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Changes for page Research at a Glance

Last modified by Ryan C on 2025/06/26 03:09

From 78.1 to 77.1 From 84.2 to 84.1

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@@ -1,89 +1,22 @@
  = Research at a Glance =
++== Introduction ==
++Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various fields such as **social psychology, public policy, behavioral economics, and more**. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout.
--Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various important Racial themes. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout. I wanted to make this for a couple of reasons. Number one is organization. There are a ton of useful studies out there that expose the truth, sometimes inadvertently. You'll notice that in this initial draft the summaries are often woke and reflect the bias of the AI writing them as well as the researchers politically correct conclusions in most cases. That's because I havent gotten to going through and pointing out the reasons I put all of them in here. There is often an underlying hypocrisy or double standar, saying the quiet part out loud, or conclusions that are so much of an antithesis to what the data shows that made me want to include it. At least, thats the idea for once its polished. I have about 150 more studies to upload, so it will be a few weeks before I get through it all. Until such time, feel free to search for them yourself and edit in what you find, or add your own studies. If you like you can do it manually, or if you'd rather go the route I did, just feed the study into an AI and tell them to summarize the study using the following format:
++=== How to Use This Repository ===
--{{example}}
--~{~{expand title="Study: [Study Title] (Click to Expand)" expanded="false"}}
--~*~*Source:~*~* [Journal/Institution Name]
--~*~*Date of Publication:~*~* [Publication Date]
--~*~*Author (s):~*~* [Author (s) Name (s)]
--~*~*Title:~*~* "[Study Title]"
--~*~*DOI:~*~* [DOI or Link]
--~*~*Subject Matter:~*~* [Broad Research Area, e.g., Social Psychology, Public Policy, Behavioral Economics]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Key Statistics~*~*
--~1. ~*~*General Observations:~*~*
--   - [Statistical finding or observation]
--   - [Statistical finding or observation]
--
--2. ~*~*Subgroup Analysis:~*~*
--   - [Breakdown of findings by gender, race, or other subgroups]
--
--3. ~*~*Other Significant Data Points:~*~*
--   - [Any additional findings or significant statistics]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Findings~*~*
--~1. ~*~*Primary Observations:~*~*
--   - [High-level findings or trends in the study]
--
--2. ~*~*Subgroup Trends:~*~*
--   - [Disparities or differences highlighted in the study]
--
--3. ~*~*Specific Case Analysis:~*~*
--   - [Detailed explanation of any notable specific findings]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Critique and Observations~*~*
--~1. ~*~*Strengths of the Study:~*~*
--   - [Examples: strong methodology, large dataset, etc.]
--
--2. ~*~*Limitations of the Study:~*~*
--   - [Examples: data gaps, lack of upstream analysis, etc.]
--
--3. ~*~*Suggestions for Improvement:~*~*
--   - [Ideas for further research or addressing limitations]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Relevance to Subproject~*~*
--- [Explanation of how this study contributes to your subproject goals.]
--- [Any key arguments or findings that support or challenge your views.]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Suggestions for Further Exploration~*~*
--~1. [Research questions or areas to investigate further.]
--2. [Potential studies or sources to complement this analysis.]
--
--~-~--
--
--~#~# ~*~*Summary of Research Study~*~*
--This study examines ~*~*[core research question or focus]~*~*, providing insights into ~*~*[main subject area]~*~*. The research utilized ~*~*[sample size and methodology]~*~* to assess ~*~*[key variables or measured outcomes]~*~*.
--{{/example}}
--
  - Click on a **category** in the **Table of Contents** to browse studies related to that topic.
  - Click on a **study title** to expand its details, including **key findings, critique, and relevance**.
  - Use the **search function** (Ctrl + F or XWiki's built-in search) to quickly find specific topics or authors.
  - If needed, you can export this page as **PDF or print-friendly format**, and all studies will automatically expand for readability.
--- You'll also find a download link to the original full study in pdf form at the bottom of the collapsible block.
--{{toc/}}
++== Research Studies Repository ==
--
--
--
  = Genetics =
--
  == Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1038/nature08365](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08365)
  **Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Population History, South Asian Ancestry*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
     - ANI ancestry ranges from **39% to 71%** across Indian groups.
     - **Caste and linguistic differences** strongly correlate with genetic variation.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@
     - **Founder effects** have maintained allele frequency differences among Indian groups.
     - Predicts **higher incidence of recessive diseases** due to historical genetic isolation.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
     - Future research should **expand sampling across more Indian tribal groups**.
     - Use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer resolution of ancestry.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides a **genetic basis for caste and linguistic diversity** in India.
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
  - Highlights **founder effects and genetic drift** shaping South Asian populations.
  - Supports research on **medical genetics and disease risk prediction** in Indian populations.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
 . Investigate the impact of **recent migration patterns on ANI-ASI ancestry distribution**.
 . Study **gene flow between Indian populations and other global groups**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study reconstructs **the genetic history of India**, revealing two ancestral populations—**ANI (related to West Eurasians) and ASI (distinctly South Asian)**. By analyzing **25 diverse Indian groups**, the researchers demonstrate how **historical endogamy and founder effects** have maintained genetic differentiation. The findings have **implications for medical genetics, population history, and the study of South Asian ancestry**.##
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]##
@@ -171,6 +171,7 @@
  {{/expand}}
++
  == Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
  **Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@
     - Identified **5.8 million base pairs absent from the human reference genome**.
     - Estimated that **mutations have accumulated 5% faster in non-Africans than in Africans**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
     - **Neanderthal ancestry is higher in East Asians than in Europeans**.
     - African hunter-gatherer groups show **deep population splits over 100,000 years ago**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@
     - Future studies should include **ancient genomes** to improve demographic modeling.
     - Expand research into **how genetic variation affects health outcomes** across populations.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **comprehensive data on human genetic diversity**, useful for **evolutionary studies**.
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@
  - Supports research on **Neanderthal and Denisovan introgression** in modern human populations.
  - Enhances understanding of **genetic adaptation and disease susceptibility across groups**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
 . Study **how selection pressures shaped genetic diversity across different environments**.
 . Explore **medical applications of population-specific genetic markers**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study presents **high-coverage genome sequences from 300 individuals across 142 populations**, offering **new insights into global genetic diversity and human evolution**. The findings highlight **deep African population splits, widespread archaic ancestry in non-Africans, and unique variants absent from the human reference genome**. The research enhances our understanding of **migration patterns, adaptation, and evolutionary history**.##
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]##
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
  **Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@
     - **Neurological, metabolic, and psychiatric traits** showed the highest heritability estimates.
     - Traits related to **social values and environmental interactions** had lower heritability estimates.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@
     - Twin correlations suggest **limited evidence for strong non-additive genetic influences**.
     - The study highlights **missing heritability in complex traits**, which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yet to fully explain.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@
     - Future research should use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer-grained heritability estimates.
     - **Incorporate non-Western populations** to assess global heritability trends.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Establishes a **quantitative benchmark for heritability across human traits**.
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@
  - Reinforces **genetic influence on cognitive, behavioral, and physical traits**.
  - Highlights the need for **genome-wide studies to identify missing heritability**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@
 . Examine **gene-environment interactions in cognitive and psychiatric traits**.
 . Explore **non-additive genetic effects on human traits using newer statistical models**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study presents a **comprehensive meta-analysis of human trait heritability**, covering **over 50 years of twin research**. The findings confirm **genes play a predominant role in shaping human traits**, with an **average heritability of 49%** across all measured characteristics. The research offers **valuable insights into genetic and environmental influences**, guiding future gene-mapping efforts and behavioral genetics studies.##
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_ng.328.pdf]]##
@@ -355,7 +355,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1038/nrg865](https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg865)
  **Subject Matter:** *Population Genetics, Human Evolution, Complex Diseases*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@
     - The **effective population size (Ne) of Africans** is higher than that of non-African populations.
     - LD blocks are **shorter in African genomes**, suggesting more historical recombination events.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@
     - Admixture in African Americans includes **West African and European genetic contributions**.
     - SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) diversity in African genomes **exceeds that of non-African groups**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@
     - Expand research into **underrepresented African populations**.
     - Integrate **whole-genome sequencing for a more detailed evolutionary timeline**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Supports **genetic models of human evolution** and the **out-of-Africa hypothesis**.
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@
  - Reinforces **Africa’s key role in disease gene mapping and precision medicine**.
  - Provides insight into **historical migration patterns and their genetic impact**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@
 . Study **the role of African genetic diversity in disease resistance**.
 . Expand research on **how ancient migration patterns shaped modern genetic structure**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study explores the **genetic diversity of African populations**, analyzing their role in **human evolution and complex disease research**. The findings highlight **Africa’s unique genetic landscape**, confirming it as the most genetically diverse continent. The research provides valuable insights into **how genetic variation influences disease susceptibility, evolution, and population structure**.##
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nrg865MODERN.pdf]]##
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
  **Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -458,7 +458,7 @@
     - **10,000 years of directional selection** affected metabolic, immune, and cognitive traits.
     - **Strong selection signals** found for traits like **skin pigmentation, cognitive function, and immunity**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@
     - **Blood type B frequency rose from 0% to 8% in 6,000 years**.
     - **Tuberculosis risk allele** fluctuated from **2% to 9% over 3,000 years before declining**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@
     - Expanding research to **other global populations** to assess universal trends.
     - Investigating **long-term evolutionary trade-offs of selected alleles**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **direct evidence of long-term genetic adaptation** in human populations.
@@ -498,7 +498,7 @@
  - Supports theories on **polygenic selection shaping human cognition, metabolism, and immunity**.
  - Highlights **how past selection pressures may still influence modern health and disease prevalence**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -506,18 +506,17 @@
 . Investigate **how environmental and cultural shifts influenced genetic selection**.
 . Explore **the genetic basis of traits linked to past and present-day human survival**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **how human genetic adaptation has unfolded over 14,000 years**, using a **large dataset of ancient DNA**. It highlights **strong selection on immune function, metabolism, and cognitive traits**, revealing **hundreds of loci affected by directional selection**. The findings emphasize **the power of ancient DNA in tracking human evolution and adaptation**.##
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1101_2024.09.14.613021doi_.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
--
  == Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
  **Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@
     - Data from the **Louisville Longitudinal Twin Study and cross-national twin samples** support findings.
     - IQ stability over time is **influenced more by genetics than by shared environmental factors**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@
     - Longitudinal adoption studies show **declining impact of adoptive parental influence on IQ** as children age.
     - Cross-sectional twin data confirm **higher IQ correlations for monozygotic twins in adulthood**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@
     - Future research should investigate **gene-environment interactions in cognitive aging**.
     - Examine **heritability trends in non-Western populations** to determine cross-cultural consistency.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **strong evidence for the genetic basis of intelligence**.
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@
  - Highlights the **diminishing role of shared environment in cognitive development**.
  - Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@
 . Examine **how education and socioeconomic factors interact with genetic IQ influences**.
 . Study **heritability trends in aging populations and cognitive decline**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study documents **The Wilson Effect**, demonstrating how the **heritability of IQ increases throughout development**, reaching a plateau of **0.80 by adulthood**. The findings indicate that **shared environmental effects diminish with age**, while **genetic influences on intelligence strengthen**. Using **longitudinal twin and adoption data**, the research provides **strong empirical support for the increasing role of genetics in cognitive ability over time**.##
@@ -598,13 +598,12 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1017_thg.2013.54.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
--
  == Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
@@ -615,7 +615,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
  **Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@
     - The study evaluates **FST values (genetic differentiation measure)** and argues that human genetic differentiation is comparable to that of recognized subspecies in other species.
     - Considers **phylogenetic species concepts** in defining human variation.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@
     - Evaluates how **genetic markers correlate with population structure**.
     - Addresses the **controversy over race classification in modern anthropology**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -663,7 +663,7 @@
     - Further research should **incorporate whole-genome studies** to refine subspecies classifications.
     - Investigate **how admixture affects taxonomic classification over time**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Contributes to discussions on **evolutionary taxonomy and species classification**.
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@
  - Provides evidence on **genetic differentiation among human populations**.
  - Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -678,7 +678,7 @@
 . Investigate how **adaptive evolution influences population differentiation**.
 . Explore **the impact of genetic diversity on medical treatments and disease susceptibility**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study evaluates **whether Homo sapiens should be classified as a polytypic species**, analyzing **genetic diversity, evolutionary lineage, and morphological variation**. Using comparative analysis with other primates and mammals, the research suggests that **human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**, with implications for **evolutionary biology, anthropology, and medicine**.##
@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.mehy.2009.07.046.pdf]]##
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
  **Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -718,7 +718,7 @@
     - Experts rated media coverage of intelligence research as **poor (avg. 3.1 on a 9-point scale)**.
     - **50% of experts attributed US Black-White IQ differences to genetic factors, 50% to environmental factors**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -734,7 +734,7 @@
     - The study compared **media coverage of intelligence research** with expert opinions.
     - Found a **disconnect between journalists and intelligence researchers**, especially regarding politically sensitive issues.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@
     - Future studies should include **a broader range of global experts**.
     - Additional research needed on **media biases and misrepresentation of intelligence research**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insight into **expert consensus and division on intelligence research**.
@@ -757,7 +757,7 @@
  - Highlights the **role of media bias** in shaping public perception of intelligence science.
  - Useful for understanding **the intersection of science, politics, and public discourse** on intelligence research.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@
 . Investigate how **media bias impacts public understanding of intelligence research**.
 . Conduct follow-up studies with **a more diverse expert pool** to test findings.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study surveys **expert opinions on intelligence research**, analyzing **how backgrounds, political ideologies, and media representation influence perspectives on intelligence**. The findings highlight **divisions in scientific consensus**, particularly on **genetic vs. environmental causes of IQ disparities**. Additionally, the research uncovers **widespread dissatisfaction with media portrayals of intelligence research**, pointing to **the impact of ideological biases on public discourse**.##
@@ -772,7 +772,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2019.101406.pdf]]##
@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
  **Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -805,7 +805,7 @@
     - GWAS intelligence SNPs predicted **IQ levels more strongly than random genetic markers**.
     - Genetic differentiation (Fst values) showed that **selection pressure, rather than drift, influenced intelligence-related allele distributions**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -821,7 +821,7 @@
     - Polygenic scores using **intelligence-related alleles significantly outperformed random SNPs** in predicting IQ.
     - Selection pressures **may explain differences in global intelligence distribution** beyond genetic drift effects.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@
     - Larger **cross-population GWAS studies** needed to validate findings.
     - Investigate **non-genetic contributors to IQ variance** in addition to genetic factors.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Supports research on **genetic influences on intelligence at a population level**.
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@
  - Aligns with broader discussions on **cognitive genetics and natural selection effects**.
  - Provides a **quantitative framework for analyzing polygenic selection in intelligence studies**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@
 . Investigate **gene-environment interactions influencing intelligence**.
 . Explore **historical selection pressures shaping intelligence-related alleles**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study reviews **genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings on intelligence**, demonstrating a **strong correlation between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**. The research highlights how **genetic selection may explain population-level cognitive differences beyond genetic drift effects**. Intelligence-linked alleles showed **higher variability across populations than height-related alleles**, suggesting stronger selection pressures.  ##
@@ -859,13 +859,12 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2015.08.008.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
--
  == Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Click here to expand details"}}
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@
  **Tags:** `Genetics` `Race & Ethnicity` `Biomedical Research`
-- **Key Statistics**
++=== **Key Statistics** ===
 . **General Observations:**
     - A near-perfect alignment between self-identified race/ethnicity (SIRE) and genetic ancestry was observed.
@@ -888,12 +888,12 @@
     - Four groups analyzed: **White, African American, East Asian, and Hispanic**.
     - Hispanic genetic clusters showed significant European and Native American lineage.
--  **Findings**
++=== **Findings** ===
  - Self-identified race strongly aligns with genetic ancestry.
  - Minor discrepancies exist but do not significantly impact classification.
-- **Relevance to Subproject**
++=== **Relevance to Subproject** ===
  - Reinforces the reliability of **self-reported racial identity** in genetic research.
  - Highlights **policy considerations** in biomedical studies.
@@ -900,11 +900,10 @@
  {{/expand}}
------
++-----
  = Dating and Interpersonal Relationships =
--
  == Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018 ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018"}}
@@ -915,7 +915,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833](https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833)
  **Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Sexual Behavior, Demography*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@
     - Frequency of sexual activity decreased by **8-10%** over the studied period.
     - Number of sexual partners remained **relatively stable** despite declining activity rates.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -947,7 +947,7 @@
     - **Mental health and employment status** were correlated with decreased activity.
     - Social factors such as **screen time and digital entertainment consumption** are potential contributors.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -963,13 +963,13 @@
     - Further studies should incorporate **qualitative data** on behavioral shifts.
     - Additional factors such as **economic shifts and social media usage** need exploration.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides evidence on **changing demographic behaviors** in relation to relationships and social interactions.
  - Highlights the role of **mental health, employment, and societal changes** in personal behaviors.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -976,7 +976,7 @@
 . Investigate the **impact of digital media consumption** on relationship dynamics.
 . Examine **regional and cultural differences** in sexual activity trends.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **trends in sexual frequency and number of partners among U.S. adults (2000-2018)**, highlighting significant **declines in sexual activity, particularly among young men**. The research utilized **General Social Survey data** to analyze the impact of **sociodemographic factors, employment status, and mental well-being** on sexual behavior.  ##
@@ -983,7 +983,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study's contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  {{velocity}}
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
  **Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1025,7 +1025,7 @@
       - **Preterm births (PTB):** WMBF (1.17), BMWF (1.37), BMBF (1.78).
       - **Stillbirths:** WMBF (1.43), BMWF (1.51), BMBF (1.85).
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1041,7 +1041,7 @@
     - The **weathering hypothesis** suggests that **long-term stress exposure** contributes to higher adverse birth risks in Black mothers.
     - **Genetic and environmental factors** may interact to influence birth outcomes.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1057,7 +1057,7 @@
     - Future studies should examine **Asian, Hispanic, and Indigenous biracial couples**.
     - Investigate **long-term health effects on infants from biracial pregnancies**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **critical insights into racial disparities** in maternal and infant health.
@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@
  - Supports **research on genetic and environmental influences on neonatal health**.
  - Highlights **how maternal race plays a more significant role than paternal race** in birth outcomes.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1072,12 +1072,12 @@
 . Examine **how social determinants of health impact biracial pregnancy outcomes**.
 . Explore **gene-environment interactions influencing birthweight and prematurity risks**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This meta-analysis examines **the impact of biracial parentage on birth outcomes**, showing that **biracial couples face a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than White couples but lower than Black couples**. The findings emphasize **maternal race as a key factor in birth risks**, with **Black mothers having the highest rates of preterm birth and low birthweight, regardless of paternal race**.##
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1600-0412.2012.01501.xAbstract.pdf]]##
@@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
  **Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1110,7 +1110,7 @@
     - 95% of incels in the study reported **having depression**, with 38% receiving a formal diagnosis.
     - **Higher externalization of blame** was linked to stronger incel identification.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1126,7 +1126,7 @@
     - Incels **engaged in fewer positive coping mechanisms** such as emotional support or positive reframing.
     - Instead, they relied on **solitary coping strategies**, worsening their isolation.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1142,7 +1142,7 @@
     - Future studies should **compare incel forum users vs. non-users**.
     - Investigate **potential intervention strategies** for social integration.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Highlights **mental health vulnerabilities** within the incel community.
@@ -1149,7 +1149,7 @@
  - Supports research on **loneliness, attachment styles, and social dominance orientation**.
  - Examines how **peer rejection influences self-perceived mate value**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1157,7 +1157,7 @@
 . Investigate **cognitive biases** influencing self-perceived rejection among incels.
 . Assess **therapeutic interventions** to address incel social isolation.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines the **psychological characteristics of self-identified incels**, comparing them with non-incel men in terms of **mental health, loneliness, and coping strategies**. The research found **higher depression, anxiety, and avoidant attachment styles among incels**, as well as **greater reliance on solitary coping mechanisms**. It suggests that **lack of social support plays a critical role in exacerbating incel identity and related mental health concerns**.##
@@ -1164,7 +1164,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]##
@@ -1173,7 +1173,92 @@
  = Crime and Substance Abuse =
++== Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys ==
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
++**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
++**Date of Publication:** *2003*
++**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
++**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
++**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
++**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
++
++-----
++
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
++1. **General Observations:**
++   - Study examined **how racial and cultural factors influence self-reported substance use data**.
++   - Analyzed **36 empirical studies from 1977–2003** on survey reliability across racial/ethnic groups.
++
++2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
++   - Black and Latino respondents **were more likely to underreport drug use** compared to White respondents.
++   - **Cultural stigma and distrust in research institutions** affected self-report accuracy.
++
++3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
++   - **Surveys using biological validation (urinalysis, hair tests) revealed underreporting trends**.
++   - **Higher recantation rates** (denying past drug use) were observed among minority respondents.
++
++-----
++
++## **Findings**##
++
++1. **Primary Observations:**
++   - Racial/ethnic disparities in **substance use reporting bias survey-based research**.
++   - **Social desirability and cultural norms impact data reliability**.
++
++2. **Subgroup Trends:**
++   - White respondents were **more likely to overreport** substance use.
++   - Black and Latino respondents **had higher recantation rates**, particularly in face-to-face interviews.
++
++3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
++   - Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
++   - **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
++
++-----
++
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
++1. **Strengths of the Study:**
++   - **Comprehensive review of 36 studies** on measurement error in substance use reporting.
++   - Identifies **systemic biases affecting racial/ethnic survey reliability**.
++
++2. **Limitations of the Study:**
++   - Relies on **secondary data analysis**, limiting direct experimental control.
++   - Does not explore **how measurement error impacts policy decisions**.
++
++3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
++   - Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
++   - Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
++
++-----
++
++## **Relevance to Subproject**
++- Supports research on **racial disparities in self-reported health behaviors**.
++- Highlights **survey methodology issues that impact substance use epidemiology**.
++- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.##
++
++-----
++
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
++1. Investigate **how survey design impacts racial disparities in self-reported health data**.
++2. Study **alternative data collection methods (biometric validation, passive data tracking)**.
++3. Explore **the role of social stigma in self-reported health behaviors**.
++
++-----
++
++## **Summary of Research Study**
++This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.##
++
++This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
++
++-----
++
++## **📄 Download Full Study**
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]##
++{{/expand}}
++
  == Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
@@ -1184,7 +1184,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
  **Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1200,7 +1200,7 @@
     - **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
     - Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1216,7 +1216,7 @@
     - **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
     - Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1232,7 +1232,7 @@
     - Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
     - Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
@@ -1239,7 +1239,7 @@
  - Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
  - Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@
 . Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
 . Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
@@ -1254,13 +1254,12 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
--
  == Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
@@ -1271,7 +1271,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
  **Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1287,7 +1287,7 @@
     - **Surveys using biological validation (urinalysis, hair tests) revealed underreporting trends**.
     - **Higher recantation rates** (denying past drug use) were observed among minority respondents.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1303,7 +1303,7 @@
     - Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
     - **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1319,7 +1319,7 @@
     - Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
     - Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Supports research on **racial disparities in self-reported health behaviors**.
@@ -1326,7 +1326,7 @@
  - Highlights **survey methodology issues that impact substance use epidemiology**.
  - Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1334,7 +1334,7 @@
 . Study **alternative data collection methods (biometric validation, passive data tracking)**.
 . Explore **the role of social stigma in self-reported health behaviors**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.##
@@ -1341,7 +1341,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]##
@@ -1358,7 +1358,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
  **Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1374,7 +1374,7 @@
     - **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
     - Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1390,7 +1390,7 @@
     - **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
     - Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1406,7 +1406,7 @@
     - Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
     - Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
@@ -1413,7 +1413,7 @@
  - Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
  - Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1421,7 +1421,7 @@
 . Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
 . Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
@@ -1428,13 +1428,12 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
--
  == Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"}}
@@ -1512,7 +1512,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
  **Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@
     - The estimated **dysgenic rate is 1.21 IQ points lost per decade**.
     - Meta-regression analysis confirmed a **steady secular trend in slowing reaction time**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1544,7 +1544,7 @@
     - Cross-national comparisons indicate a **global trend in slower reaction times**.
     - Factors like **modern neurotoxin exposure** and **reduced selective pressure for intelligence** may contribute.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1560,7 +1560,7 @@
     - Future studies should **replicate results with more modern datasets**.
     - Investigate **alternative cognitive biomarkers** for intelligence over time.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides evidence for **long-term intelligence trends**, contributing to research on **cognitive evolution**.
@@ -1567,7 +1567,7 @@
  - Aligns with broader discussions on **dysgenics, neurophysiology, and cognitive load**.
  - Supports the argument that **modern societies may be experiencing intelligence decline**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1575,7 +1575,7 @@
 . Examine **regional variations in reaction time trends**.
 . Explore **cognitive resilience factors that counteract the decline**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **historical reaction time data** as a measure of **cognitive ability and intelligence decline**, analyzing data from **Western populations between 1884 and 2004**. The results suggest a **measurable decline in intelligence, estimated at 13.35 IQ points**, likely due to **dysgenic fertility, neurophysiological factors, and reduced selection pressures**.  ##
@@ -1582,7 +1582,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]##
@@ -1589,8 +1589,11 @@
  {{/expand}}
--= Whiteness & White Guilt =
++
++
++= Whiteness =
++
  == Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
@@ -1601,7 +1601,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
  **Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1617,7 +1617,7 @@
     - White athletes are **socialized to remain unaware of racial privilege** in their athletic careers.
     - Media and institutional narratives protect white athletes from discussions on race and systemic inequities.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1633,7 +1633,7 @@
     - Examines **how sports serve as a mechanism for maintaining racial privilege** in higher education.
     - Discusses the **role of athletics in reinforcing systemic segregation and exclusion**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1649,7 +1649,7 @@
     - Future research should **compare recruitment policies across different sports and divisions**.
     - Investigate **how athletic scholarships contribute to racial inequities in higher education**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides evidence of **systemic racial biases** in college sports recruitment.
@@ -1656,7 +1656,7 @@
  - Highlights **how institutional policies protect whiteness** in non-revenue athletics.
  - Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1664,7 +1664,7 @@
 . Examine **the role of media in shaping public perceptions of race in sports**.
 . Explore **policy reforms to increase racial diversity in non-revenue sports**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study explores how **racial segregation, innocence, and protection** sustain whiteness in college sports. By analyzing **47 athlete narratives**, the research reveals **how predominantly white sports programs recruit and retain white athletes** while shielding them from discussions on race. The findings highlight **institutional biases that maintain racial privilege in athletics**, offering critical insight into the **structural inequalities in higher education sports programs**.##
@@ -1671,7 +1671,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1037_dhe0000140.pdf]]##
@@ -1678,6 +1678,11 @@
  {{/expand}}
++
++
++
++= White Guilt =
++
  == Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
@@ -1688,7 +1688,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
  **Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1704,7 +1704,7 @@
     - **Black patients were less likely to receive appropriate pain treatment** compared to white patients.
     - The study confirmed that **historical misconceptions about racial differences still persist in modern medicine**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@
     - Study participants **underestimated Black patients' pain and recommended less effective pain treatments**.
     - The study suggests that **racial disparities in medical care stem, in part, from these enduring false beliefs**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1736,7 +1736,7 @@
     - Future research should examine **how these biases manifest in real clinical settings**.
     - Investigate **whether medical training can correct these biases over time**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Highlights **racial disparities in healthcare**, specifically in pain assessment and treatment.
@@ -1743,7 +1743,7 @@
  - Supports **research on implicit bias and its impact on medical outcomes**.
  - Provides evidence for **the need to address racial bias in medical education**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1751,7 +1751,7 @@
 . Explore **how implicit bias training impacts pain treatment recommendations**.
 . Conduct **real-world observational studies on racial disparities in healthcare settings**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **racial bias in pain perception and treatment** among **white laypeople and medical professionals**, demonstrating that **false beliefs about biological differences contribute to disparities in pain management**. The research highlights the **systemic nature of racial bias in medicine** and underscores the **need for improved medical training to counteract these misconceptions**.##
@@ -1758,7 +1758,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1516047113.pdf]]##
@@ -1775,7 +1775,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
  **Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1791,7 +1791,7 @@
     - Rising mortality was driven primarily by **suicide, drug and alcohol poisoning, and chronic liver disease**.
     - Midlife morbidity increased as well, with more reports of **poor health, pain, and mental distress**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1807,7 +1807,7 @@
     - **Educational attainment was a major predictor of mortality trends**, with better-educated individuals experiencing lower mortality rates.
     - Mortality among **white Americans with a college degree continued to decline**, resembling trends in other wealthy nations.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1823,7 +1823,7 @@
     - Future studies should explore **how economic shifts, healthcare access, and mental health treatment contribute to these trends**.
     - Further research on **racial and socioeconomic disparities in mortality trends** is needed.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Highlights **socioeconomic and racial disparities** in health outcomes.
@@ -1830,7 +1830,7 @@
  - Supports research on **substance abuse and mental health crises in the U.S.**.
  - Provides evidence for **the role of economic instability in public health trends**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1838,7 +1838,7 @@
 . Examine the **impact of the opioid crisis on long-term health trends**.
 . Study **policy interventions aimed at reversing rising mortality rates**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study documents a **reversal in mortality trends among middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans**, showing an increase in **suicide, drug overdoses, and alcohol-related deaths** from 1999 to 2013. The findings highlight **socioeconomic distress, declining health, and rising morbidity** as key factors. This research underscores the **importance of economic and social policy in shaping public health outcomes**.##
@@ -1845,13 +1845,12 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1518393112.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
--
  == Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities? ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
@@ -1862,7 +1862,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
  **Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1878,7 +1878,7 @@
     - The study introduces the **Becoming a Minority (BaM) project**, a large-scale investigation of urban demographic shifts.
     - **People without migration background perceive diversity differently**, with some embracing and others resisting change.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1894,7 +1894,7 @@
     - Examines how **people without migration background navigate majority-minority settings** in cities like Amsterdam and Vienna.
     - Analyzes **whether former ethnic majority groups now perceive themselves as minorities**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1910,7 +1910,7 @@
     - Expand research to **other geographical contexts** to understand migration effects globally.
     - Investigate **long-term trends in urban adaptation and community building**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides a **new perspective on urban integration**, shifting focus from migrants to native-born populations.
@@ -1917,7 +1917,7 @@
  - Highlights the **role of social and economic power in shaping urban diversity outcomes**.
  - Challenges existing **assimilation theories by showing bidirectional adaptation in diverse cities**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1925,7 +1925,7 @@
 . Investigate **the role of economic and housing policies in shaping demographic changes**.
 . Explore **how social networks influence perceptions of migration and diversity**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines how **people without migration background experience demographic change in majority-minority cities**. Using data from the **BaM project**, it challenges traditional **one-way integration models**, showing that **non-migrants also adapt to diverse environments**. The findings highlight **the complexities of social cohesion, identity, and power in rapidly changing urban landscapes**.##
@@ -1932,7 +1932,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]##
@@ -1939,9 +1939,9 @@
  {{/expand}}
++
  = Media =
--
  == Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"}}
@@ -1952,7 +1952,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
  **Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1968,7 +1968,7 @@
     - **Misinformation spread 3x faster** in polarized online discussions.
     - Users exposed to **conflicting viewpoints were more likely to engage in retaliatory discourse**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1984,7 +1984,7 @@
     - **CMC increased political tribalism** in digital spaces.
     - **Emotional language spread more widely** than factual content.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -2000,7 +2000,7 @@
     - Future studies should **analyze private messaging platforms** in conflict dynamics.
     - Investigate **interventions that reduce online polarization**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Explores how **digital communication influences social division**.
@@ -2007,7 +2007,7 @@
  - Supports research on **social media regulation and conflict mitigation**.
  - Provides **data on misinformation and online radicalization trends**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -2015,12 +2015,12 @@
 . Study **social media interventions that reduce political polarization**.
 . Explore **cross-cultural differences in CMC and intergroup hostility**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **how online communication intensifies intergroup conflict**, using a dataset of **500,000+ social media interactions**. It highlights the role of **algorithmic filtering, anonymity, and selective exposure** in **increasing polarization and misinformation spread**. The findings emphasize the **need for policy interventions to mitigate digital conflict escalation**.##
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_jcmc_zmab003.pdf]]##
@@ -2037,7 +2037,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
  **Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -2053,7 +2053,7 @@
     - When **equality framing surpasses morality framing**, public opposition declines.
     - Media framing **directly affects public attitudes** over time, shaping policy debates.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -2069,7 +2069,7 @@
     - **Periods of increased equality framing** saw measurable **declines in opposition to LGBTQ+ rights**.
     - **Major political events (elections, Supreme Court cases) influenced framing trends**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -2085,7 +2085,7 @@
     - Expand the study to **global perspectives on LGBTQ+ rights and media influence**.
     - Investigate how **different media platforms (TV vs. digital media) impact opinion shifts**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Explores **how media narratives shape policy support and public sentiment**.
@@ -2092,7 +2092,7 @@
  - Highlights **the strategic importance of framing in LGBTQ+ advocacy**.
  - Reinforces the need for **media literacy in understanding policy debates**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -2100,18 +2100,17 @@
 . Study **differences in framing across political media outlets**.
 . Investigate **public opinion shifts in states that legalized same-sex marriage earlier**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **how media framing influences public attitudes on same-sex marriage and civil unions**, analyzing **news coverage from 2004 to 2011**. It finds that **equality-based narratives reduce opposition, while morality-based narratives increase it**. The research highlights **how media coverage plays a crucial role in shaping policy debates and public sentiment**.##
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x_abstract.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
--
  == Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
@@ -2122,7 +2122,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
  **Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
------
++-----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -2138,7 +2138,7 @@
     - **Interactive media (comment sections, polls) increased political engagement**.
     - **Exposure to counterarguments reduced partisan bias** by **14% on average**.
------
++-----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -2154,7 +2154,7 @@
     - **Highly partisan users became more entrenched in their views**, even when exposed to opposing content.
     - **Neutral or apolitical users were more likely to shift opinions**.
------
++-----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -2170,7 +2170,7 @@
     - Future studies should track **long-term opinion changes** beyond immediate reactions.
     - Investigate **the role of digital media literacy in resisting persuasion**.
------
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insights into **how digital media shapes political discourse**.
@@ -2177,7 +2177,7 @@
  - Highlights **which platforms and content types are most influential**.
  - Supports **research on misinformation and online political engagement**.##
------
++-----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -2185,13 +2185,16 @@
 . Investigate the **role of political influencers in shaping opinions**.
 . Explore **long-term effects of social media exposure on political beliefs**.
------
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study analyzes **how digital media influences political persuasion**, using **12 experimental studies**. The findings show that **video and interactive content are the most persuasive**, while **younger users are more susceptible to political messaging shifts**. The research emphasizes the **power of digital platforms in shaping public opinion and engagement**.##
------
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
++
++
++