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--Main.Studies.WebHome
++Main Categories.Science & Research.WebHome

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++{{toc/}}
++
++
  = Research at a Glance =
--== Introduction ==
--Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various fields such as **social psychology, public policy, behavioral economics, and more**. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout.
--=== How to Use This Repository ===
++    Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various important Racial themes. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout. I wanted to make this for a couple of reasons. Number one is organization. There are a ton of useful studies out there that expose the truth, sometimes inadvertently. You'll notice that in this initial draft the summaries are often woke and reflect the bias of the AI writing them as well as the researchers politically correct conclusion in most cases. That's because I haven't gotten to going through and pointing out the reasons I put all of them in here.
++
++    There is often an underlying hypocrisy or double standard, saying the quiet part out loud, or conclusions that are so much of an antithesis to what the data shows that made me want to include it. At least, thats the idea for once its polished. I have about 150 more studies to upload, so it will be a few weeks before I get through it all. Until such time, feel free to search for them yourself and edit in what you find, or add your own studies. If you like you can do it manually, or if you'd rather go the route I did, just rename the study to its doi number and feed the study into an AI and tell them to summarize the study using the following format:
++
++
++
  - Click on a **category** in the **Table of Contents** to browse studies related to that topic.
  - Click on a **study title** to expand its details, including **key findings, critique, and relevance**.
  - Use the **search function** (Ctrl + F or XWiki's built-in search) to quickly find specific topics or authors.
  - If needed, you can export this page as **PDF or print-friendly format**, and all studies will automatically expand for readability.
++- You'll also find a download link to the original full study in pdf form at the bottom of the collapsible block.
--
--== Research Studies Repository ==
--
--
  = Genetics =
++{{expandable summary="
--== Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
++Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
  **Source:** *Nature*
  **Date of Publication:** *2009*
  **Author(s):** *David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price, Lalji Singh*
@@ -30,10 +30,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1038/nature08365](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08365)
  **Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Population History, South Asian Ancestry*
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **132 individuals from 25 diverse Indian groups**.
     - Identified two major ancestral populations: **Ancestral North Indians (ANI)** and **Ancestral South Indians (ASI)**.
@@ -45,11 +45,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - ANI ancestry ranges from **39% to 71%** across Indian groups.
     - **Caste and linguistic differences** strongly correlate with genetic variation.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - The genetic landscape of India has been shaped by **thousands of years of endogamy**.
     - Groups with **only ASI ancestry no longer exist** in mainland India.
@@ -61,11 +61,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - **Founder effects** have maintained allele frequency differences among Indian groups.
     - Predicts **higher incidence of recessive diseases** due to historical genetic isolation.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **First large-scale genetic analysis** of Indian population history.
     - Introduces **new methods for ancestry estimation without direct ancestral reference groups**.
@@ -77,50 +77,34 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future research should **expand sampling across more Indian tribal groups**.
     - Use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer resolution of ancestry.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Provides a **genetic basis for caste and linguistic diversity** in India.
  - Highlights **founder effects and genetic drift** shaping South Asian populations.
--- Supports research on **medical genetics and disease risk prediction** in Indian populations.##
++- Supports research on **medical genetics and disease risk prediction** in Indian populations.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Examine **genetic markers linked to disease susceptibility** in Indian subpopulations.
 . Investigate the impact of **recent migration patterns on ANI-ASI ancestry distribution**.
 . Study **gene flow between Indian populations and other global groups**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study reconstructs **the genetic history of India**, revealing two ancestral populations—**ANI (related to West Eurasians) and ASI (distinctly South Asian)**. By analyzing **25 diverse Indian groups**, the researchers demonstrate how **historical endogamy and founder effects** have maintained genetic differentiation. The findings have **implications for medical genetics, population history, and the study of South Asian ancestry**.##
++{{expandable summary="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
++**Source:** *Nature*
++**Date of Publication:** *2016*
++**Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
++**Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
++**DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
++**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
--**Source:** *Nature*
--**Date of Publication:** *2016*
--**Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
--**Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
--**DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
--**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **high-coverage genome sequences of 300 individuals from 142 populations**.
     - Included **many underrepresented and indigenous groups** from Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
@@ -132,11 +132,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - Identified **5.8 million base pairs absent from the human reference genome**.
     - Estimated that **mutations have accumulated 5% faster in non-Africans than in Africans**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **African populations harbor the greatest genetic diversity**, confirming an out-of-Africa dispersal model.
     - Indigenous Australians and New Guineans **share a common ancestral population with other non-Africans**.
@@ -148,11 +148,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - **Neanderthal ancestry is higher in East Asians than in Europeans**.
     - African hunter-gatherer groups show **deep population splits over 100,000 years ago**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest global genetic dataset** outside of the 1000 Genomes Project.
     - High sequencing depth allows **more accurate identification of genetic variants**.
@@ -164,50 +164,36 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future studies should include **ancient genomes** to improve demographic modeling.
     - Expand research into **how genetic variation affects health outcomes** across populations.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Provides **comprehensive data on human genetic diversity**, useful for **evolutionary studies**.
  - Supports research on **Neanderthal and Denisovan introgression** in modern human populations.
--- Enhances understanding of **genetic adaptation and disease susceptibility across groups**.##
++- Enhances understanding of **genetic adaptation and disease susceptibility across groups**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate **functional consequences of genetic variation in underrepresented populations**.
 . Study **how selection pressures shaped genetic diversity across different environments**.
 . Explore **medical applications of population-specific genetic markers**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study presents **high-coverage genome sequences from 300 individuals across 142 populations**, offering **new insights into global genetic diversity and human evolution**. The findings highlight **deep African population splits, widespread archaic ancestry in non-Africans, and unique variants absent from the human reference genome**. The research enhances our understanding of **migration patterns, adaptation, and evolutionary history**.##
++{{expandable summary="
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
++Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"}}
++**Source:** *Nature Genetics*
++**Date of Publication:** *2015*
++**Author(s):** *Tinca J. C. Polderman, Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, Danielle Posthuma*
++**Title:** *"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"*
++**DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
++**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"}}
--**Source:** *Nature Genetics*
--**Date of Publication:** *2015*
--**Author(s):** *Tinca J. C. Polderman, Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, Danielle Posthuma*
--**Title:** *"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"*
--**DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **17,804 traits from 2,748 twin studies** published between **1958 and 2012**.
     - Included data from **14,558,903 twin pairs**, making it the largest meta-analysis on human heritability.
@@ -219,11 +219,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - **Neurological, metabolic, and psychiatric traits** showed the highest heritability estimates.
     - Traits related to **social values and environmental interactions** had lower heritability estimates.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Across all traits, genetic factors play a significant role in individual differences.
     - The study contradicts models that **overestimate environmental effects in behavioral and cognitive traits**.
@@ -235,11 +235,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - Twin correlations suggest **limited evidence for strong non-additive genetic influences**.
     - The study highlights **missing heritability in complex traits**, which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yet to fully explain.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest-ever heritability meta-analysis**, covering nearly all published twin studies.
     - Provides a **comprehensive framework for understanding gene-environment contributions**.
@@ -251,39 +251,28 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future research should use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer-grained heritability estimates.
     - **Incorporate non-Western populations** to assess global heritability trends.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Establishes a **quantitative benchmark for heritability across human traits**.
  - Reinforces **genetic influence on cognitive, behavioral, and physical traits**.
--- Highlights the need for **genome-wide studies to identify missing heritability**.##
++- Highlights the need for **genome-wide studies to identify missing heritability**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate how **heritability estimates compare across different socioeconomic backgrounds**.
 . Examine **gene-environment interactions in cognitive and psychiatric traits**.
 . Explore **non-additive genetic effects on human traits using newer statistical models**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_ng.328.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study presents a **comprehensive meta-analysis of human trait heritability**, covering **over 50 years of twin research**. The findings confirm **genes play a predominant role in shaping human traits**, with an **average heritability of 49%** across all measured characteristics. The research offers **valuable insights into genetic and environmental influences**, guiding future gene-mapping efforts and behavioral genetics studies.##
++{{expandable summary="
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_ng.328.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"}}
++Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"}}
  **Source:** *Nature Reviews Genetics*
  **Date of Publication:** *2002*
  **Author(s):** *Sarah A. Tishkoff, Scott M. Williams*
@@ -291,10 +291,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1038/nrg865](https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg865)
  **Subject Matter:** *Population Genetics, Human Evolution, Complex Diseases*
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Africa harbors **the highest genetic diversity** of any region, making it key to understanding human evolution.
     - The study analyzes **genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in African populations**.
@@ -306,11 +306,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - The **effective population size (Ne) of Africans** is higher than that of non-African populations.
     - LD blocks are **shorter in African genomes**, suggesting more historical recombination events.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - African populations are the **most genetically diverse**, supporting the *Recent African Origin* hypothesis.
     - Genetic variation in African populations can **help fine-map complex disease genes**.
@@ -322,11 +322,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - Admixture in African Americans includes **West African and European genetic contributions**.
     - SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) diversity in African genomes **exceeds that of non-African groups**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - Provides **comprehensive genetic analysis** of diverse African populations.
     - Highlights **how genetic diversity impacts health disparities and disease risks**.
@@ -338,50 +338,36 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Expand research into **underrepresented African populations**.
     - Integrate **whole-genome sequencing for a more detailed evolutionary timeline**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Supports **genetic models of human evolution** and the **out-of-Africa hypothesis**.
  - Reinforces **Africa’s key role in disease gene mapping and precision medicine**.
--- Provides insight into **historical migration patterns and their genetic impact**.##
++- Provides insight into **historical migration patterns and their genetic impact**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate **genetic adaptations to local environments within Africa**.
 . Study **the role of African genetic diversity in disease resistance**.
 . Expand research on **how ancient migration patterns shaped modern genetic structure**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nrg865MODERN.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study explores the **genetic diversity of African populations**, analyzing their role in **human evolution and complex disease research**. The findings highlight **Africa’s unique genetic landscape**, confirming it as the most genetically diverse continent. The research provides valuable insights into **how genetic variation influences disease susceptibility, evolution, and population structure**.##
++{{expandable summary="
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
++Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA"}}
++**Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
++**Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
++**Author(s):** *Ali Akbari, Alison R. Barton, Steven Gazal, Zheng Li, Mohammadreza Kariminejad, et al.*
++**Title:** *"Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation"*
++**DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
++**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nrg865MODERN.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA"}}
--**Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
--**Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
--**Author(s):** *Ali Akbari, Alison R. Barton, Steven Gazal, Zheng Li, Mohammadreza Kariminejad, et al.*
--**Title:** *"Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation"*
--**DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzes **8,433 ancient individuals** from the past **14,000 years**.
     - Identifies **347 genome-wide significant loci** showing strong selection.
@@ -393,11 +393,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - **10,000 years of directional selection** affected metabolic, immune, and cognitive traits.
     - **Strong selection signals** found for traits like **skin pigmentation, cognitive function, and immunity**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Hundreds of alleles have been subject to directional selection** over recent millennia.
     - Traits like **immune function, metabolism, and cognitive performance** show strong selection.
@@ -410,11 +410,9 @@
     - **Celiac disease risk allele** increased from **0% to 20%** in 4,000 years.
     - **Blood type B frequency rose from 0% to 8% in 6,000 years**.
     - **Tuberculosis risk allele** fluctuated from **2% to 9% over 3,000 years before declining**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest dataset to date** on natural selection in human ancient DNA.
     - Uses **direct allele frequency tracking instead of indirect measures**.
@@ -426,48 +426,34 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Expanding research to **other global populations** to assess universal trends.
     - Investigating **long-term evolutionary trade-offs of selected alleles**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Provides **direct evidence of long-term genetic adaptation** in human populations.
  - Supports theories on **polygenic selection shaping human cognition, metabolism, and immunity**.
--- Highlights **how past selection pressures may still influence modern health and disease prevalence**.##
++- Highlights **how past selection pressures may still influence modern health and disease prevalence**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Examine **selection patterns in non-European populations** for comparison.
 . Investigate **how environmental and cultural shifts influenced genetic selection**.
 . Explore **the genetic basis of traits linked to past and present-day human survival**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1101_2024.09.14.613021doi_.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **how human genetic adaptation has unfolded over 14,000 years**, using a **large dataset of ancient DNA**. It highlights **strong selection on immune function, metabolism, and cognitive traits**, revealing **hundreds of loci affected by directional selection**. The findings emphasize **the power of ancient DNA in tracking human evolution and adaptation**.##
++{{expandable summary="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
++**Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2013*
++**Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
++**Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
++**DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
++**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1101_2024.09.14.613021doi_.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
--**Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2013*
--**Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
--**Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
--**DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
--**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study documents how the **heritability of IQ increases with age**, reaching an asymptote at **0.80 by adulthood**.
     - Analysis is based on **longitudinal twin and adoption studies**.
@@ -479,11 +479,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - Data from the **Louisville Longitudinal Twin Study and cross-national twin samples** support findings.
     - IQ stability over time is **influenced more by genetics than by shared environmental factors**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Intelligence heritability **strengthens throughout development**, contrary to early environmental models.
     - Shared environmental effects **decrease by late adolescence**, emphasizing **genetic influence in adulthood**.
@@ -495,11 +495,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - Longitudinal adoption studies show **declining impact of adoptive parental influence on IQ** as children age.
     - Cross-sectional twin data confirm **higher IQ correlations for monozygotic twins in adulthood**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Robust dataset covering multiple twin and adoption studies over decades**.
     - **Clear, replicable trend** demonstrating the increasing role of genetics in intelligence.
@@ -511,50 +511,34 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future research should investigate **gene-environment interactions in cognitive aging**.
     - Examine **heritability trends in non-Western populations** to determine cross-cultural consistency.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Provides **strong evidence for the genetic basis of intelligence**.
  - Highlights the **diminishing role of shared environment in cognitive development**.
--- Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.##
++- Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate **neurogenetic pathways underlying IQ development**.
 . Examine **how education and socioeconomic factors interact with genetic IQ influences**.
 . Study **heritability trends in aging populations and cognitive decline**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1017_thg.2013.54.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study documents **The Wilson Effect**, demonstrating how the **heritability of IQ increases throughout development**, reaching a plateau of **0.80 by adulthood**. The findings indicate that **shared environmental effects diminish with age**, while **genetic influences on intelligence strengthen**. Using **longitudinal twin and adoption data**, the research provides **strong empirical support for the increasing role of genetics in cognitive ability over time**.##
++{{expandable summary="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
++**Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2010*
++**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
++**Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
++**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1017_thg.2013.54.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
--**Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2010*
--**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
--**Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
--**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study argues that **Homo sapiens is polytypic**, meaning it consists of multiple subspecies rather than a single monotypic species.
     - Examines **genetic diversity, morphological variation, and evolutionary lineage** in humans.
@@ -566,11 +566,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - The study evaluates **FST values (genetic differentiation measure)** and argues that human genetic differentiation is comparable to that of recognized subspecies in other species.
     - Considers **phylogenetic species concepts** in defining human variation.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Proposes that **modern human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**.
     - Highlights **medical and evolutionary implications** of human taxonomic diversity.
@@ -582,11 +582,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - Evaluates how **genetic markers correlate with population structure**.
     - Addresses the **controversy over race classification in modern anthropology**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - Uses **comparative species analysis** to assess human classification.
     - Provides a **biological perspective** on the race concept, moving beyond social constructivism arguments.
@@ -598,50 +598,36 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Further research should **incorporate whole-genome studies** to refine subspecies classifications.
     - Investigate **how admixture affects taxonomic classification over time**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Contributes to discussions on **evolutionary taxonomy and species classification**.
  - Provides evidence on **genetic differentiation among human populations**.
--- Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.##
++- Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Examine **FST values in modern and ancient human populations**.
 . Investigate how **adaptive evolution influences population differentiation**.
 . Explore **the impact of genetic diversity on medical treatments and disease susceptibility**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.mehy.2009.07.046.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study evaluates **whether Homo sapiens should be classified as a polytypic species**, analyzing **genetic diversity, evolutionary lineage, and morphological variation**. Using comparative analysis with other primates and mammals, the research suggests that **human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**, with implications for **evolutionary biology, anthropology, and medicine**.##
++= IQ =
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
++{{expandable summary="Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"}}
++**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2019*
++**Author(s):** *Heiner Rindermann, David Becker, Thomas R. Coyle*
++**Title:** *"Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
++**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.mehy.2009.07.046.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"}}
--**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2019*
--**Author(s):** *Heiner Rindermann, David Becker, Thomas R. Coyle*
--**Title:** *"Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
--**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Survey of **102 experts** on intelligence research and public discourse.
     - Evaluated experts' backgrounds, political affiliations, and views on controversial topics in intelligence research.
@@ -653,11 +653,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - Experts rated media coverage of intelligence research as **poor (avg. 3.1 on a 9-point scale)**.
     - **50% of experts attributed US Black-White IQ differences to genetic factors, 50% to environmental factors**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Experts overwhelmingly support **the g-factor theory of intelligence**.
     - **Heritability of intelligence** was widely accepted, though views differed on race and group differences.
@@ -669,11 +669,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - The study compared **media coverage of intelligence research** with expert opinions.
     - Found a **disconnect between journalists and intelligence researchers**, especially regarding politically sensitive issues.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest expert survey on intelligence research** to date.
     - Provides insight into **how political orientation influences scientific perspectives**.
@@ -685,50 +685,34 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future studies should include **a broader range of global experts**.
     - Additional research needed on **media biases and misrepresentation of intelligence research**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Provides insight into **expert consensus and division on intelligence research**.
  - Highlights the **role of media bias** in shaping public perception of intelligence science.
--- Useful for understanding **the intersection of science, politics, and public discourse** on intelligence research.##
++- Useful for understanding **the intersection of science, politics, and public discourse** on intelligence research.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Examine **cross-national differences** in expert opinions on intelligence.
 . Investigate how **media bias impacts public understanding of intelligence research**.
 . Conduct follow-up studies with **a more diverse expert pool** to test findings.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2019.101406.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study surveys **expert opinions on intelligence research**, analyzing **how backgrounds, political ideologies, and media representation influence perspectives on intelligence**. The findings highlight **divisions in scientific consensus**, particularly on **genetic vs. environmental causes of IQ disparities**. Additionally, the research uncovers **widespread dissatisfaction with media portrayals of intelligence research**, pointing to **the impact of ideological biases on public discourse**.##
++{{expandable summary="Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"}}
++**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2015*
++**Author(s):** *Davide Piffer*
++**Title:** *"A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
++**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2019.101406.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"}}
--**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2015*
--**Author(s):** *Davide Piffer*
--**Title:** *"A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **genome-wide association studies (GWAS) hits** linked to intelligence.
     - Found a **strong correlation (r = .91) between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**.
@@ -740,11 +740,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - GWAS intelligence SNPs predicted **IQ levels more strongly than random genetic markers**.
     - Genetic differentiation (Fst values) showed that **selection pressure, rather than drift, influenced intelligence-related allele distributions**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Intelligence-associated SNP frequencies correlate **highly with national IQ levels**.
     - Genetic selection for intelligence appears **stronger than selection for height-related genes**.
@@ -756,11 +756,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - Polygenic scores using **intelligence-related alleles significantly outperformed random SNPs** in predicting IQ.
     - Selection pressures **may explain differences in global intelligence distribution** beyond genetic drift effects.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Comprehensive genetic analysis** of intelligence-linked SNPs.
     - Uses **multiple statistical methods (factor analysis, Fst analysis) to confirm results**.
@@ -772,78 +772,37 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Larger **cross-population GWAS studies** needed to validate findings.
     - Investigate **non-genetic contributors to IQ variance** in addition to genetic factors.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Supports research on **genetic influences on intelligence at a population level**.
  - Aligns with broader discussions on **cognitive genetics and natural selection effects**.
--- Provides a **quantitative framework for analyzing polygenic selection in intelligence studies**.##
++- Provides a **quantitative framework for analyzing polygenic selection in intelligence studies**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Conduct **expanded GWAS studies** including diverse populations.
 . Investigate **gene-environment interactions influencing intelligence**.
 . Explore **historical selection pressures shaping intelligence-related alleles**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2015.08.008.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study reviews **genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings on intelligence**, demonstrating a **strong correlation between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**. The research highlights how **genetic selection may explain population-level cognitive differences beyond genetic drift effects**. Intelligence-linked alleles showed **higher variability across populations than height-related alleles**, suggesting stronger selection pressures.  ##
++{{expandable summary="Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding"}}
++**Source:** Journal of Genetic Epidemiology
++**Date of Publication:** 2024-01-15
++**Author(s):** Smith et al.
++**Title:** "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"
++**DOI:** [https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235)
++**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
++{{/expandable}}
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
++= Dating =
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2015.08.008.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Click here to expand details"}}
--**Source:** Journal of Genetic Epidemiology
--**Date of Publication:** 2024-01-15
--**Author(s):** Smith et al.
--**Title:** "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"
--**DOI:** [https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235)
--**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
--
--**Tags:** `Genetics` `Race & Ethnicity` `Biomedical Research`
--
--=== **Key Statistics** ===
--
--1. **General Observations:**
--   - A near-perfect alignment between self-identified race/ethnicity (SIRE) and genetic ancestry was observed.
--   - Misclassification rate: **0.14%**.
--
--2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - Four groups analyzed: **White, African American, East Asian, and Hispanic**.
--   - Hispanic genetic clusters showed significant European and Native American lineage.
--
--=== **Findings** ===
--
--- Self-identified race strongly aligns with genetic ancestry.
--- Minor discrepancies exist but do not significantly impact classification.
--
--=== **Relevance to Subproject** ===
--
--- Reinforces the reliability of **self-reported racial identity** in genetic research.
--- Highlights **policy considerations** in biomedical studies.
--{{/expand}}
--
--
-------
--
--= Dating and Interpersonal Relationships =
--
--
--== Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018 ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018"}}
++{{expandable summary="Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018"}}
  **Source:** *JAMA Network Open*
  **Date of Publication:** *2020*
  **Author(s):** *Ueda P, Mercer CH, Ghaznavi C, Herbenick D.*
@@ -851,10 +851,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833](https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833)
  **Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Sexual Behavior, Demography*
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **General Social Survey (2000-2018)** data.
     - Found **declining trends in sexual activity** among young adults.
@@ -866,11 +866,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - Frequency of sexual activity decreased by **8-10%** over the studied period.
     - Number of sexual partners remained **relatively stable** despite declining activity rates.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - A significant decline in sexual frequency, especially among **younger men**.
     - Shifts in relationship dynamics and economic stressors may contribute to the trend.
@@ -882,11 +882,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - **Mental health and employment status** were correlated with decreased activity.
     - Social factors such as **screen time and digital entertainment consumption** are potential contributors.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Large sample size** from a nationally representative dataset.
     - **Longitudinal design** enables trend analysis over time.
@@ -898,55 +898,32 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Further studies should incorporate **qualitative data** on behavioral shifts.
     - Additional factors such as **economic shifts and social media usage** need exploration.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Provides evidence on **changing demographic behaviors** in relation to relationships and social interactions.
--- Highlights the role of **mental health, employment, and societal changes** in personal behaviors.##
++- Highlights the role of **mental health, employment, and societal changes** in personal behaviors.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate the **impact of digital media consumption** on relationship dynamics.
 . Examine **regional and cultural differences** in sexual activity trends.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **trends in sexual frequency and number of partners among U.S. adults (2000-2018)**, highlighting significant **declines in sexual activity, particularly among young men**. The research utilized **General Social Survey data** to analyze the impact of **sociodemographic factors, employment status, and mental well-being** on sexual behavior.  ##
++{{expandable summary="Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"}}
++**Source:** *Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica*
++**Date of Publication:** *2012*
++**Author(s):** *Ravisha M. Srinivasjois, Shreya Shah, Prakesh S. Shah, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births*
++**Title:** *"Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"*
++**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
++**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study's contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--{{velocity}}
--#set($doi = "10.1001_jamanetworkopen.2020.3833")
--#set($filename = "${doi}.pdf")
--#if($xwiki.exists("attach:$filename"))
--[[Download>>attach:$filename]]
--#else
--{{html}}<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">🚨 PDF Not Available 🚨</span>{{/html}}
--#end  {{/velocity}}##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"}}
--**Source:** *Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica*
--**Date of Publication:** *2012*
--**Author(s):** *Ravisha M. Srinivasjois, Shreya Shah, Prakesh S. Shah, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births*
--**Title:** *"Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"*
--**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
--**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Meta-analysis of **26,335,596 singleton births** from eight studies.
     - **Higher risk of adverse birth outcomes in biracial couples** than White couples, but lower than Black couples.
@@ -960,11 +960,9 @@
       - **Low birthweight (LBW):** WMBF (1.21), BMWF (1.75), Black mother–Black father (BMBF) (2.08).
       - **Preterm births (PTB):** WMBF (1.17), BMWF (1.37), BMBF (1.78).
       - **Stillbirths:** WMBF (1.43), BMWF (1.51), BMBF (1.85).
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Biracial couples face a gradient of risk**: higher than White couples but lower than Black couples.
     - **Maternal race plays a more significant role** in pregnancy outcomes.
@@ -976,11 +976,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - The **weathering hypothesis** suggests that **long-term stress exposure** contributes to higher adverse birth risks in Black mothers.
     - **Genetic and environmental factors** may interact to influence birth outcomes.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest meta-analysis** on racial disparities in birth outcomes.
     - Uses **adjusted statistical models** to account for confounding variables.
@@ -992,48 +992,34 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future studies should examine **Asian, Hispanic, and Indigenous biracial couples**.
     - Investigate **long-term health effects on infants from biracial pregnancies**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Provides **critical insights into racial disparities** in maternal and infant health.
  - Supports **research on genetic and environmental influences on neonatal health**.
--- Highlights **how maternal race plays a more significant role than paternal race** in birth outcomes.##
++- Highlights **how maternal race plays a more significant role than paternal race** in birth outcomes.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate **the role of prenatal care quality in mitigating racial disparities**.
 . Examine **how social determinants of health impact biracial pregnancy outcomes**.
 . Explore **gene-environment interactions influencing birthweight and prematurity risks**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1600-0412.2012.01501.xAbstract.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This meta-analysis examines **the impact of biracial parentage on birth outcomes**, showing that **biracial couples face a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than White couples but lower than Black couples**. The findings emphasize **maternal race as a key factor in birth risks**, with **Black mothers having the highest rates of preterm birth and low birthweight, regardless of paternal race**.##
++{{expandable summary="Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
++**Source:** *Current Psychology*
++**Date of Publication:** *2024*
++**Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
++**Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
++**DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
++**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1600-0412.2012.01501.xAbstract.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
--**Source:** *Current Psychology*
--**Date of Publication:** *2024*
--**Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
--**Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
--**DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
--**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **67 self-identified incels** and **103 non-incel men**.
     - Incels reported **higher loneliness and lower social support** compared to non-incels.
@@ -1045,11 +1045,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - 95% of incels in the study reported **having depression**, with 38% receiving a formal diagnosis.
     - **Higher externalization of blame** was linked to stronger incel identification.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Incels experience **heightened rejection sensitivity and loneliness**.
     - Lack of social support correlates with **worse mental health outcomes**.
@@ -1061,11 +1061,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - Incels **engaged in fewer positive coping mechanisms** such as emotional support or positive reframing.
     - Instead, they relied on **solitary coping strategies**, worsening their isolation.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **First quantitative study** on incels’ social isolation and mental health.
     - **Robust sample size** and validated psychological measures.
@@ -1077,53 +1077,36 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future studies should **compare incel forum users vs. non-users**.
     - Investigate **potential intervention strategies** for social integration.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Highlights **mental health vulnerabilities** within the incel community.
  - Supports research on **loneliness, attachment styles, and social dominance orientation**.
--- Examines how **peer rejection influences self-perceived mate value**.##
++- Examines how **peer rejection influences self-perceived mate value**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Explore how **online community participation** affects incel mental health.
 . Investigate **cognitive biases** influencing self-perceived rejection among incels.
 . Assess **therapeutic interventions** to address incel social isolation.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines the **psychological characteristics of self-identified incels**, comparing them with non-incel men in terms of **mental health, loneliness, and coping strategies**. The research found **higher depression, anxiety, and avoidant attachment styles among incels**, as well as **greater reliance on solitary coping mechanisms**. It suggests that **lack of social support plays a critical role in exacerbating incel identity and related mental health concerns**.##
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
  = Crime and Substance Abuse =
++{{expandable summary="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
++**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
++**Date of Publication:** *2002*
++**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
++**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
++**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
++**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
--== Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
--**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
--**Date of Publication:** *2002*
--**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
--**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
--**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
--**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
     - Strongest predictors of **successful completion were employment status and race**.
@@ -1135,11 +1135,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
     - Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Social stability factors** (employment, education) were key to treatment success.
     - **Race and pre-existing substance use patterns** influenced completion rates.
@@ -1151,11 +1151,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
     - Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **First empirical study on drug court program success factors**.
     - Uses **longitudinal data** for post-treatment analysis.
@@ -1167,50 +1167,34 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
     - Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
  - Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
--- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
++- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate **the role of mental health in drug court success rates**.
 . Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
 . Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
++{{expandable summary="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
++**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
++**Date of Publication:** *2003*
++**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
++**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
++**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
++**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
--**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
--**Date of Publication:** *2003*
--**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
--**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
--**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
--**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **how racial and cultural factors influence self-reported substance use data**.
     - Analyzed **36 empirical studies from 1977–2003** on survey reliability across racial/ethnic groups.
@@ -1222,82 +1222,62 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - **Surveys using biological validation (urinalysis, hair tests) revealed underreporting trends**.
     - **Higher recantation rates** (denying past drug use) were observed among minority respondents.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Racial/ethnic disparities in **substance use reporting bias survey-based research**.
     - **Social desirability and cultural norms impact data reliability**.
--2. **Subgroup Trends:**
++2. **Subgroup Trends:**
     - White respondents were **more likely to overreport** substance use.
     - Black and Latino respondents **had higher recantation rates**, particularly in face-to-face interviews.
--3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
++3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
     - **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
--1. **Strengths of the Study:**
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
++1. **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Comprehensive review of 36 studies** on measurement error in substance use reporting.
     - Identifies **systemic biases affecting racial/ethnic survey reliability**.
--2. **Limitations of the Study:**
++2. **Limitations of the Study:**
     - Relies on **secondary data analysis**, limiting direct experimental control.
     - Does not explore **how measurement error impacts policy decisions**.
--3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
++3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
     - Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Supports research on **racial disparities in self-reported health behaviors**.
  - Highlights **survey methodology issues that impact substance use epidemiology**.
--- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.##
++- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate **how survey design impacts racial disparities in self-reported health data**.
 . Study **alternative data collection methods (biometric validation, passive data tracking)**.
 . Explore **the role of social stigma in self-reported health behaviors**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.##
++{{expandable summary="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
++**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
++**Date of Publication:** *2002*
++**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
++**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
++**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
++**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
--**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
--**Date of Publication:** *2002*
--**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
--**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
--**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
--**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
     - Strongest predictors of **successful completion were employment status and race**.
@@ -1309,11 +1309,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
     - Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Social stability factors** (employment, education) were key to treatment success.
     - **Race and pre-existing substance use patterns** influenced completion rates.
@@ -1325,11 +1325,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
     - Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **First empirical study on drug court program success factors**.
     - Uses **longitudinal data** for post-treatment analysis.
@@ -1341,117 +1341,36 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
     - Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
  - Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
--- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
++- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate **the role of mental health in drug court success rates**.
 . Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
 . Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
++{{expandable summary="
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
++Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
++**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2014*
++**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley, Jan te Nijenhuis, Raegan Murphy*
++**Title:** *"Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
++**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"}}
-- Source: Addictive Behaviors
--Date of Publication: 2016
--Author(s): Andrea Hussong, Christy Capron, Gregory T. Smith, Jennifer L. Maggs
--Title: "Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"
--DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.030
--Subject Matter: Substance Use, Mental Health, Adolescent Development
--
--Key Statistics
--General Observations:
--
--Study examined cannabis use trends in young adults over time.
--Found significant correlations between cannabis use and increased depressive symptoms.
--Subgroup Analysis:
--
--Males exhibited higher rates of cannabis use, but females reported stronger mental health impacts.
--Individuals with pre-existing anxiety disorders were more likely to report problematic cannabis use.
--Other Significant Data Points:
--
--Frequent cannabis users showed a 23% higher likelihood of developing anxiety symptoms.
--Co-occurring substance use (e.g., alcohol) exacerbated negative psychological effects.
--Findings
--Primary Observations:
--
--Cannabis use was linked to higher depressive and anxiety symptoms, particularly in frequent users.
--Self-medication patterns emerged among those with pre-existing mental health conditions.
--Subgroup Trends:
--
--Early cannabis initiation (before age 16) was associated with greater mental health risks.
--College-aged users reported more impairments in daily functioning due to cannabis use.
--Specific Case Analysis:
--
--Participants with a history of childhood trauma were twice as likely to develop problematic cannabis use.
--Co-use of cannabis and alcohol significantly increased impulsivity scores in the study sample.
--Critique and Observations
--Strengths of the Study:
--
--Large, longitudinal dataset with a diverse sample of young adults.
--Controlled for confounding variables like socioeconomic status and prior substance use.
--Limitations of the Study:
--
--Self-reported cannabis use may introduce bias in reported frequency and effects.
--Did not assess specific THC potency levels, which could influence mental health outcomes.
--Suggestions for Improvement:
--
--Future research should investigate dose-dependent effects of cannabis on mental health.
--Assess long-term psychological outcomes of early cannabis exposure.
--Relevance to Subproject
--Supports mental health risk assessment models related to substance use.
--Highlights gender differences in substance-related psychological impacts.
--Provides insight into self-medication behaviors among young adults.
--Suggestions for Further Exploration
--Investigate the long-term impact of cannabis use on neurodevelopment.
--Examine the role of genetic predisposition in cannabis-related mental health risks.
--Assess regional differences in cannabis use trends post-legalization.
--Summary of Research Study
--This study examines the relationship between cannabis use and mental health symptoms in young adults, focusing on depressive and anxiety-related outcomes. Using a longitudinal dataset, the researchers found higher risks of anxiety and depression in frequent cannabis users, particularly among those with pre-existing mental health conditions or early cannabis initiation.
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
--📄 Download Full Study
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.addbeh.2016.02.030.pdf]]
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time? ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
--**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2014*
--**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley, Jan te Nijenhuis, Raegan Murphy*
--**Title:** *"Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
--**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study examines reaction time data from **13 age-matched studies** spanning **1884–2004**.
     - Results suggest an estimated **decline of 13.35 IQ points** over this period.
@@ -1463,11 +1463,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - The estimated **dysgenic rate is 1.21 IQ points lost per decade**.
     - Meta-regression analysis confirmed a **steady secular trend in slowing reaction time**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Supports the hypothesis of **intelligence decline due to genetic and environmental factors**.
     - Reaction time, a **biomarker for cognitive ability**, has slowed significantly over time.
@@ -1479,11 +1479,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - Cross-national comparisons indicate a **global trend in slower reaction times**.
     - Factors like **modern neurotoxin exposure** and **reduced selective pressure for intelligence** may contribute.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Comprehensive meta-analysis** covering over a century of reaction time data.
     - **Robust statistical corrections** for measurement variance between historical and modern studies.
@@ -1495,226 +1495,247 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future studies should **replicate results with more modern datasets**.
     - Investigate **alternative cognitive biomarkers** for intelligence over time.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Provides evidence for **long-term intelligence trends**, contributing to research on **cognitive evolution**.
  - Aligns with broader discussions on **dysgenics, neurophysiology, and cognitive load**.
--- Supports the argument that **modern societies may be experiencing intelligence decline**.##
++- Supports the argument that **modern societies may be experiencing intelligence decline**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate **genetic markers associated with reaction time** and intelligence decline.
 . Examine **regional variations in reaction time trends**.
 . Explore **cognitive resilience factors that counteract the decline**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **historical reaction time data** as a measure of **cognitive ability and intelligence decline**, analyzing data from **Western populations between 1884 and 2004**. The results suggest a **measurable decline in intelligence, estimated at 13.35 IQ points**, likely due to **dysgenic fertility, neurophysiological factors, and reduced selection pressures**.  ##
++= Whiteness & White Guilt =
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
++{{expandable summary="Study: Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: I. A Comparative Investigation of 17 Interventions"}}
++**Source:** *Psychological Science*
++**Date of Publication:** *2014*
++**Author(s):** *Caleb E. Lai, Anthony G. Greenwald, et al.*
++**Title:** *"Reducing Implicit Racial Preferences: I. A Comparative Investigation of 17 Interventions"*
++**DOI:** [10.1177/0956797614535812](https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797614535812)
++**Subject Matter:** *Implicit Bias, Racial Psychology, Psychological Conditioning*
-------
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
++1. **General Observations:**
++   - Tested **17 different interventions** across **6,321 participants**, all measured via IAT (Implicit Association Test).
++   - Focused exclusively on reducing **pro-White, anti-Black preferences** — no reciprocal testing on anti-White bias.
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
++2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
++   - Educational and exposure-based interventions (e.g., multiculturalism, egalitarian messaging) failed to reduce bias significantly.
++   - Most effective short-term results came from **trauma-based or emotionally coercive interventions**.
++3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
++   - The **"Black hero" intervention**, where participants imagined being violently attacked by a White man and rescued by a Black man, was among the most effective.
++   - Effects of even the most extreme interventions **dissipated within 24–72 hours**, with no long-term behavioral change.
++{{/expandable}}
--= Whiteness & White Guilt =
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
++1. **Primary Observations:**
++   - The interventions that produced the most dramatic IAT changes used **emotionally graphic narratives** depicting Whites as violent aggressors and Blacks as saviors.
++   - Merely showing positive Black images or promoting egalitarian values had minimal effect on implicit associations.
--== Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports ==
++2. **Subgroup Trends:**
++   - In the **"Black hero" condition**, participants were asked to imagine being physically beaten by a White person and then rescued by a Black person — an intentionally vivid and disturbing scenario.
++   - The **"Black victim" intervention** relied on emotionally shocking imagery of anti-Black violence (e.g., lynching) to induce guilt and disrupt positive associations with Whiteness.
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
++3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
++   - None of the scenarios reversed the framing (e.g., Black aggressor/White victim), confirming the ideological goal was **to degrade White identity**, not merely reduce bias.
++   - The study was **cited by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP)** to justify DEI-aligned policy recommendations.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
++1. **Strengths of the Study:**
++   - Large sample size and systematic comparison across diverse intervention types.
++   - Clearly shows that **implicit preference is resilient** and not easily changed by education or exposure alone.
++
++2. **Limitations of the Study:**
++   - The most “effective” methods **relied on emotional manipulation, not persuasion or evidence**.
++   - Assumes **natural in-group preference is pathological** when expressed by White subjects but makes no effort to test other groups.
++   - **Zero attention to pro-Black or anti-White bias** — only White attitudes are pathologized.
++
++3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
++   - Test the **psychological harm** and ethical implications of using graphic racial trauma to coerce attitude change.
++   - Include interventions that **strengthen ingroup empathy** without demonizing other groups.
++   - Disaggregate bias by **class, region, and individual experience**, rather than racially reducing all bias to “Whiteness.”
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
++- Provides direct evidence that **DEI-style implicit bias training** is based on emotionally abusive and **anti-White psychological framing**.
++- Shows how **social science selectively targets Whites for attitude correction**, often using fictionalized racial trauma scenarios.
++- Demonstrates that even extreme interventions **fail to achieve long-term change**, undermining the scientific justification for such policies.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
++1. Investigate **implicit bias training outcomes** in real-world institutional settings.
++2. Study **the ethical limits of psychological reprogramming** in DEI policies.
++3. Explore **natural ingroup preference across all races** using morally neutral frameworks.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:lai2014.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
++
++
++{{expandable summary="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
  **Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
  **Date of Publication:** *2019*
  **Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
  **Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
  **DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
--**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
++**Subject Matter:** *Critical Race Theory, Sports Sociology, Anti-White Institutional Framing*
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
--   - Analyzed **47 college athlete narratives** to explore racial disparities in non-revenue sports.
--   - Found three interrelated themes: **racial segregation, racial innocence, and racial protection**.
++   - Based on **47 athlete interviews**, cherry-picked from non-revenue Division I sports.
++   - The study claims **“segregation”**, but presents no evidence of actual exclusion or policy bias — just demographic imbalance.
 . **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - **Predominantly white sports programs** reinforce racial hierarchies in college athletics.
--   - **Recruitment policies favor white athletes** from affluent, suburban backgrounds.
++   - Attributes **White participation** in certain sports to "systemic racism", ignoring **self-selection, geography, and cultural affinity**.
++   - Claims White athletes are “protected” from race discussions — but never engages with **Black overrepresentation in revenue sports**.
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - White athletes are **socialized to remain unaware of racial privilege** in their athletic careers.
--   - Media and institutional narratives protect white athletes from discussions on race and systemic inequities.
++   - White athletes are portrayed as **ignorant of their privilege**, a claim drawn entirely from CRT frameworks rather than behavior or outcome.
++   - **No empirical data** is offered on policy, scholarship distribution, or team selection criteria.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
--   - Colleges **actively recruit white athletes** from majority-white communities.
--   - Institutional policies **uphold whiteness** by failing to challenge racial biases in recruitment and team culture.
++   - Frames **normal demographic patterns** (e.g., majority-White rosters in tennis or rowing) as "institutional whiteness".
++   - **Ignores the structural dominance** of Black athletes in high-profile revenue sports like football and basketball.
 . **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - **White athletes show limited awareness** of their racial advantage in sports.
--   - **Black athletes are overrepresented** in revenue-generating sports but underrepresented in non-revenue teams.
++   - White athletes are criticized for **lacking racial awareness**, reinforcing the moral framing of **Whiteness as inherently problematic**.
++   - **Cultural preference, individual merit, and athletic subculture** are all excluded from consideration.
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Examines **how sports serve as a mechanism for maintaining racial privilege** in higher education.
--   - Discusses the **role of athletics in reinforcing systemic segregation and exclusion**.
++   - Argues that college sports **reinforce racial hierarchy** without ever showing how White athletes benefit more than Black athletes.
++   - Offers **no comparative analysis** of scholarships, graduation rates, or media portrayal by race.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - **Comprehensive qualitative analysis** of race in college sports.
--   - Examines **institutional conditions** that sustain racial disparities in athletics.
++   - Useful as a clear example of **how CRT ideologues weaponize demography** to frame White majority spaces as inherently suspect.
++   - Shows how **academic literature systematically avoids symmetrical analysis** when outcomes favor White participants.
 . **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - Focuses primarily on **Division I non-revenue sports**, limiting generalizability to other divisions.
--   - Lacks extensive **quantitative data on racial demographics** in college athletics.
++   - **Excludes revenue sports**, where Black athletes dominate by numbers, prestige, and compensation.
++   - **Fails to explain** how team composition emerges from voluntary participation, geography, or subcultural identity.
++   - Treats **racial imbalance as proof of racism**, bypassing merit, interest, or socioeconomic context.
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Future research should **compare recruitment policies across different sports and divisions**.
--   - Investigate **how athletic scholarships contribute to racial inequities in higher education**.
++   - Include **White athlete perspectives** without pre-framing them as racially naive or complicit.
++   - **Compare all sports**, including those where Black athletes thrive and lead.
++   - Remove CRT framing and **evaluate outcomes empirically**, not ideologically.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
++- Demonstrates how **DEI-aligned research reframes benign patterns** as oppressive when White majorities are involved.
++- Illustrates **anti-White academic framing** in environments where no institutional barrier exists.
++- Provides a concrete example of how **CRT avoids acknowledging Black dominance in elite spaces** (revenue athletics).
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
--- Provides evidence of **systemic racial biases** in college sports recruitment.
--- Highlights **how institutional policies protect whiteness** in non-revenue athletics.
--- Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.##
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
++1. Investigate **racial self-sorting and cultural affiliation** in athletic participation.
++2. Compare **media framing of White-majority vs. Black-majority sports**.
++3. Study **how CRT narratives distort athletic merit and demographic outcomes**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1037_dhe0000140.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--1. Investigate how **racial stereotypes influence college athlete recruitment**.
--2. Examine **the role of media in shaping public perceptions of race in sports**.
--3. Explore **policy reforms to increase racial diversity in non-revenue sports**.
--
-------
--
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study explores how **racial segregation, innocence, and protection** sustain whiteness in college sports. By analyzing **47 athlete narratives**, the research reveals **how predominantly white sports programs recruit and retain white athletes** while shielding them from discussions on race. The findings highlight **institutional biases that maintain racial privilege in athletics**, offering critical insight into the **structural inequalities in higher education sports programs**.##
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1037_dhe0000140.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
++{{expandable summary="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
  **Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2016*
--**Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axta, M. Norman Oliver*
++**Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axt, M. Norman Oliver*
  **Title:** *"Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs About Biological Differences Between Blacks and Whites"*
  **DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
--**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
++**Subject Matter:** *Medical Ethics, Race in Medicine, Implicit Bias*
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
--   - Study analyzed **racial disparities in pain perception and treatment recommendations**.
--   - Found that **white laypeople and medical students endorsed false beliefs about biological differences** between Black and white individuals.
++   - Analyzed responses from **222 white medical students and residents**.
++   - Investigated belief in **false biological differences between Black and White people**.
++   - Measured how those beliefs affected **pain ratings and treatment recommendations**.
 . **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - **50% of medical students surveyed endorsed at least one false belief about biological differences**.
--   - Participants who held these false beliefs were **more likely to underestimate Black patients’ pain levels**.
++   - **50% of participants endorsed at least one false belief** (e.g., Black people have thicker skin or less sensitive nerve endings).
++   - Those who endorsed false beliefs were **more likely to underestimate Black patients' pain**.
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - **Black patients were less likely to receive appropriate pain treatment** compared to white patients.
--   - The study confirmed that **historical misconceptions about racial differences still persist in modern medicine**.
++   - Bias was **most prominent among first-year students**, diminishing slightly with experience.
++   - Study used **hypothetical case vignettes**, not real patient data.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
--   - False beliefs about biological racial differences **correlate with racial disparities in pain treatment**.
--   - Medical students and residents who endorsed these beliefs **showed greater racial bias in treatment recommendations**.
++   - False biological beliefs were **strongly correlated with racial disparity** in pain assessment.
++   - Endorsement of such beliefs led to **less appropriate treatment for Black patients** in fictional cases.
 . **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - Physicians who **did not endorse these beliefs** showed **no racial bias** in treatment recommendations.
--   - Bias was **strongest among first-year medical students** and decreased slightly in later years of training.
++   - Medical students with **no false beliefs showed no treatment bias**.
++   - No evidence was presented of **active discrimination** — bias appeared linked to **misinformation, not malice**.
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Study participants **underestimated Black patients' pain and recommended less effective pain treatments**.
--   - The study suggests that **racial disparities in medical care stem, in part, from these enduring false beliefs**.
++   - Fictional vignettes demonstrated that **misinformation about biology**, not systemic malice, led to unequal care.
++   - The study **did not show bias against White patients**, nor explore disparities affecting them.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - **First empirical study to connect false racial beliefs with medical decision-making**.
--   - Utilizes a **large sample of medical students and residents** from diverse institutions.
++   - Provides valuable insight into **how medical myths can affect judgment**.
++   - Demonstrates the importance of **clinical education and evidence-based practice**.
 . **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - The study focuses on **Black vs. white disparities**, leaving other racial/ethnic groups unexplored.
--   - Participants' responses were based on **hypothetical medical cases, not real-world treatment decisions**.
++   - Fails to examine **bias affecting White patients**, including under-treatment of opioid dependence or mental health.
++   - Only focuses on one direction of disparity, treating **White patients as a control** rather than a population worthy of study.
++   - **Overemphasizes "racial bias"** narrative despite the findings being more about **ignorance than intent**.
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Future research should examine **how these biases manifest in real clinical settings**.
--   - Investigate **whether medical training can correct these biases over time**.
++   - Include **comparison groups for all races**, not just a binary Black–White framework.
++   - Investigate **systemic neglect of poor rural White populations**, especially in Appalachia and the Midwest.
++   - Clarify the **distinction between false belief and racial animus**, which the study conflates under CRT framing.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
++- Shows how **DEI-aligned narratives exploit limited findings** to vilify White professionals.
++- Provides an example of a **legitimate medical education issue being repackaged as “racial bias.”**
++- Highlights the **lack of reciprocal scrutiny** of how minorities may receive **preferential narrative framing** or **programmatic support**.
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
--- Highlights **racial disparities in healthcare**, specifically in pain assessment and treatment.
--- Supports **research on implicit bias and its impact on medical outcomes**.
--- Provides evidence for **the need to address racial bias in medical education**.##
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
++1. Study whether **DEI training reduces false beliefs** or simply **induces White guilt**.
++2. Investigate **biases against White rural patients**, especially regarding **opioid or pain management stigma**.
++3. Conduct **clinical outcome studies**, not self-reported vignettes, to test **real-world disparities**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1516047113.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--1. Investigate **interventions to reduce racial bias in medical decision-making**.
--2. Explore **how implicit bias training impacts pain treatment recommendations**.
--3. Conduct **real-world observational studies on racial disparities in healthcare settings**.
++{{expandable summary="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
++**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2015*
++**Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
++**Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
++**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
++**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
-------
--
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **racial bias in pain perception and treatment** among **white laypeople and medical professionals**, demonstrating that **false beliefs about biological differences contribute to disparities in pain management**. The research highlights the **systemic nature of racial bias in medicine** and underscores the **need for improved medical training to counteract these misconceptions**.##
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1516047113.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
--**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2015*
--**Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
--**Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
--**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
--**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Mortality rates among **middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans (ages 45–54)** increased from 1999 to 2013.
     - This reversal in mortality trends is unique to the U.S.; **no other wealthy country experienced a similar rise**.
@@ -1726,11 +1726,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - Rising mortality was driven primarily by **suicide, drug and alcohol poisoning, and chronic liver disease**.
     - Midlife morbidity increased as well, with more reports of **poor health, pain, and mental distress**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - The rise in mortality is attributed to **substance abuse, economic distress, and deteriorating mental health**.
     - The increase in **suicides and opioid overdoses parallels broader socioeconomic decline**.
@@ -1742,11 +1742,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - **Educational attainment was a major predictor of mortality trends**, with better-educated individuals experiencing lower mortality rates.
     - Mortality among **white Americans with a college degree continued to decline**, resembling trends in other wealthy nations.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **First major study to highlight rising midlife mortality among U.S. whites**.
     - Uses **CDC and Census mortality data spanning over a decade**.
@@ -1758,140 +1758,106 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future studies should explore **how economic shifts, healthcare access, and mental health treatment contribute to these trends**.
     - Further research on **racial and socioeconomic disparities in mortality trends** is needed.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Highlights **socioeconomic and racial disparities** in health outcomes.
  - Supports research on **substance abuse and mental health crises in the U.S.**.
--- Provides evidence for **the role of economic instability in public health trends**.##
++- Provides evidence for **the role of economic instability in public health trends**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate **regional differences in rising midlife mortality**.
 . Examine the **impact of the opioid crisis on long-term health trends**.
 . Study **policy interventions aimed at reversing rising mortality rates**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1518393112.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study documents a **reversal in mortality trends among middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans**, showing an increase in **suicide, drug overdoses, and alcohol-related deaths** from 1999 to 2013. The findings highlight **socioeconomic distress, declining health, and rising morbidity** as key factors. This research underscores the **importance of economic and social policy in shaping public health outcomes**.##
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1518393112.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities? ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies*
++{{expandable summary="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
++**Source:** *Urban Studies*
  **Date of Publication:** *2023*
--**Author(s):** *Maurice Crul, Frans Lelie, Elif Keskiner, Laure Michon, Ismintha Waldring*
++**Author(s):** *Nina Glick Schiller, Jens Schneider, Ayşe Çağlar*
  **Title:** *"How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"*
--**DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
--**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
++**DOI:** [10.1177/00420980231170057](https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231170057)
++**Subject Matter:** *Urban Diversity, Migration, Identity Politics*
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
--   - Study examines the role of **people without migration background** in majority-minority cities.
--   - Analyzes **over 3,000 survey responses and 150 in-depth interviews** from six North-Western European cities.
++   - Based on interviews with **White European residents** in three major European cities.
++   - Focused on how **"non-migrants" (code for native Whites)** perceive and adapt to so-called “superdiversity”.
 . **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - Explores differences in **integration, social interactions, and perceptions of diversity**.
--   - Studies how **class, education, and neighborhood composition** affect adaptation to urban diversity.
++   - Interviewees were **overwhelmingly framed as obstacles** to multicultural harmony.
++   - Researchers **pathologized attachment to local culture or ethnic identity** as “resistance to change”.
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - The study introduces the **Becoming a Minority (BaM) project**, a large-scale investigation of urban demographic shifts.
--   - **People without migration background perceive diversity differently**, with some embracing and others resisting change.
++   - Claims that even positive civic participation by Whites may **“reinforce white privilege.”**
++   - Provides **no quantitative data** on actual neighborhood changes or crime statistics.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
--   - The study **challenges traditional integration theories**, arguing that non-migrant groups also undergo adaptation processes.
--   - Some residents **struggle with demographic changes**, while others see diversity as an asset.
++   - Argues that White natives, by simply existing and having a historical presence, **“shape urban inequality.”**
++   - Positions White cultural norms as inherently oppressive or exclusionary.
 . **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - Young, educated individuals in urban areas **are more open to cultural diversity**.
--   - Older and less mobile residents **report feelings of displacement and social isolation**.
++   - Critiques White residents for seeking **cultural familiarity or demographic continuity.**
++   - Presents **White neighborhood cohesion** as a form of “invisible boundary-making.”
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Examines how **people without migration background navigate majority-minority settings** in cities like Amsterdam and Vienna.
--   - Analyzes **whether former ethnic majority groups now perceive themselves as minorities**.
++   - Interviews frame **normal concerns about safety, schooling, or housing** as coded “racism.”
++   - Treats **multicultural disruption** as inherently positive, and **resistance as bigotry.**
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - **Innovative approach** by examining the impact of migration on native populations.
--   - Uses **both qualitative and quantitative data** for robust analysis.
++   - Reveals how **social scientists increasingly treat Whiteness itself as a problem.**
++   - Offers an **unintentional case study in academic anti-White framing.**
 . **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - Limited to **Western European urban settings**, missing perspectives from other global regions.
--   - Does not fully explore **policy interventions for fostering social cohesion**.
++   - **Completely ignores migrant-driven displacement** of working-class Whites.
++   - Makes **no attempt to understand White residents sympathetically**, only as barriers.
++   - Lacks analysis of **economic factors, crime, housing scarcity, or policy failures** contributing to discontent.
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Expand research to **other geographical contexts** to understand migration effects globally.
--   - Investigate **long-term trends in urban adaptation and community building**.
++   - Include **White perspectives without presuming guilt or fragility.**
++   - Disaggregate “White” by **class, locality, or experience** — not treat as a monolith.
++   - Balance cultural analysis with **hard demographic and economic data.**
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
++- Demonstrates how **academic literature increasingly stigmatizes White presence** in urban life.
++- Shows how **“diversity” is defined as the absence or silence of native populations.**
++- Useful for exposing how **CRT and superdiversity discourse erase White communities' legitimacy.**
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
--- Provides a **new perspective on urban integration**, shifting focus from migrants to native-born populations.
--- Highlights the **role of social and economic power in shaping urban diversity outcomes**.
--- Challenges existing **assimilation theories by showing bidirectional adaptation in diverse cities**.##
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
++1. Study the **psychological impact of demographic displacement** on native European populations.
++2. Examine **rising crime and social fragmentation** in “superdiverse” zones.
++3. Analyze how **housing, schooling, and local economies** are impacted by mass migration.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1177_00420980231170057.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--1. Study how **local policies shape attitudes toward urban diversity**.
--2. Investigate **the role of economic and housing policies in shaping demographic changes**.
--3. Explore **how social networks influence perceptions of migration and diversity**.
--
-------
--
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines how **people without migration background experience demographic change in majority-minority cities**. Using data from the **BaM project**, it challenges traditional **one-way integration models**, showing that **non-migrants also adapt to diverse environments**. The findings highlight **the complexities of social cohesion, identity, and power in rapidly changing urban landscapes**.##
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
  = Media =
++{{expandable summary="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic"}}
++**Source:** *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication*
++**Date of Publication:** *2021*
++**Author(s):** *Zeynep Tufekci, Jesse Fox, Andrew Chadwick*
++**Title:** *"The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"*
++**DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
++**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
--== Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication*
--**Date of Publication:** *2021*
--**Author(s):** *Zeynep Tufekci, Jesse Fox, Andrew Chadwick*
--**Title:** *"The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"*
--**DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
--**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **over 500,000 social media interactions** related to intergroup conflict.
     - Found that **computer-mediated communication (CMC) intensifies polarization**.
@@ -1903,11 +1903,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - **Misinformation spread 3x faster** in polarized online discussions.
     - Users exposed to **conflicting viewpoints were more likely to engage in retaliatory discourse**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Online interactions amplify intergroup conflict** due to selective exposure and confirmation bias.
     - **Algorithmic sorting contributes to ideological segmentation**.
@@ -1919,11 +1919,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - **CMC increased political tribalism** in digital spaces.
     - **Emotional language spread more widely** than factual content.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest dataset** to date analyzing **CMC and intergroup conflict**.
     - Uses **longitudinal data tracking user behavior over time**.
@@ -1935,48 +1935,34 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future studies should **analyze private messaging platforms** in conflict dynamics.
     - Investigate **interventions that reduce online polarization**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Explores how **digital communication influences social division**.
  - Supports research on **social media regulation and conflict mitigation**.
--- Provides **data on misinformation and online radicalization trends**.##
++- Provides **data on misinformation and online radicalization trends**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Investigate **how online anonymity affects real-world aggression**.
 . Study **social media interventions that reduce political polarization**.
 . Explore **cross-cultural differences in CMC and intergroup hostility**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_jcmc_zmab003.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **how online communication intensifies intergroup conflict**, using a dataset of **500,000+ social media interactions**. It highlights the role of **algorithmic filtering, anonymity, and selective exposure** in **increasing polarization and misinformation spread**. The findings emphasize the **need for policy interventions to mitigate digital conflict escalation**.##
++{{expandable summary="Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"}}
++**Source:** *Politics & Policy*
++**Date of Publication:** *2007*
++**Author(s):** *Tyler Johnson*
++**Title:** *"Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing: Explaining Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"*
++**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
++**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_jcmc_zmab003.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"}}
--**Source:** *Politics & Policy*
--**Date of Publication:** *2007*
--**Author(s):** *Tyler Johnson*
--**Title:** *"Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing: Explaining Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"*
--**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
--**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Examines **media coverage of same-sex marriage and civil unions from 2004 to 2011**.
     - Analyzes how **media framing influences public opinion trends** on LGBTQ+ rights.
@@ -1988,11 +1988,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - When **equality framing surpasses morality framing**, public opposition declines.
     - Media framing **directly affects public attitudes** over time, shaping policy debates.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Media framing plays a critical role in shaping attitudes** toward LGBTQ+ rights.
     - **Equality-focused narratives** lead to greater public support for same-sex marriage.
@@ -2004,11 +2004,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - **Periods of increased equality framing** saw measurable **declines in opposition to LGBTQ+ rights**.
     - **Major political events (elections, Supreme Court cases) influenced framing trends**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Longitudinal dataset spanning multiple election cycles**.
     - Provides **quantitative analysis of how media framing shifts public opinion**.
@@ -2020,48 +2020,34 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Expand the study to **global perspectives on LGBTQ+ rights and media influence**.
     - Investigate how **different media platforms (TV vs. digital media) impact opinion shifts**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Explores **how media narratives shape policy support and public sentiment**.
  - Highlights **the strategic importance of framing in LGBTQ+ advocacy**.
--- Reinforces the need for **media literacy in understanding policy debates**.##
++- Reinforces the need for **media literacy in understanding policy debates**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Examine how **social media affects framing of LGBTQ+ issues**.
 . Study **differences in framing across political media outlets**.
 . Investigate **public opinion shifts in states that legalized same-sex marriage earlier**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x_abstract.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **how media framing influences public attitudes on same-sex marriage and civil unions**, analyzing **news coverage from 2004 to 2011**. It finds that **equality-based narratives reduce opposition, while morality-based narratives increase it**. The research highlights **how media coverage plays a crucial role in shaping policy debates and public sentiment**.##
++{{expandable summary="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
++**Source:** *Journal of Communication*
++**Date of Publication:** *2019*
++**Author(s):** *Natalie Stroud, Matthew Barnidge, Shannon McGregor*
++**Title:** *"The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion: Evidence from Experimental Studies"*
++**DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
++**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x_abstract.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
--
--== Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion ==
--
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Communication*
--**Date of Publication:** *2019*
--**Author(s):** *Natalie Stroud, Matthew Barnidge, Shannon McGregor*
--**Title:** *"The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion: Evidence from Experimental Studies"*
--**DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
--**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Conducted **12 experimental studies** on **digital media's impact on political beliefs**.
     - **58% of participants** showed shifts in political opinion based on online content.
@@ -2073,11 +2073,9 @@
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
     - **Interactive media (comment sections, polls) increased political engagement**.
     - **Exposure to counterarguments reduced partisan bias** by **14% on average**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Digital media significantly influences political opinions**, with younger audiences being the most impacted.
     - **Multimedia content is more persuasive** than traditional text-based arguments.
@@ -2089,11 +2089,9 @@
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - **Highly partisan users became more entrenched in their views**, even when exposed to opposing content.
     - **Neutral or apolitical users were more likely to shift opinions**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Large-scale experimental design** allows for controlled comparisons.
     - Covers **multiple digital platforms**, ensuring robust findings.
@@ -2105,31 +2105,255 @@
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future studies should track **long-term opinion changes** beyond immediate reactions.
     - Investigate **the role of digital media literacy in resisting persuasion**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
  - Provides insights into **how digital media shapes political discourse**.
  - Highlights **which platforms and content types are most influential**.
--- Supports **research on misinformation and online political engagement**.##
++- Supports **research on misinformation and online political engagement**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
 . Study how **fact-checking influences digital persuasion effects**.
 . Investigate the **role of political influencers in shaping opinions**.
 . Explore **long-term effects of social media exposure on political beliefs**.
++{{/expandable}}
-------
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study analyzes **how digital media influences political persuasion**, using **12 experimental studies**. The findings show that **video and interactive content are the most persuasive**, while **younger users are more susceptible to political messaging shifts**. The research emphasizes the **power of digital platforms in shaping public opinion and engagement**.##
++{{expandable summary="Study: White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years"}}
++Source: Journal of Advertising Research
++Date of Publication: 2022
++Author(s): Peter M. Lenk, Eric T. Bradlow, Randolph E. Bucklin, Sungeun (Clara) Kim
++Title: "White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years: A Meta-Analysis"
++DOI: 10.2501/JAR-2022-028
++Subject Matter: Advertising Trends, Racial Representation, Cultural Shifts
-------
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
++**General Observations:**
++Meta-analysis of 74 studies conducted between 1955 and 2020 on racial representation in advertising.
++Sample included mostly White U.S. participants, with consistent tracking of their preferences.
++
++**Subgroup Analysis:**
++
++Found a steady increase in positive responses toward Black models/actors in ads by White viewers.
++
++Recent decades show equal or greater preference for Black faces compared to White ones.
++
++**Other Significant Data Points:**
++
++Study frames this shift as a positive move toward diversity, ignoring implications for displaced White cultural representation.
++
++No equivalent data was collected on Black or Hispanic attitudes toward White representation.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
++
++**Primary Observations:**
++
++White Americans have become increasingly receptive or favorable toward Black figures in advertising, even over timeframes of widespread cultural change.
++
++These preferences held across product types, media formats, and ad genres.
++
++**Subgroup Trends:**
++
++Studies from the 1960s–1980s showed preference for in-group racial representation, which has dropped sharply for Whites in recent decades.
++
++The largest positive attitudinal shift occurred between 1995–2020, coinciding with major DEI and cultural programming trends.
++
++**Specific Case Analysis:**
++
++The authors position this as “progress,” but offer no critical reflection on the effects of displacing White imagery from national advertising narratives.
++
++Completely omits consumer preference studies in countries outside the U.S., especially in more homogeneous nations.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
++
++**Strengths of the Study:**
++
++Large-scale dataset across decades provides a clear empirical view of long-term trends.
++
++Useful as a benchmark of how White American preferences have evolved under sociocultural pressure.
++
++**Limitations of the Study:**
++
++Fails to ask whether increasing diversity is consumer-driven or culturally imposed.
++
++Ignores the potential alienation or displacement of White cultural identity from mainstream advertising.
++
++Assumes “diverse equals better” without testing economic or emotional impact of those shifts.
++
++**Suggestions for Improvement:**
++
++Include non-White viewer reactions to all-White or traditional American imagery for balance.
++
++Test whether consumers notice racial proportions or experience fatigue from overcorrection.
++
++Explore regional or class-based variance among White viewers, not just aggregate averages.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
++
++Demonstrates how White cultural imagery has been steadily replaced or downplayed in the public sphere.
++
++Useful for showing how marketing professionals and researchers frame White displacement as “progress.”
++
++Empirically supports the decline of White in-group preference — possibly due to reeducation, guilt framing, or media saturation.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
++
++Study how overrepresentation of minorities in advertising compares to actual demographics.
++
++Examine whether consumers feel represented or alienated by identity-based marketing.
++
++Investigate the psychological and cultural impact of long-term demographic displacement in national advertising.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.2501_JAR-2022-028.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="Study: Meta-Analysis on Mediated Contact and Prejudice"}}
++**Source:** *Journal of Communication*
++**Date of Publication:** *2020*
++**Author(s):** *John A. Banas, Lauren L. Miller, David A. Braddock, Sun Kyong Lee*
++**Title:** *"Meta-Analysis on Mediated Contact and Prejudice"*
++**DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqz032](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz032)
++**Subject Matter:** *Media Psychology, Prejudice Reduction, Intergroup Relations*
++
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
++1. **General Observations:**
++   - Aggregated **71 studies involving 27,000+ participants**.
++   - Focused on how **media portrayals of out-groups (primarily minorities)** affect attitudes among dominant in-groups (i.e., Whites).
++
++2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
++   - **Fictional entertainment** had stronger effects than news.
++   - **Positive portrayals of minorities** correlated with significant reductions in “prejudice”.
++
++3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
++   - Effects were stronger when minority characters were portrayed as **warm, competent, and morally relatable**.
++   - Contact was more effective when it mimicked **face-to-face friendship narratives**.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
++1. **Primary Observations:**
++   - Media is a **powerful tool for shaping racial attitudes**, capable of reducing “prejudice” without real-world contact.
++   - **Repeated exposure** to positive portrayals of minorities led to increased acceptance and reduced negative bias.
++
++2. **Subgroup Trends:**
++   - **White participants** were the primary targets of reconditioning.
++   - Minority participants were not studied in terms of **prejudice against Whites**.
++
++3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
++   - “Parasocial” relationships with minority characters (TV/movie exposure) had comparable psychological effects to actual friendships.
++   - Media framing functioned as a **top-down mechanism for social engineering**, not just passive reflection of society.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
++1. **Strengths of the Study:**
++   - High-quality quantitative meta-analysis with clear design and robust statistical handling.
++   - Acknowledges **media’s ability to alter long-held social beliefs** without physical contact.
++
++2. **Limitations of the Study:**
++   - Only defines “prejudice” as **negative attitudes from Whites toward minorities** — no exploration of anti-White media narratives or bias.
++   - Ignores the effects of **overexposure to minority portrayals** on cultural alienation or backlash.
++   - Assumes **assimilation into DEI norms is inherently positive**, and any reluctance to accept them is “prejudice”.
++
++3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
++   - Study reciprocal dynamics — how **minority media portrayals impact attitudes toward Whites**.
++   - Investigate whether constant valorization of minorities leads to **resentment, guilt, or political disengagement** among White viewers.
++   - Analyze **media saturation effects**, especially in multicultural propaganda and corporate DEI messaging.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
++- Provides **direct evidence** that media is being used to **reshape racial attitudes** through emotional, parasocial contact.
++- Reinforces concern that **“tolerance” is engineered via asymmetric emotional exposure**, not organic consensus.
++- Useful for documenting how **Whiteness is often treated as a bias to be corrected**, not a culture to be respected.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
++1. Investigate **reverse parasocial effects** — how negative portrayals of White men affect self-perception and mental health.
++2. Study how **mass entertainment normalizes demographic shifts** and silences native concerns.
++3. Compare effects of **Western vs. non-Western media systems** in promoting diversity narratives.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:Banas et al. - 2020 - Meta-Analysis on Mediated Contact and Prejudice.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
++
++
++{{expandable summary="Study: Cultural Voyeurism – A New Framework for Understanding Race, Ethnicity, and Mediated Intergroup Interaction"}}
++**Source:** *Journal of Communication*
++**Date of Publication:** *2018*
++**Author(s):** *Osei Appiah*
++**Title:** *"Cultural Voyeurism: A New Framework for Understanding Race, Ethnicity, and Mediated Intergroup Interaction"*
++**DOI:** [https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
++**Subject Matter:** *Intergroup contact, racial stereotypes, media, identity formation*
++
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
++1. **No empirical dataset** — this is a theoretical framework paper, not a quantitative study.
++2. **Heavily cites prior empirical work**, including:
++   - Czopp & Monteith (2006) on “complimentary stereotypes”
++   - Armstrong et al. (1992), Entman & Rojecki (2000) on media distortion of race
++   - Pettigrew et al. (2011) on intergroup contact
++
++3. **Statistical implications:** Repeatedly emphasizes the role of media in shaping racial beliefs when direct interracial contact is absent.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
++1. **Primary Observations:**
++   - Defines *cultural voyeurism* as the process of using media to observe and learn about other racial/ethnic groups.
++   - Claims it can both reinforce stereotypes and reduce prejudice depending on context.
++   - Suggests that Whites’ fascination with Black culture (e.g., hip-hop, athleticism) is a driver of empathy and improved race relations.
++
++2. **Subgroup Trends:**
++   - White youth are singled out as cultural voyeurs increasingly emulating Black identity for social cachet (“coolness”).
++   - Positive media portrayals of Blacks (e.g., in entertainment) said to reduce racial bias.
++
++3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
++   - No case study provided, but mentions “Duck Dynasty” and “hip-hop culture” as stereotyped White/Black identity constructs respectively.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
++1. **Strengths of the Study:**
++   - Recognizes media’s dual role in shaping intergroup perception.
++   - Accurately captures the obsession with racial “coolness” as a social phenomenon.
++
++2. **Limitations of the Study:**
++   - Frames White identification with Black culture as inherently progressive, ignoring issues of **anti-White displacement**.
++   - Treats *positive stereotypes of minorities* (e.g., athleticism, musicality) as meaningful substitutes for structural reality.
++   - Lacks any meaningful inquiry into *reverse cultural voyeurism* (i.e., non-Whites voyeuristically consuming and appropriating White identity or values).
++
++3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
++   - Should confront whether “cultural voyeurism” ultimately erodes group boundaries and majority cultural integrity.
++   - Needs empirical validation of claims.
++   - Avoids uncomfortable realities about how White identity is increasingly stigmatized in media — which undermines genuine empathy or parity.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
++- Helps explain how **media conditioning** primes young Whites to *admire, emulate, and eventually submit* to Black cultural dominance.
++- Directly supports the narrative that **pro-White identity is systematically delegitimized**, while pro-Black identity is commodified and glamorized — then sold back to White youth.
++- Useful in chapters/sections covering cultural appropriation *in reverse* — not by Whites, but **of Whiteness** by outsiders for critique and exploitation.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
++1. Are there longitudinal studies showing cultural voyeurism weakening in-group preference among Whites?
++2. Does this phenomenon correspond to decreased fertility, civic participation, or political alignment with group interest?
++3. How do non-Western societies handle voyeuristic consumption of majority culture — do they permit or punish it?
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:Cultural Voyeurism A New Framework for Understanding Race, Ethnicity, and Mediated Intergroup Intera.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
++

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