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Changes for page Research at a Glance

Last modified by Ryan C on 2025/06/26 03:09

From 77.1 to 78.1 From 81.1 to 82.1

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edited by Ryan C
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@@ -12,11 +12,15 @@
  - If needed, you can export this page as **PDF or print-friendly format**, and all studies will automatically expand for readability.
++{{toc/}}
++
  == Research Studies Repository ==
++
  = Genetics =
++
  == Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1038/nature08365](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08365)
  **Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Population History, South Asian Ancestry*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
     - ANI ancestry ranges from **39% to 71%** across Indian groups.
     - **Caste and linguistic differences** strongly correlate with genetic variation.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
     - **Founder effects** have maintained allele frequency differences among Indian groups.
     - Predicts **higher incidence of recessive diseases** due to historical genetic isolation.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
     - Future research should **expand sampling across more Indian tribal groups**.
     - Use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer resolution of ancestry.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides a **genetic basis for caste and linguistic diversity** in India.
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
  - Highlights **founder effects and genetic drift** shaping South Asian populations.
  - Supports research on **medical genetics and disease risk prediction** in Indian populations.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
 . Investigate the impact of **recent migration patterns on ANI-ASI ancestry distribution**.
 . Study **gene flow between Indian populations and other global groups**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study reconstructs **the genetic history of India**, revealing two ancestral populations—**ANI (related to West Eurasians) and ASI (distinctly South Asian)**. By analyzing **25 diverse Indian groups**, the researchers demonstrate how **historical endogamy and founder effects** have maintained genetic differentiation. The findings have **implications for medical genetics, population history, and the study of South Asian ancestry**.##
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]##
@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@
  {{/expand}}
--
  == Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
  **Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
     - Identified **5.8 million base pairs absent from the human reference genome**.
     - Estimated that **mutations have accumulated 5% faster in non-Africans than in Africans**.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
     - **Neanderthal ancestry is higher in East Asians than in Europeans**.
     - African hunter-gatherer groups show **deep population splits over 100,000 years ago**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
     - Future studies should include **ancient genomes** to improve demographic modeling.
     - Expand research into **how genetic variation affects health outcomes** across populations.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **comprehensive data on human genetic diversity**, useful for **evolutionary studies**.
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
  - Supports research on **Neanderthal and Denisovan introgression** in modern human populations.
  - Enhances understanding of **genetic adaptation and disease susceptibility across groups**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
 . Study **how selection pressures shaped genetic diversity across different environments**.
 . Explore **medical applications of population-specific genetic markers**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study presents **high-coverage genome sequences from 300 individuals across 142 populations**, offering **new insights into global genetic diversity and human evolution**. The findings highlight **deep African population splits, widespread archaic ancestry in non-Africans, and unique variants absent from the human reference genome**. The research enhances our understanding of **migration patterns, adaptation, and evolutionary history**.##
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]##
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
  **Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@
     - **Neurological, metabolic, and psychiatric traits** showed the highest heritability estimates.
     - Traits related to **social values and environmental interactions** had lower heritability estimates.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
     - Twin correlations suggest **limited evidence for strong non-additive genetic influences**.
     - The study highlights **missing heritability in complex traits**, which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yet to fully explain.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@
     - Future research should use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer-grained heritability estimates.
     - **Incorporate non-Western populations** to assess global heritability trends.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Establishes a **quantitative benchmark for heritability across human traits**.
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@
  - Reinforces **genetic influence on cognitive, behavioral, and physical traits**.
  - Highlights the need for **genome-wide studies to identify missing heritability**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@
 . Examine **gene-environment interactions in cognitive and psychiatric traits**.
 . Explore **non-additive genetic effects on human traits using newer statistical models**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study presents a **comprehensive meta-analysis of human trait heritability**, covering **over 50 years of twin research**. The findings confirm **genes play a predominant role in shaping human traits**, with an **average heritability of 49%** across all measured characteristics. The research offers **valuable insights into genetic and environmental influences**, guiding future gene-mapping efforts and behavioral genetics studies.##
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_ng.328.pdf]]##
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1038/nrg865](https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg865)
  **Subject Matter:** *Population Genetics, Human Evolution, Complex Diseases*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@
     - The **effective population size (Ne) of Africans** is higher than that of non-African populations.
     - LD blocks are **shorter in African genomes**, suggesting more historical recombination events.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@
     - Admixture in African Americans includes **West African and European genetic contributions**.
     - SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) diversity in African genomes **exceeds that of non-African groups**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@
     - Expand research into **underrepresented African populations**.
     - Integrate **whole-genome sequencing for a more detailed evolutionary timeline**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Supports **genetic models of human evolution** and the **out-of-Africa hypothesis**.
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@
  - Reinforces **Africa’s key role in disease gene mapping and precision medicine**.
  - Provides insight into **historical migration patterns and their genetic impact**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -352,7 +352,7 @@
 . Study **the role of African genetic diversity in disease resistance**.
 . Expand research on **how ancient migration patterns shaped modern genetic structure**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study explores the **genetic diversity of African populations**, analyzing their role in **human evolution and complex disease research**. The findings highlight **Africa’s unique genetic landscape**, confirming it as the most genetically diverse continent. The research provides valuable insights into **how genetic variation influences disease susceptibility, evolution, and population structure**.##
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nrg865MODERN.pdf]]##
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
  **Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -392,7 +392,7 @@
     - **10,000 years of directional selection** affected metabolic, immune, and cognitive traits.
     - **Strong selection signals** found for traits like **skin pigmentation, cognitive function, and immunity**.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@
     - **Blood type B frequency rose from 0% to 8% in 6,000 years**.
     - **Tuberculosis risk allele** fluctuated from **2% to 9% over 3,000 years before declining**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@
     - Expanding research to **other global populations** to assess universal trends.
     - Investigating **long-term evolutionary trade-offs of selected alleles**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **direct evidence of long-term genetic adaptation** in human populations.
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@
  - Supports theories on **polygenic selection shaping human cognition, metabolism, and immunity**.
  - Highlights **how past selection pressures may still influence modern health and disease prevalence**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -440,17 +440,18 @@
 . Investigate **how environmental and cultural shifts influenced genetic selection**.
 . Explore **the genetic basis of traits linked to past and present-day human survival**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **how human genetic adaptation has unfolded over 14,000 years**, using a **large dataset of ancient DNA**. It highlights **strong selection on immune function, metabolism, and cognitive traits**, revealing **hundreds of loci affected by directional selection**. The findings emphasize **the power of ancient DNA in tracking human evolution and adaptation**.##
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1101_2024.09.14.613021doi_.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
++
  == Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
@@ -461,7 +461,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
  **Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@
     - Data from the **Louisville Longitudinal Twin Study and cross-national twin samples** support findings.
     - IQ stability over time is **influenced more by genetics than by shared environmental factors**.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@
     - Longitudinal adoption studies show **declining impact of adoptive parental influence on IQ** as children age.
     - Cross-sectional twin data confirm **higher IQ correlations for monozygotic twins in adulthood**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -509,7 +509,7 @@
     - Future research should investigate **gene-environment interactions in cognitive aging**.
     - Examine **heritability trends in non-Western populations** to determine cross-cultural consistency.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **strong evidence for the genetic basis of intelligence**.
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@
  - Highlights the **diminishing role of shared environment in cognitive development**.
  - Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@
 . Examine **how education and socioeconomic factors interact with genetic IQ influences**.
 . Study **heritability trends in aging populations and cognitive decline**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study documents **The Wilson Effect**, demonstrating how the **heritability of IQ increases throughout development**, reaching a plateau of **0.80 by adulthood**. The findings indicate that **shared environmental effects diminish with age**, while **genetic influences on intelligence strengthen**. Using **longitudinal twin and adoption data**, the research provides **strong empirical support for the increasing role of genetics in cognitive ability over time**.##
@@ -531,12 +531,13 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1017_thg.2013.54.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
++
  == Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
@@ -547,7 +547,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
  **Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -563,7 +563,7 @@
     - The study evaluates **FST values (genetic differentiation measure)** and argues that human genetic differentiation is comparable to that of recognized subspecies in other species.
     - Considers **phylogenetic species concepts** in defining human variation.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@
     - Evaluates how **genetic markers correlate with population structure**.
     - Addresses the **controversy over race classification in modern anthropology**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@
     - Further research should **incorporate whole-genome studies** to refine subspecies classifications.
     - Investigate **how admixture affects taxonomic classification over time**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Contributes to discussions on **evolutionary taxonomy and species classification**.
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@
  - Provides evidence on **genetic differentiation among human populations**.
  - Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@
 . Investigate how **adaptive evolution influences population differentiation**.
 . Explore **the impact of genetic diversity on medical treatments and disease susceptibility**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study evaluates **whether Homo sapiens should be classified as a polytypic species**, analyzing **genetic diversity, evolutionary lineage, and morphological variation**. Using comparative analysis with other primates and mammals, the research suggests that **human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**, with implications for **evolutionary biology, anthropology, and medicine**.##
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.mehy.2009.07.046.pdf]]##
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
  **Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@
     - Experts rated media coverage of intelligence research as **poor (avg. 3.1 on a 9-point scale)**.
     - **50% of experts attributed US Black-White IQ differences to genetic factors, 50% to environmental factors**.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -666,7 +666,7 @@
     - The study compared **media coverage of intelligence research** with expert opinions.
     - Found a **disconnect between journalists and intelligence researchers**, especially regarding politically sensitive issues.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -682,7 +682,7 @@
     - Future studies should include **a broader range of global experts**.
     - Additional research needed on **media biases and misrepresentation of intelligence research**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insight into **expert consensus and division on intelligence research**.
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@
  - Highlights the **role of media bias** in shaping public perception of intelligence science.
  - Useful for understanding **the intersection of science, politics, and public discourse** on intelligence research.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@
 . Investigate how **media bias impacts public understanding of intelligence research**.
 . Conduct follow-up studies with **a more diverse expert pool** to test findings.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study surveys **expert opinions on intelligence research**, analyzing **how backgrounds, political ideologies, and media representation influence perspectives on intelligence**. The findings highlight **divisions in scientific consensus**, particularly on **genetic vs. environmental causes of IQ disparities**. Additionally, the research uncovers **widespread dissatisfaction with media portrayals of intelligence research**, pointing to **the impact of ideological biases on public discourse**.##
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2019.101406.pdf]]##
@@ -721,7 +721,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
  **Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@
     - GWAS intelligence SNPs predicted **IQ levels more strongly than random genetic markers**.
     - Genetic differentiation (Fst values) showed that **selection pressure, rather than drift, influenced intelligence-related allele distributions**.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@
     - Polygenic scores using **intelligence-related alleles significantly outperformed random SNPs** in predicting IQ.
     - Selection pressures **may explain differences in global intelligence distribution** beyond genetic drift effects.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@
     - Larger **cross-population GWAS studies** needed to validate findings.
     - Investigate **non-genetic contributors to IQ variance** in addition to genetic factors.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Supports research on **genetic influences on intelligence at a population level**.
@@ -776,7 +776,7 @@
  - Aligns with broader discussions on **cognitive genetics and natural selection effects**.
  - Provides a **quantitative framework for analyzing polygenic selection in intelligence studies**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@
 . Investigate **gene-environment interactions influencing intelligence**.
 . Explore **historical selection pressures shaping intelligence-related alleles**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study reviews **genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings on intelligence**, demonstrating a **strong correlation between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**. The research highlights how **genetic selection may explain population-level cognitive differences beyond genetic drift effects**. Intelligence-linked alleles showed **higher variability across populations than height-related alleles**, suggesting stronger selection pressures.  ##
@@ -791,12 +791,13 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2015.08.008.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
++
  == Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Click here to expand details"}}
@@ -831,10 +831,11 @@
  {{/expand}}
-------
++----
  = Dating and Interpersonal Relationships =
++
  == Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018 ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018"}}
@@ -845,7 +845,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833](https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833)
  **Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Sexual Behavior, Demography*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -861,7 +861,7 @@
     - Frequency of sexual activity decreased by **8-10%** over the studied period.
     - Number of sexual partners remained **relatively stable** despite declining activity rates.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@
     - **Mental health and employment status** were correlated with decreased activity.
     - Social factors such as **screen time and digital entertainment consumption** are potential contributors.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -893,13 +893,13 @@
     - Further studies should incorporate **qualitative data** on behavioral shifts.
     - Additional factors such as **economic shifts and social media usage** need exploration.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides evidence on **changing demographic behaviors** in relation to relationships and social interactions.
  - Highlights the role of **mental health, employment, and societal changes** in personal behaviors.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -906,7 +906,7 @@
 . Investigate the **impact of digital media consumption** on relationship dynamics.
 . Examine **regional and cultural differences** in sexual activity trends.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **trends in sexual frequency and number of partners among U.S. adults (2000-2018)**, highlighting significant **declines in sexual activity, particularly among young men**. The research utilized **General Social Survey data** to analyze the impact of **sociodemographic factors, employment status, and mental well-being** on sexual behavior.  ##
@@ -913,7 +913,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study's contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  {{velocity}}
@@ -937,7 +937,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
  **Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@
       - **Preterm births (PTB):** WMBF (1.17), BMWF (1.37), BMBF (1.78).
       - **Stillbirths:** WMBF (1.43), BMWF (1.51), BMBF (1.85).
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -971,7 +971,7 @@
     - The **weathering hypothesis** suggests that **long-term stress exposure** contributes to higher adverse birth risks in Black mothers.
     - **Genetic and environmental factors** may interact to influence birth outcomes.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -987,7 +987,7 @@
     - Future studies should examine **Asian, Hispanic, and Indigenous biracial couples**.
     - Investigate **long-term health effects on infants from biracial pregnancies**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **critical insights into racial disparities** in maternal and infant health.
@@ -994,7 +994,7 @@
  - Supports **research on genetic and environmental influences on neonatal health**.
  - Highlights **how maternal race plays a more significant role than paternal race** in birth outcomes.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1002,12 +1002,12 @@
 . Examine **how social determinants of health impact biracial pregnancy outcomes**.
 . Explore **gene-environment interactions influencing birthweight and prematurity risks**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This meta-analysis examines **the impact of biracial parentage on birth outcomes**, showing that **biracial couples face a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than White couples but lower than Black couples**. The findings emphasize **maternal race as a key factor in birth risks**, with **Black mothers having the highest rates of preterm birth and low birthweight, regardless of paternal race**.##
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1600-0412.2012.01501.xAbstract.pdf]]##
@@ -1024,7 +1024,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
  **Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1040,7 +1040,7 @@
     - 95% of incels in the study reported **having depression**, with 38% receiving a formal diagnosis.
     - **Higher externalization of blame** was linked to stronger incel identification.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@
     - Incels **engaged in fewer positive coping mechanisms** such as emotional support or positive reframing.
     - Instead, they relied on **solitary coping strategies**, worsening their isolation.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1072,7 +1072,7 @@
     - Future studies should **compare incel forum users vs. non-users**.
     - Investigate **potential intervention strategies** for social integration.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Highlights **mental health vulnerabilities** within the incel community.
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@
  - Supports research on **loneliness, attachment styles, and social dominance orientation**.
  - Examines how **peer rejection influences self-perceived mate value**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1087,7 +1087,7 @@
 . Investigate **cognitive biases** influencing self-perceived rejection among incels.
 . Assess **therapeutic interventions** to address incel social isolation.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines the **psychological characteristics of self-identified incels**, comparing them with non-incel men in terms of **mental health, loneliness, and coping strategies**. The research found **higher depression, anxiety, and avoidant attachment styles among incels**, as well as **greater reliance on solitary coping mechanisms**. It suggests that **lack of social support plays a critical role in exacerbating incel identity and related mental health concerns**.##
@@ -1094,7 +1094,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]##
@@ -1103,92 +1103,7 @@
  = Crime and Substance Abuse =
--== Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys ==
--{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
--**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
--**Date of Publication:** *2003*
--**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
--**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
--**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
--**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
--
-------
--
--## **Key Statistics**##
--
--1. **General Observations:**
--   - Study examined **how racial and cultural factors influence self-reported substance use data**.
--   - Analyzed **36 empirical studies from 1977–2003** on survey reliability across racial/ethnic groups.
--
--2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - Black and Latino respondents **were more likely to underreport drug use** compared to White respondents.
--   - **Cultural stigma and distrust in research institutions** affected self-report accuracy.
--
--3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - **Surveys using biological validation (urinalysis, hair tests) revealed underreporting trends**.
--   - **Higher recantation rates** (denying past drug use) were observed among minority respondents.
--
-------
--
--## **Findings**##
--
--1. **Primary Observations:**
--   - Racial/ethnic disparities in **substance use reporting bias survey-based research**.
--   - **Social desirability and cultural norms impact data reliability**.
--
--2. **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - White respondents were **more likely to overreport** substance use.
--   - Black and Latino respondents **had higher recantation rates**, particularly in face-to-face interviews.
--
--3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
--   - **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
--
-------
--
--## **Critique and Observations**##
--
--1. **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - **Comprehensive review of 36 studies** on measurement error in substance use reporting.
--   - Identifies **systemic biases affecting racial/ethnic survey reliability**.
--
--2. **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - Relies on **secondary data analysis**, limiting direct experimental control.
--   - Does not explore **how measurement error impacts policy decisions**.
--
--3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
--   - Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
--
-------
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
--- Supports research on **racial disparities in self-reported health behaviors**.
--- Highlights **survey methodology issues that impact substance use epidemiology**.
--- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.##
--
-------
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
--
--1. Investigate **how survey design impacts racial disparities in self-reported health data**.
--2. Study **alternative data collection methods (biometric validation, passive data tracking)**.
--3. Explore **the role of social stigma in self-reported health behaviors**.
--
-------
--
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.##
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-------
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]##
--{{/expand}}
--
  == Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
  **Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@
     - **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
     - Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1231,7 +1231,7 @@
     - **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
     - Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@
     - Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
     - Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
@@ -1254,7 +1254,7 @@
  - Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
  - Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1262,7 +1262,7 @@
 . Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
 . Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
@@ -1269,12 +1269,13 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
++
  == Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
@@ -1285,7 +1285,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
  **Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1301,7 +1301,7 @@
     - **Surveys using biological validation (urinalysis, hair tests) revealed underreporting trends**.
     - **Higher recantation rates** (denying past drug use) were observed among minority respondents.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1317,7 +1317,7 @@
     - Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
     - **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1333,7 +1333,7 @@
     - Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
     - Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Supports research on **racial disparities in self-reported health behaviors**.
@@ -1340,7 +1340,7 @@
  - Highlights **survey methodology issues that impact substance use epidemiology**.
  - Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1348,7 +1348,7 @@
 . Study **alternative data collection methods (biometric validation, passive data tracking)**.
 . Explore **the role of social stigma in self-reported health behaviors**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.##
@@ -1355,7 +1355,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]##
@@ -1372,7 +1372,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
  **Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1388,7 +1388,7 @@
     - **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
     - Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1404,7 +1404,7 @@
     - **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
     - Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1420,7 +1420,7 @@
     - Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
     - Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
@@ -1427,7 +1427,7 @@
  - Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
  - Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1435,7 +1435,7 @@
 . Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
 . Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
@@ -1442,12 +1442,13 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
++
  == Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"}}
@@ -1525,7 +1525,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
  **Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1541,7 +1541,7 @@
     - The estimated **dysgenic rate is 1.21 IQ points lost per decade**.
     - Meta-regression analysis confirmed a **steady secular trend in slowing reaction time**.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1557,7 +1557,7 @@
     - Cross-national comparisons indicate a **global trend in slower reaction times**.
     - Factors like **modern neurotoxin exposure** and **reduced selective pressure for intelligence** may contribute.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1573,7 +1573,7 @@
     - Future studies should **replicate results with more modern datasets**.
     - Investigate **alternative cognitive biomarkers** for intelligence over time.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides evidence for **long-term intelligence trends**, contributing to research on **cognitive evolution**.
@@ -1580,7 +1580,7 @@
  - Aligns with broader discussions on **dysgenics, neurophysiology, and cognitive load**.
  - Supports the argument that **modern societies may be experiencing intelligence decline**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1588,7 +1588,7 @@
 . Examine **regional variations in reaction time trends**.
 . Explore **cognitive resilience factors that counteract the decline**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **historical reaction time data** as a measure of **cognitive ability and intelligence decline**, analyzing data from **Western populations between 1884 and 2004**. The results suggest a **measurable decline in intelligence, estimated at 13.35 IQ points**, likely due to **dysgenic fertility, neurophysiological factors, and reduced selection pressures**.  ##
@@ -1595,7 +1595,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]##
@@ -1602,11 +1602,8 @@
  {{/expand}}
++= Whiteness & White Guilt =
--
--
--= Whiteness =
--
  == Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
@@ -1617,7 +1617,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
  **Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1633,7 +1633,7 @@
     - White athletes are **socialized to remain unaware of racial privilege** in their athletic careers.
     - Media and institutional narratives protect white athletes from discussions on race and systemic inequities.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1649,7 +1649,7 @@
     - Examines **how sports serve as a mechanism for maintaining racial privilege** in higher education.
     - Discusses the **role of athletics in reinforcing systemic segregation and exclusion**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1665,7 +1665,7 @@
     - Future research should **compare recruitment policies across different sports and divisions**.
     - Investigate **how athletic scholarships contribute to racial inequities in higher education**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides evidence of **systemic racial biases** in college sports recruitment.
@@ -1672,7 +1672,7 @@
  - Highlights **how institutional policies protect whiteness** in non-revenue athletics.
  - Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1680,7 +1680,7 @@
 . Examine **the role of media in shaping public perceptions of race in sports**.
 . Explore **policy reforms to increase racial diversity in non-revenue sports**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study explores how **racial segregation, innocence, and protection** sustain whiteness in college sports. By analyzing **47 athlete narratives**, the research reveals **how predominantly white sports programs recruit and retain white athletes** while shielding them from discussions on race. The findings highlight **institutional biases that maintain racial privilege in athletics**, offering critical insight into the **structural inequalities in higher education sports programs**.##
@@ -1687,7 +1687,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1037_dhe0000140.pdf]]##
@@ -1694,11 +1694,6 @@
  {{/expand}}
--
--
--
--= White Guilt =
--
  == Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
@@ -1709,7 +1709,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
  **Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1725,7 +1725,7 @@
     - **Black patients were less likely to receive appropriate pain treatment** compared to white patients.
     - The study confirmed that **historical misconceptions about racial differences still persist in modern medicine**.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1741,7 +1741,7 @@
     - Study participants **underestimated Black patients' pain and recommended less effective pain treatments**.
     - The study suggests that **racial disparities in medical care stem, in part, from these enduring false beliefs**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1757,7 +1757,7 @@
     - Future research should examine **how these biases manifest in real clinical settings**.
     - Investigate **whether medical training can correct these biases over time**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Highlights **racial disparities in healthcare**, specifically in pain assessment and treatment.
@@ -1764,7 +1764,7 @@
  - Supports **research on implicit bias and its impact on medical outcomes**.
  - Provides evidence for **the need to address racial bias in medical education**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1772,7 +1772,7 @@
 . Explore **how implicit bias training impacts pain treatment recommendations**.
 . Conduct **real-world observational studies on racial disparities in healthcare settings**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **racial bias in pain perception and treatment** among **white laypeople and medical professionals**, demonstrating that **false beliefs about biological differences contribute to disparities in pain management**. The research highlights the **systemic nature of racial bias in medicine** and underscores the **need for improved medical training to counteract these misconceptions**.##
@@ -1779,7 +1779,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1516047113.pdf]]##
@@ -1796,7 +1796,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
  **Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1812,7 +1812,7 @@
     - Rising mortality was driven primarily by **suicide, drug and alcohol poisoning, and chronic liver disease**.
     - Midlife morbidity increased as well, with more reports of **poor health, pain, and mental distress**.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1828,7 +1828,7 @@
     - **Educational attainment was a major predictor of mortality trends**, with better-educated individuals experiencing lower mortality rates.
     - Mortality among **white Americans with a college degree continued to decline**, resembling trends in other wealthy nations.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1844,7 +1844,7 @@
     - Future studies should explore **how economic shifts, healthcare access, and mental health treatment contribute to these trends**.
     - Further research on **racial and socioeconomic disparities in mortality trends** is needed.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Highlights **socioeconomic and racial disparities** in health outcomes.
@@ -1851,7 +1851,7 @@
  - Supports research on **substance abuse and mental health crises in the U.S.**.
  - Provides evidence for **the role of economic instability in public health trends**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1859,7 +1859,7 @@
 . Examine the **impact of the opioid crisis on long-term health trends**.
 . Study **policy interventions aimed at reversing rising mortality rates**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study documents a **reversal in mortality trends among middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans**, showing an increase in **suicide, drug overdoses, and alcohol-related deaths** from 1999 to 2013. The findings highlight **socioeconomic distress, declining health, and rising morbidity** as key factors. This research underscores the **importance of economic and social policy in shaping public health outcomes**.##
@@ -1866,12 +1866,13 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1518393112.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
++
  == Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities? ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
@@ -1882,7 +1882,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
  **Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1898,7 +1898,7 @@
     - The study introduces the **Becoming a Minority (BaM) project**, a large-scale investigation of urban demographic shifts.
     - **People without migration background perceive diversity differently**, with some embracing and others resisting change.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -1914,7 +1914,7 @@
     - Examines how **people without migration background navigate majority-minority settings** in cities like Amsterdam and Vienna.
     - Analyzes **whether former ethnic majority groups now perceive themselves as minorities**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -1930,7 +1930,7 @@
     - Expand research to **other geographical contexts** to understand migration effects globally.
     - Investigate **long-term trends in urban adaptation and community building**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides a **new perspective on urban integration**, shifting focus from migrants to native-born populations.
@@ -1937,7 +1937,7 @@
  - Highlights the **role of social and economic power in shaping urban diversity outcomes**.
  - Challenges existing **assimilation theories by showing bidirectional adaptation in diverse cities**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -1945,7 +1945,7 @@
 . Investigate **the role of economic and housing policies in shaping demographic changes**.
 . Explore **how social networks influence perceptions of migration and diversity**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines how **people without migration background experience demographic change in majority-minority cities**. Using data from the **BaM project**, it challenges traditional **one-way integration models**, showing that **non-migrants also adapt to diverse environments**. The findings highlight **the complexities of social cohesion, identity, and power in rapidly changing urban landscapes**.##
@@ -1952,7 +1952,7 @@
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]##
@@ -1959,9 +1959,9 @@
  {{/expand}}
--
  = Media =
++
  == Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"}}
@@ -1972,7 +1972,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
  **Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -1988,7 +1988,7 @@
     - **Misinformation spread 3x faster** in polarized online discussions.
     - Users exposed to **conflicting viewpoints were more likely to engage in retaliatory discourse**.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -2004,7 +2004,7 @@
     - **CMC increased political tribalism** in digital spaces.
     - **Emotional language spread more widely** than factual content.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -2020,7 +2020,7 @@
     - Future studies should **analyze private messaging platforms** in conflict dynamics.
     - Investigate **interventions that reduce online polarization**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Explores how **digital communication influences social division**.
@@ -2027,7 +2027,7 @@
  - Supports research on **social media regulation and conflict mitigation**.
  - Provides **data on misinformation and online radicalization trends**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -2035,12 +2035,12 @@
 . Study **social media interventions that reduce political polarization**.
 . Explore **cross-cultural differences in CMC and intergroup hostility**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **how online communication intensifies intergroup conflict**, using a dataset of **500,000+ social media interactions**. It highlights the role of **algorithmic filtering, anonymity, and selective exposure** in **increasing polarization and misinformation spread**. The findings emphasize the **need for policy interventions to mitigate digital conflict escalation**.##
-------
++----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_jcmc_zmab003.pdf]]##
@@ -2057,7 +2057,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
  **Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
-------
++----
  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -2073,7 +2073,7 @@
     - When **equality framing surpasses morality framing**, public opposition declines.
     - Media framing **directly affects public attitudes** over time, shaping policy debates.
-------
++----
  ## **Findings**##
@@ -2089,7 +2089,7 @@
     - **Periods of increased equality framing** saw measurable **declines in opposition to LGBTQ+ rights**.
     - **Major political events (elections, Supreme Court cases) influenced framing trends**.
-------
++----
  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -2105,7 +2105,7 @@
     - Expand the study to **global perspectives on LGBTQ+ rights and media influence**.
     - Investigate how **different media platforms (TV vs. digital media) impact opinion shifts**.
-------
++----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Explores **how media narratives shape policy support and public sentiment**.
@@ -2112,7 +2112,7 @@
  - Highlights **the strategic importance of framing in LGBTQ+ advocacy**.
  - Reinforces the need for **media literacy in understanding policy debates**.##
-------
++----
  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -2120,17 +2120,18 @@
 . Study **differences in framing across political media outlets**.
 . Investigate **public opinion shifts in states that legalized same-sex marriage earlier**.
-------
++----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study examines **how media framing influences public attitudes on same-sex marriage and civil unions**, analyzing **news coverage from 2004 to 2011**. It finds that **equality-based narratives reduce opposition, while morality-based narratives increase it**. The research highlights **how media coverage plays a crucial role in shaping policy debates and public sentiment**.##
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  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x_abstract.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
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  == Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion ==
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
@@ -2141,7 +2141,7 @@
  **DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
  **Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
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  ## **Key Statistics**##
@@ -2157,7 +2157,7 @@
     - **Interactive media (comment sections, polls) increased political engagement**.
     - **Exposure to counterarguments reduced partisan bias** by **14% on average**.
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  ## **Findings**##
@@ -2173,7 +2173,7 @@
     - **Highly partisan users became more entrenched in their views**, even when exposed to opposing content.
     - **Neutral or apolitical users were more likely to shift opinions**.
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  ## **Critique and Observations**##
@@ -2189,7 +2189,7 @@
     - Future studies should track **long-term opinion changes** beyond immediate reactions.
     - Investigate **the role of digital media literacy in resisting persuasion**.
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  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insights into **how digital media shapes political discourse**.
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  - Highlights **which platforms and content types are most influential**.
  - Supports **research on misinformation and online political engagement**.##
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  ## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
@@ -2204,16 +2204,13 @@
 . Investigate the **role of political influencers in shaping opinions**.
 . Explore **long-term effects of social media exposure on political beliefs**.
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  ## **Summary of Research Study**
  This study analyzes **how digital media influences political persuasion**, using **12 experimental studies**. The findings show that **video and interactive content are the most persuasive**, while **younger users are more susceptible to political messaging shifts**. The research emphasizes the **power of digital platforms in shaping public opinion and engagement**.##
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  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
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