica*
--**Date of Publication:** *2012*
--**Author(s):** *Ravisha M. Srinivasjois, Shreya Shah, Prakesh S. Shah, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births*
--**Title:** *"Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"*
--**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
--**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Meta-analysis of **26,335,596 singleton births** from eight studies.
@@ -893,17 +893,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
++**Source:** *Current Psychology*
++**Date of Publication:** *2024*
++**Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
++**Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
++**DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
++**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
--
--Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
--**Source:** *Current Psychology*
--**Date of Publication:** *2024*
--**Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
--**Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
--**DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
--**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **67 self-identified incels** and **103 non-incel men**.
@@ -961,24 +961,18 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
--
++{{/expandable}}
  = Crime and Substance Abuse =
--
--
--{{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
++**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
++**Date of Publication:** *2002*
++**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
++**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
++**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
++**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
--
--Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
--**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
--**Date of Publication:** *2002*
--**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
--**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
--**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
--**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
@@ -1038,17 +1038,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
++**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
++**Date of Publication:** *2003*
++**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
++**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
++**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
++**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
--
--Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
--**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
--**Date of Publication:** *2003*
--**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
--**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
--**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
--**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **how racial and cultural factors influence self-reported substance use data**.
@@ -1068,25 +1068,25 @@
     - Racial/ethnic disparities in **substance use reporting bias survey-based research**.
     - **Social desirability and cultural norms impact data reliability**.
--2. **Subgroup Trends:**
++2. **Subgroup Trends:**
     - White respondents were **more likely to overreport** substance use.
     - Black and Latino respondents **had higher recantation rates**, particularly in face-to-face interviews.
--3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
++3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
     - **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
--1. **Strengths of the Study:**
++1. **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Comprehensive review of 36 studies** on measurement error in substance use reporting.
     - Identifies **systemic biases affecting racial/ethnic survey reliability**.
--2. **Limitations of the Study:**
++2. **Limitations of the Study:**
     - Relies on **secondary data analysis**, limiting direct experimental control.
     - Does not explore **how measurement error impacts policy decisions**.
--3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
++3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
     - Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
  {{/expandable}}
@@ -1108,17 +1108,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
++**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
++**Date of Publication:** *2002*
++**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
++**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
++**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
++**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
--
--Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
--**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
--**Date of Publication:** *2002*
--**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
--**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
--**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
--**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
@@ -1178,21 +1178,16 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
++Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
++**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2014*
++**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley, Jan te Nijenhuis, Raegan Murphy*
++**Title:** *"Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
++**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
--Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"}}
--
--{{/expandable}}
--
--{{expandable summary="Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
--**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2014*
--**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley, Jan te Nijenhuis, Raegan Murphy*
--**Title:** *"Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
--**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study examines reaction time data from **13 age-matched studies** spanning **1884–2004**.
@@ -1250,76 +1250,72 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
--
++{{/expandable}}
  = Whiteness & White Guilt =
--
--
--{{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
--
--
--Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
++{{expandable summary="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
  **Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
  **Date of Publication:** *2019*
  **Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
  **Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
  **DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
--**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
++**Subject Matter:** *Critical Race Theory, Sports Sociology, Anti-White Institutional Framing*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
--   - Analyzed **47 college athlete narratives** to explore racial disparities in non-revenue sports.
--   - Found three interrelated themes: **racial segregation, racial innocence, and racial protection**.
++   - Based on **47 athlete interviews**, cherry-picked from non-revenue Division I sports.
++   - The study claims **“segregation”**, but presents no evidence of actual exclusion or policy bias — just demographic imbalance.
 . **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - **Predominantly white sports programs** reinforce racial hierarchies in college athletics.
--   - **Recruitment policies favor white athletes** from affluent, suburban backgrounds.
++   - Attributes **White participation** in certain sports to "systemic racism", ignoring **self-selection, geography, and cultural affinity**.
++   - Claims White athletes are “protected” from race discussions — but never engages with **Black overrepresentation in revenue sports**.
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - White athletes are **socialized to remain unaware of racial privilege** in their athletic careers.
--   - Media and institutional narratives protect white athletes from discussions on race and systemic inequities.
++   - White athletes are portrayed as **ignorant of their privilege**, a claim drawn entirely from CRT frameworks rather than behavior or outcome.
++   - **No empirical data** is offered on policy, scholarship distribution, or team selection criteria.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
--   - Colleges **actively recruit white athletes** from majority-white communities.
--   - Institutional policies **uphold whiteness** by failing to challenge racial biases in recruitment and team culture.
++   - Frames **normal demographic patterns** (e.g., majority-White rosters in tennis or rowing) as "institutional whiteness".
++   - **Ignores the structural dominance** of Black athletes in high-profile revenue sports like football and basketball.
 . **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - **White athletes show limited awareness** of their racial advantage in sports.
--   - **Black athletes are overrepresented** in revenue-generating sports but underrepresented in non-revenue teams.
++   - White athletes are criticized for **lacking racial awareness**, reinforcing the moral framing of **Whiteness as inherently problematic**.
++   - **Cultural preference, individual merit, and athletic subculture** are all excluded from consideration.
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Examines **how sports serve as a mechanism for maintaining racial privilege** in higher education.
--   - Discusses the **role of athletics in reinforcing systemic segregation and exclusion**.
++   - Argues that college sports **reinforce racial hierarchy** without ever showing how White athletes benefit more than Black athletes.
++   - Offers **no comparative analysis** of scholarships, graduation rates, or media portrayal by race.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - **Comprehensive qualitative analysis** of race in college sports.
--   - Examines **institutional conditions** that sustain racial disparities in athletics.
++   - Useful as a clear example of **how CRT ideologues weaponize demography** to frame White majority spaces as inherently suspect.
++   - Shows how **academic literature systematically avoids symmetrical analysis** when outcomes favor White participants.
 . **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - Focuses primarily on **Division I non-revenue sports**, limiting generalizability to other divisions.
--   - Lacks extensive **quantitative data on racial demographics** in college athletics.
++   - **Excludes revenue sports**, where Black athletes dominate by numbers, prestige, and compensation.
++   - **Fails to explain** how team composition emerges from voluntary participation, geography, or subcultural identity.
++   - Treats **racial imbalance as proof of racism**, bypassing merit, interest, or socioeconomic context.
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Future research should **compare recruitment policies across different sports and divisions**.
--   - Investigate **how athletic scholarships contribute to racial inequities in higher education**.
++   - Include **White athlete perspectives** without pre-framing them as racially naive or complicit.
++   - **Compare all sports**, including those where Black athletes thrive and lead.
++   - Remove CRT framing and **evaluate outcomes empirically**, not ideologically.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
--- Provides evidence of **systemic racial biases** in college sports recruitment.
--- Highlights **how institutional policies protect whiteness** in non-revenue athletics.
--- Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.
++- Demonstrates how **DEI-aligned research reframes benign patterns** as oppressive when White majorities are involved.
++- Illustrates **anti-White academic framing** in environments where no institutional barrier exists.
++- Provides a concrete example of how **CRT avoids acknowledging Black dominance in elite spaces** (revenue athletics).
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
--1. Investigate how **racial stereotypes influence college athlete recruitment**.
--2. Examine **the role of media in shaping public perceptions of race in sports**.
--3. Explore **policy reforms to increase racial diversity in non-revenue sports**.
++1. Investigate **racial self-sorting and cultural affiliation** in athletic participation.
++2. Compare **media framing of White-majority vs. Black-majority sports**.
++3. Study **how CRT narratives distort athletic merit and demographic outcomes**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
@@ -1327,16 +1327,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
--
--Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
--**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2016*
--**Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axta, M. Norman Oliver*
++{{expandable summary="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
++**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2016*
++**Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axta, M. Norman Oliver*
  **Title:** *"Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs About Biological Differences Between Blacks and Whites"*
--**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
--**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
++**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
++**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
@@ -1397,17 +1397,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
++**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2015*
++**Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
++**Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
++**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
++**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
--
--Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
--**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2015*
--**Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
--**Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
--**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
--**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Mortality rates among **middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans (ages 45–54)** increased from 1999 to 2013.
@@ -1467,17 +1467,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
++**Source:** *Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies*
++**Date of Publication:** *2023*
++**Author(s):** *Maurice Crul, Frans Lelie, Elif Keskiner, Laure Michon, Ismintha Waldring*
++**Title:** *"How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"*
++**DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
++**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
--
--Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies*
--**Date of Publication:** *2023*
--**Author(s):** *Maurice Crul, Frans Lelie, Elif Keskiner, Laure Michon, Ismintha Waldring*
--**Title:** *"How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"*
--**DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
--**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examines the role of **people without migration background** in majority-minority cities.
@@ -1535,23 +1535,18 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
  = Media =
--
--
--{{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic"}}
++**Source:** *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication*
++**Date of Publication:** *2021*
++**Author(s):** *Zeynep Tufekci, Jesse Fox, Andrew Chadwick*
++**Title:** *"The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"*
++**DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
++**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
--
--Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication*
--**Date of Publication:** *2021*
--**Author(s):** *Zeynep Tufekci, Jesse Fox, Andrew Chadwick*
--**Title:** *"The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"*
--**DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
--**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **over 500,000 social media interactions** related to intergroup conflict.
@@ -1611,17 +1611,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"}}
++**Source:** *Politics & Policy*
++**Date of Publication:** *2007*
++**Author(s):** *Tyler Johnson*
++**Title:** *"Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing: Explaining Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"*
++**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
++**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
--
--Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"}}
--**Source:** *Politics & Policy*
--**Date of Publication:** *2007*
--**Author(s):** *Tyler Johnson*
--**Title:** *"Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing: Explaining Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"*
--**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
--**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Examines **media coverage of same-sex marriage and civil unions from 2004 to 2011**.
@@ -1681,17 +1681,14 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
++**Source:** *Journal of Communication*
++**Date of Publication:** *2019*
++**Author(s):** *Natalie Stroud, Matthew Barnidge, Shannon McGregor*
++**Title:** *"The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion: Evidence from Experimental Studies"*
++**DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
++**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
--
--Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Communication*
--**Date of Publication:** *2019*
--**Author(s):** *Natalie Stroud, Matthew Barnidge, Shannon McGregor*
--**Title:** *"The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion: Evidence from Experimental Studies"*
--**DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
--**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
--
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Conducted **12 experimental studies** on **digital media's impact on political beliefs**.
@@ -1748,6 +1748,111 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]
--##~{~{/expand}}##
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="Study: White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years"}}
++Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
++Date of Publication: February 20, 2024
++Author(s): Julia Diana Lenk, Jochen Hartmann, Henrik Sattler
++Title: "White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years: A Meta-Analysis"
++DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307505121
++Subject Matter: Advertising, Race, Consumer Behavior, Meta-Analysis
++
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
++
++Study Scale:
++
++62 studies, 332 effect sizes, 10,186 participants (Black and White Americans).
++
++Covers the period 1956–2022.
++
++Cohen’s d Effect Sizes (Model-Free):
++
++Black viewers: d = 0.50 → strong, consistent ingroup preference for Black models.
++
++White viewers: d = –0.08 overall; pre-2000: d = –0.16 (ingroup); post-2000: d = +0.02 (outgroup leaning).
++
++Regression Findings:
++
++White viewers’ preference for Black models increases by ~0.0128 d/year since 1956 (p < 0.05).
++
++By 2022, White viewers showed positive directional preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Black viewer preferences remained stable across the 66 years.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
++
++Primary Observations:
++
++Ingroup favoritism is evident: Black viewers consistently prefer Black endorsers.
++
++White viewers’ preferences have shifted significantly over time toward favoring Black endorsers.
++
++Temporal Trends:
++
++Turning point: Around 2002–2003, White viewers began showing a positive (though small) preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Moderator Effects:
++
++Low anti-Black prejudice and low White ethnic identification correlate with greater White preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Economic hardship (e.g., high unemployment) slightly reduces White preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Identification Model:
++
++Preference changes are stronger when outcomes measure identification with endorsers (e.g., similarity, attractiveness).
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
++
++Strengths of the Study:
++
++Longest-running meta-analysis on interracial preferences in advertising.
++
++Includes multilevel modeling and 21 meta-analytic covariates.
++
++Accounts for both perceiver and societal context, and controls for publication bias.
++
++Limitations:
++
++Only examines Black and White racial dynamics—doesn’t cover Hispanic, Asian, or multiracial groups.
++
++72% of effect sizes are from student samples (not fully generalizable).
++
++Social desirability bias may affect lab-based responses.
++
++Suggestions for Improvement:
++
++Include field experiments and more representative samples (age, class, ideology).
++
++Examine how Black models are portrayed, not just if they are shown.
++
++Extend research to other racial groups and multiracial representations.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
++
++Provides empirical support for the dynamic shift in White American attitudes over time.
++
++Directly informs discussions about media representation, consumer behavior, and racial identity.
++
++Supports policy and commercial arguments for including more diverse models in advertising.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
++
++Expand analysis to Latino, Asian, and multiracial models in media.
++
++Study real-world (non-lab) consumer reactions to racial diversity in advertising.
++
++Investigate how economic anxiety influences racial preferences in other domains (e.g., hiring, education).
++
++Explore how virtual influencers or AI-generated models affect racial perceptions.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:lenk-et-al-white-americans-preference-for-black-people-in-advertising-has-increased-in-the-past-66-years-a-meta-analysis.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}

lenk-et-al-white-americans-preference-for-black-people-in-advertising-has-increased-in-the-past-66-years-a-meta-analysis.pdf

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