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1	1	= Research at a Glance =
2	2
3		-== Introduction ==
4	4
5		-Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various fields such as **social psychology, public policy, behavioral economics, and more**. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout.
6	6
7		-=== How to Use This Repository ===
	5	+ Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various important Racial themes. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout. I wanted to make this for a couple of reasons. Number one is organization. There are a ton of useful studies out there that expose the truth, sometimes inadvertently. You'll notice that in this initial draft the summaries are often woke and reflect the bias of the AI writing them as well as the researchers politically correct conclusions in most cases. That's because I haven't gotten to going through and pointing out the reasons I put all of them in here.
8	8
	7	+
	8	+ There is often an underlying hypocrisy or double standard, saying the quiet part out loud, or conclusions that are so much of an antithesis to what the data shows that made me want to include it. At least, thats the idea for once its polished. I have about 150 more studies to upload, so it will be a few weeks before I get through it all. Until such time, feel free to search for them yourself and edit in what you find, or add your own studies. If you like you can do it manually, or if you'd rather go the route I did, just rename the study to its doi number and feed the study into an AI and tell them to summarize the study using the following format:
	9	+
	10	+{{example}}
	11	+~= Study: [Study Title] =
	12	+
	13	+~{~{expand title="Study: [Study Title] (Click to Expand)" expanded="false"}}
	14	+~*~*Source:~*~* *[Journal/Institution Name]*
	15	+~*~*Date of Publication:~*~* *[Publication Date]*
	16	+~*~*Author(s):~*~* *[Author(s) Name(s)]*
	17	+~*~*Title:~*~* *"[Study Title]"*
	18	+~*~*DOI:~*~* [DOI or Link]
	19	+~*~*Subject Matter:~*~* *[Broad Research Area, e.g., Social Psychology, Public Policy, Behavioral Economics]*
	20	+
	21	+~-~--
	22	+
	23	+~#~# ~*~*Key Statistics~*~*
	24	+~1. ~*~*General Observations:~*~*
	25	+ - [Statistical finding or observation]
	26	+ - [Statistical finding or observation]
	27	+
	28	+2. ~*~*Subgroup Analysis:~*~*
	29	+ - [Breakdown of findings by gender, race, or other subgroups]
	30	+
	31	+3. ~*~*Other Significant Data Points:~*~*
	32	+ - [Any additional findings or significant statistics]
	33	+
	34	+~-~--
	35	+
	36	+~#~# ~*~*Findings~*~*
	37	+~1. ~*~*Primary Observations:~*~*
	38	+ - [High-level findings or trends in the study]
	39	+
	40	+2. ~*~*Subgroup Trends:~*~*
	41	+ - [Disparities or differences highlighted in the study]
	42	+
	43	+3. ~*~*Specific Case Analysis:~*~*
	44	+ - [Detailed explanation of any notable specific findings]
	45	+
	46	+~-~--
	47	+
	48	+~#~# ~*~*Critique and Observations~*~*
	49	+~1. ~*~*Strengths of the Study:~*~*
	50	+ - [Examples: strong methodology, large dataset, etc.]
	51	+
	52	+2. ~*~*Limitations of the Study:~*~*
	53	+ - [Examples: data gaps, lack of upstream analysis, etc.]
	54	+
	55	+3. ~*~*Suggestions for Improvement:~*~*
	56	+ - [Ideas for further research or addressing limitations]
	57	+
	58	+~-~--
	59	+
	60	+~#~# ~*~*Relevance to Subproject~*~*
	61	+- [Explanation of how this study contributes to your subproject goals.]
	62	+- [Any key arguments or findings that support or challenge your views.]
	63	+
	64	+~-~--
	65	+
	66	+~#~# ~*~*Suggestions for Further Exploration~*~*
	67	+~1. [Research questions or areas to investigate further.]
	68	+2. [Potential studies or sources to complement this analysis.]
	69	+
	70	+~-~--
	71	+
	72	+~#~# ~*~*Summary of Research Study~*~*
	73	+This study examines ~*~*[core research question or focus]~*~*, providing insights into ~*~*[main subject area]~*~*. The research utilized ~*~*[sample size and methodology]~*~* to assess ~*~*[key variables or measured outcomes]~*~*.
	74	+
	75	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	76	+
	77	+~-~--
	78	+
	79	+~#~# ~*~*📄 Download Full Study~*~*
	80	+~{~{velocity}}
	81	+#set($doi = "[Insert DOI Here]")
	82	+#set($filename = "${doi}.pdf")
	83	+#if($xwiki.exists("attach~:$filename"))
	84	+~[~[Download Full Study>>attach~:$filename]]
	85	+#else
	86	+~{~{html}}<span style="color:red; font-weight:bold;">🚨 PDF Not Available 🚨</span>~{~{/html}}
	87	+#end
	88	+~{~{/velocity}}
	89	+
	90	+~{~{/expand}}
	91	+
	92	+
	93	+{{/example}}
	94	+
	95	+
	96	+
9	9	- Click on a **category** in the **Table of Contents** to browse studies related to that topic.
10	10	- Click on a **study title** to expand its details, including **key findings, critique, and relevance**.
11	11	- Use the **search function** (Ctrl + F or XWiki's built-in search) to quickly find specific topics or authors.
12	12	- If needed, you can export this page as **PDF or print-friendly format**, and all studies will automatically expand for readability.
	101	+- You'll also find a download link to the original full study in pdf form at the bottom of the collapsible block.
13	13
14	14
	104	+{{toc/}}
15	15
16		-== Research Studies Repository ==
17	17
	107	+
	108	+
	109	+
18	18	= Genetics =
19	19
	112	+
20	20	== Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History ==
21		-{{expand title="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History" expanded="false"}}
	114	+
	115	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
22	22	**Source:** *Nature*
23	23	**Date of Publication:** *2009*
24	24	**Author(s):** *David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price, Lalji Singh*
25	25	**Title:** *"Reconstructing Indian Population History"*
26	26	**DOI:** [10.1038/nature08365](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08365)
27		-**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Population History, South Asian Ancestry*
	121	+**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Population History, South Asian Ancestry*
28	28
29		----
	123	+----
30	30
31		-## **Key Statistics**
	125	+## **Key Statistics**##
	126	+
32	32	1. **General Observations:**
33	33	- Study analyzed **132 individuals from 25 diverse Indian groups**.
34	34	- Identified two major ancestral populations: **Ancestral North Indians (ANI)** and **Ancestral South Indians (ASI)**.
...	...	@@ -41,9 +41,10 @@
41	41	- ANI ancestry ranges from **39% to 71%** across Indian groups.
42	42	- **Caste and linguistic differences** strongly correlate with genetic variation.
43	43
44		----
	139	+----
45	45
46		-## **Findings**
	141	+## **Findings**##
	142	+
47	47	1. **Primary Observations:**
48	48	- The genetic landscape of India has been shaped by **thousands of years of endogamy**.
49	49	- Groups with **only ASI ancestry no longer exist** in mainland India.
...	...	@@ -56,9 +56,10 @@
56	56	- **Founder effects** have maintained allele frequency differences among Indian groups.
57	57	- Predicts **higher incidence of recessive diseases** due to historical genetic isolation.
58	58
59		----
	155	+----
60	60
61		-## **Critique and Observations**
	157	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	158	+
62	62	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
63	63	- **First large-scale genetic analysis** of Indian population history.
64	64	- Introduces **new methods for ancestry estimation without direct ancestral reference groups**.
...	...	@@ -71,48 +71,49 @@
71	71	- Future research should **expand sampling across more Indian tribal groups**.
72	72	- Use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer resolution of ancestry.
73	73
74		----
	171	+----
75	75
76	76	## **Relevance to Subproject**
77	77	- Provides a **genetic basis for caste and linguistic diversity** in India.
78	78	- Highlights **founder effects and genetic drift** shaping South Asian populations.
79		-- Supports research on **medical genetics and disease risk prediction** in Indian populations.
	176	+- Supports research on **medical genetics and disease risk prediction** in Indian populations.##
80	80
81		----
	178	+----
82	82
83		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	180	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	181	+
84	84	1. Examine **genetic markers linked to disease susceptibility** in Indian subpopulations.
85	85	2. Investigate the impact of **recent migration patterns on ANI-ASI ancestry distribution**.
86	86	3. Study **gene flow between Indian populations and other global groups**.
87	87
88		----
	186	+----
89	89
90	90	## **Summary of Research Study**
91		-This study reconstructs **the genetic history of India**, revealing two ancestral populations—**ANI (related to West Eurasians) and ASI (distinctly South Asian)**. By analyzing **25 diverse Indian groups**, the researchers demonstrate how **historical endogamy and founder effects** have maintained genetic differentiation. The findings have **implications for medical genetics, population history, and the study of South Asian ancestry**.
	189	+This study reconstructs **the genetic history of India**, revealing two ancestral populations—**ANI (related to West Eurasians) and ASI (distinctly South Asian)**. By analyzing **25 diverse Indian groups**, the researchers demonstrate how **historical endogamy and founder effects** have maintained genetic differentiation. The findings have **implications for medical genetics, population history, and the study of South Asian ancestry**.##
92	92
93	93	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
94	94
95		----
	193	+----
96	96
97	97	## **📄 Download Full Study**
98		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]
99		-
	196	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]##
100	100	{{/expand}}
101	101
102	102
103		-
104	104	== Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations ==
105		-{{expand title="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations" expanded="false"}}
	201	+
	202	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
106	106	**Source:** *Nature*
107	107	**Date of Publication:** *2016*
108	108	**Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
109	109	**Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
110	110	**DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
111		-**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
	208	+**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
112	112
113		----
	210	+----
114	114
115		-## **Key Statistics**
	212	+## **Key Statistics**##
	213	+
116	116	1. **General Observations:**
117	117	- Analyzed **high-coverage genome sequences of 300 individuals from 142 populations**.
118	118	- Included **many underrepresented and indigenous groups** from Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
...	...	@@ -125,9 +125,10 @@
125	125	- Identified **5.8 million base pairs absent from the human reference genome**.
126	126	- Estimated that **mutations have accumulated 5% faster in non-Africans than in Africans**.
127	127
128		----
	226	+----
129	129
130		-## **Findings**
	228	+## **Findings**##
	229	+
131	131	1. **Primary Observations:**
132	132	- **African populations harbor the greatest genetic diversity**, confirming an out-of-Africa dispersal model.
133	133	- Indigenous Australians and New Guineans **share a common ancestral population with other non-Africans**.
...	...	@@ -140,9 +140,10 @@
140	140	- **Neanderthal ancestry is higher in East Asians than in Europeans**.
141	141	- African hunter-gatherer groups show **deep population splits over 100,000 years ago**.
142	142
143		----
	242	+----
144	144
145		-## **Critique and Observations**
	244	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	245	+
146	146	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
147	147	- **Largest global genetic dataset** outside of the 1000 Genomes Project.
148	148	- High sequencing depth allows **more accurate identification of genetic variants**.
...	...	@@ -155,47 +155,49 @@
155	155	- Future studies should include **ancient genomes** to improve demographic modeling.
156	156	- Expand research into **how genetic variation affects health outcomes** across populations.
157	157
158		----
	258	+----
159	159
160	160	## **Relevance to Subproject**
161	161	- Provides **comprehensive data on human genetic diversity**, useful for **evolutionary studies**.
162	162	- Supports research on **Neanderthal and Denisovan introgression** in modern human populations.
163		-- Enhances understanding of **genetic adaptation and disease susceptibility across groups**.
	263	+- Enhances understanding of **genetic adaptation and disease susceptibility across groups**.##
164	164
165		----
	265	+----
166	166
167		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	267	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	268	+
168	168	1. Investigate **functional consequences of genetic variation in underrepresented populations**.
169	169	2. Study **how selection pressures shaped genetic diversity across different environments**.
170	170	3. Explore **medical applications of population-specific genetic markers**.
171	171
172		----
	273	+----
173	173
174	174	## **Summary of Research Study**
175		-This study presents **high-coverage genome sequences from 300 individuals across 142 populations**, offering **new insights into global genetic diversity and human evolution**. The findings highlight **deep African population splits, widespread archaic ancestry in non-Africans, and unique variants absent from the human reference genome**. The research enhances our understanding of **migration patterns, adaptation, and evolutionary history**.
	276	+This study presents **high-coverage genome sequences from 300 individuals across 142 populations**, offering **new insights into global genetic diversity and human evolution**. The findings highlight **deep African population splits, widespread archaic ancestry in non-Africans, and unique variants absent from the human reference genome**. The research enhances our understanding of **migration patterns, adaptation, and evolutionary history**.##
176	176
177	177	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
178	178
179		----
	280	+----
180	180
181	181	## **📄 Download Full Study**
182		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]
183		-
	283	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]##
184	184	{{/expand}}
185	185
186	186
187	187	== Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies ==
188		-{{expand title="Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies" expanded="false"}}
	288	+
	289	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"}}
189	189	**Source:** *Nature Genetics*
190	190	**Date of Publication:** *2015*
191	191	**Author(s):** *Tinca J. C. Polderman, Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, Danielle Posthuma*
192	192	**Title:** *"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"*
193	193	**DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
194		-**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
	295	+**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
195	195
196		----
	297	+----
197	197
198		-## **Key Statistics**
	299	+## **Key Statistics**##
	300	+
199	199	1. **General Observations:**
200	200	- Analyzed **17,804 traits from 2,748 twin studies** published between **1958 and 2012**.
201	201	- Included data from **14,558,903 twin pairs**, making it the largest meta-analysis on human heritability.
...	...	@@ -208,15 +208,16 @@
208	208	- **Neurological, metabolic, and psychiatric traits** showed the highest heritability estimates.
209	209	- Traits related to **social values and environmental interactions** had lower heritability estimates.
210	210
211		----
	313	+----
212	212
213		-## **Findings**
	315	+## **Findings**##
	316	+
214	214	1. **Primary Observations:**
215	215	- Across all traits, genetic factors play a significant role in individual differences.
216	216	- The study contradicts models that **overestimate environmental effects in behavioral and cognitive traits**.
217	217
218	218	2. **Subgroup Trends:**
219		- - **Eye and brain-related traits showed the highest heritability (~70-80%)**.
	322	+ - **Eye and brain-related traits showed the highest heritability (70-80%)**.
220	220	- **Shared environmental effects were negligible (<10%) for most traits**.
221	221
222	222	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
...	...	@@ -223,9 +223,10 @@
223	223	- Twin correlations suggest **limited evidence for strong non-additive genetic influences**.
224	224	- The study highlights **missing heritability in complex traits**, which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yet to fully explain.
225	225
226		----
	329	+----
227	227
228		-## **Critique and Observations**
	331	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	332	+
229	229	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
230	230	- **Largest-ever heritability meta-analysis**, covering nearly all published twin studies.
231	231	- Provides a **comprehensive framework for understanding gene-environment contributions**.
...	...	@@ -238,47 +238,49 @@
238	238	- Future research should use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer-grained heritability estimates.
239	239	- **Incorporate non-Western populations** to assess global heritability trends.
240	240
241		----
	345	+----
242	242
243	243	## **Relevance to Subproject**
244	244	- Establishes a **quantitative benchmark for heritability across human traits**.
245	245	- Reinforces **genetic influence on cognitive, behavioral, and physical traits**.
246		-- Highlights the need for **genome-wide studies to identify missing heritability**.
	350	+- Highlights the need for **genome-wide studies to identify missing heritability**.##
247	247
248		----
	352	+----
249	249
250		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	354	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	355	+
251	251	1. Investigate how **heritability estimates compare across different socioeconomic backgrounds**.
252	252	2. Examine **gene-environment interactions in cognitive and psychiatric traits**.
253	253	3. Explore **non-additive genetic effects on human traits using newer statistical models**.
254	254
255		----
	360	+----
256	256
257	257	## **Summary of Research Study**
258		-This study presents a **comprehensive meta-analysis of human trait heritability**, covering **over 50 years of twin research**. The findings confirm **genes play a predominant role in shaping human traits**, with an **average heritability of 49%** across all measured characteristics. The research offers **valuable insights into genetic and environmental influences**, guiding future gene-mapping efforts and behavioral genetics studies.
	363	+This study presents a **comprehensive meta-analysis of human trait heritability**, covering **over 50 years of twin research**. The findings confirm **genes play a predominant role in shaping human traits**, with an **average heritability of 49%** across all measured characteristics. The research offers **valuable insights into genetic and environmental influences**, guiding future gene-mapping efforts and behavioral genetics studies.##
259	259
260	260	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
261	261
262		----
	367	+----
263	263
264	264	## **📄 Download Full Study**
265		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_ng.328.pdf]]
266		-
	370	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_ng.328.pdf]]##
267	267	{{/expand}}
268	268
269	269
270	270	== Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease ==
271		-{{expand title="Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease" expanded="false"}}
	375	+
	376	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"}}
272	272	**Source:** *Nature Reviews Genetics*
273	273	**Date of Publication:** *2002*
274	274	**Author(s):** *Sarah A. Tishkoff, Scott M. Williams*
275	275	**Title:** *"Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"*
276	276	**DOI:** [10.1038/nrg865](https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg865)
277		-**Subject Matter:** *Population Genetics, Human Evolution, Complex Diseases*
	382	+**Subject Matter:** *Population Genetics, Human Evolution, Complex Diseases*
278	278
279		----
	384	+----
280	280
281		-## **Key Statistics**
	386	+## **Key Statistics**##
	387	+
282	282	1. **General Observations:**
283	283	- Africa harbors **the highest genetic diversity** of any region, making it key to understanding human evolution.
284	284	- The study analyzes **genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in African populations**.
...	...	@@ -291,9 +291,10 @@
291	291	- The **effective population size (Ne) of Africans** is higher than that of non-African populations.
292	292	- LD blocks are **shorter in African genomes**, suggesting more historical recombination events.
293	293
294		----
	400	+----
295	295
296		-## **Findings**
	402	+## **Findings**##
	403	+
297	297	1. **Primary Observations:**
298	298	- African populations are the **most genetically diverse**, supporting the *Recent African Origin* hypothesis.
299	299	- Genetic variation in African populations can **help fine-map complex disease genes**.
...	...	@@ -306,9 +306,10 @@
306	306	- Admixture in African Americans includes **West African and European genetic contributions**.
307	307	- SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) diversity in African genomes **exceeds that of non-African groups**.
308	308
309		----
	416	+----
310	310
311		-## **Critique and Observations**
	418	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	419	+
312	312	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
313	313	- Provides **comprehensive genetic analysis** of diverse African populations.
314	314	- Highlights **how genetic diversity impacts health disparities and disease risks**.
...	...	@@ -321,47 +321,49 @@
321	321	- Expand research into **underrepresented African populations**.
322	322	- Integrate **whole-genome sequencing for a more detailed evolutionary timeline**.
323	323
324		----
	432	+----
325	325
326	326	## **Relevance to Subproject**
327	327	- Supports **genetic models of human evolution** and the **out-of-Africa hypothesis**.
328	328	- Reinforces **Africa’s key role in disease gene mapping and precision medicine**.
329		-- Provides insight into **historical migration patterns and their genetic impact**.
	437	+- Provides insight into **historical migration patterns and their genetic impact**.##
330	330
331		----
	439	+----
332	332
333		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	441	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	442	+
334	334	1. Investigate **genetic adaptations to local environments within Africa**.
335	335	2. Study **the role of African genetic diversity in disease resistance**.
336	336	3. Expand research on **how ancient migration patterns shaped modern genetic structure**.
337	337
338		----
	447	+----
339	339
340	340	## **Summary of Research Study**
341		-This study explores the **genetic diversity of African populations**, analyzing their role in **human evolution and complex disease research**. The findings highlight **Africa’s unique genetic landscape**, confirming it as the most genetically diverse continent. The research provides valuable insights into **how genetic variation influences disease susceptibility, evolution, and population structure**.
	450	+This study explores the **genetic diversity of African populations**, analyzing their role in **human evolution and complex disease research**. The findings highlight **Africa’s unique genetic landscape**, confirming it as the most genetically diverse continent. The research provides valuable insights into **how genetic variation influences disease susceptibility, evolution, and population structure**.##
342	342
343	343	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
344	344
345		----
	454	+----
346	346
347	347	## **📄 Download Full Study**
348		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nrg865MODERN.pdf]]
349		-
	457	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nrg865MODERN.pdf]]##
350	350	{{/expand}}
351	351
352	352
353	353	== Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA ==
354		-{{expand title="Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA" expanded="false"}}
	462	+
	463	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA"}}
355	355	**Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
356	356	**Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
357	357	**Author(s):** *Ali Akbari, Alison R. Barton, Steven Gazal, Zheng Li, Mohammadreza Kariminejad, et al.*
358	358	**Title:** *"Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation"*
359	359	**DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
360		-**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
	469	+**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
361	361
362		----
	471	+----
363	363
364		-## **Key Statistics**
	473	+## **Key Statistics**##
	474	+
365	365	1. **General Observations:**
366	366	- Study analyzes **8,433 ancient individuals** from the past **14,000 years**.
367	367	- Identifies **347 genome-wide significant loci** showing strong selection.
...	...	@@ -374,9 +374,10 @@
374	374	- **10,000 years of directional selection** affected metabolic, immune, and cognitive traits.
375	375	- **Strong selection signals** found for traits like **skin pigmentation, cognitive function, and immunity**.
376	376
377		----
	487	+----
378	378
379		-## **Findings**
	489	+## **Findings**##
	490	+
380	380	1. **Primary Observations:**
381	381	- **Hundreds of alleles have been subject to directional selection** over recent millennia.
382	382	- Traits like **immune function, metabolism, and cognitive performance** show strong selection.
...	...	@@ -390,9 +390,10 @@
390	390	- **Blood type B frequency rose from 0% to 8% in 6,000 years**.
391	391	- **Tuberculosis risk allele** fluctuated from **2% to 9% over 3,000 years before declining**.
392	392
393		----
	504	+----
394	394
395		-## **Critique and Observations**
	506	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	507	+
396	396	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
397	397	- **Largest dataset to date** on natural selection in human ancient DNA.
398	398	- Uses **direct allele frequency tracking instead of indirect measures**.
...	...	@@ -405,44 +405,47 @@
405	405	- Expanding research to **other global populations** to assess universal trends.
406	406	- Investigating **long-term evolutionary trade-offs of selected alleles**.
407	407
408		----
	520	+----
409	409
410	410	## **Relevance to Subproject**
411	411	- Provides **direct evidence of long-term genetic adaptation** in human populations.
412	412	- Supports theories on **polygenic selection shaping human cognition, metabolism, and immunity**.
413		-- Highlights **how past selection pressures may still influence modern health and disease prevalence**.
	525	+- Highlights **how past selection pressures may still influence modern health and disease prevalence**.##
414	414
415		----
	527	+----
416	416
417		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	529	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	530	+
418	418	1. Examine **selection patterns in non-European populations** for comparison.
419	419	2. Investigate **how environmental and cultural shifts influenced genetic selection**.
420	420	3. Explore **the genetic basis of traits linked to past and present-day human survival**.
421	421
422		----
	535	+----
423	423
424	424	## **Summary of Research Study**
425		-This study examines **how human genetic adaptation has unfolded over 14,000 years**, using a **large dataset of ancient DNA**. It highlights **strong selection on immune function, metabolism, and cognitive traits**, revealing **hundreds of loci affected by directional selection**. The findings emphasize **the power of ancient DNA in tracking human evolution and adaptation**.
	538	+This study examines **how human genetic adaptation has unfolded over 14,000 years**, using a **large dataset of ancient DNA**. It highlights **strong selection on immune function, metabolism, and cognitive traits**, revealing **hundreds of loci affected by directional selection**. The findings emphasize **the power of ancient DNA in tracking human evolution and adaptation**.##
426	426
427		----
	540	+----
428	428
429	429	## **📄 Download Full Study**
430		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1101_2024.09.14.613021doi_.pdf]]
431		-
	543	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1101_2024.09.14.613021doi_.pdf]]##
432	432	{{/expand}}
433	433
	546	+
434	434	== Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age ==
435		-{{expand title="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age" expanded="false"}}
	548	+
	549	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
436	436	**Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
437	437	**Date of Publication:** *2013*
438	438	**Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
439	439	**Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
440	440	**DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
441		-**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
	555	+**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
442	442
443		----
	557	+----
444	444
445		-## **Key Statistics**
	559	+## **Key Statistics**##
	560	+
446	446	1. **General Observations:**
447	447	- The study documents how the **heritability of IQ increases with age**, reaching an asymptote at **0.80 by adulthood**.
448	448	- Analysis is based on **longitudinal twin and adoption studies**.
...	...	@@ -455,9 +455,10 @@
455	455	- Data from the **Louisville Longitudinal Twin Study and cross-national twin samples** support findings.
456	456	- IQ stability over time is **influenced more by genetics than by shared environmental factors**.
457	457
458		----
	573	+----
459	459
460		-## **Findings**
	575	+## **Findings**##
	576	+
461	461	1. **Primary Observations:**
462	462	- Intelligence heritability **strengthens throughout development**, contrary to early environmental models.
463	463	- Shared environmental effects **decrease by late adolescence**, emphasizing **genetic influence in adulthood**.
...	...	@@ -470,9 +470,10 @@
470	470	- Longitudinal adoption studies show **declining impact of adoptive parental influence on IQ** as children age.
471	471	- Cross-sectional twin data confirm **higher IQ correlations for monozygotic twins in adulthood**.
472	472
473		----
	589	+----
474	474
475		-## **Critique and Observations**
	591	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	592	+
476	476	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
477	477	- **Robust dataset covering multiple twin and adoption studies over decades**.
478	478	- **Clear, replicable trend** demonstrating the increasing role of genetics in intelligence.
...	...	@@ -485,46 +485,49 @@
485	485	- Future research should investigate **gene-environment interactions in cognitive aging**.
486	486	- Examine **heritability trends in non-Western populations** to determine cross-cultural consistency.
487	487
488		----
	605	+----
489	489
490	490	## **Relevance to Subproject**
491	491	- Provides **strong evidence for the genetic basis of intelligence**.
492	492	- Highlights the **diminishing role of shared environment in cognitive development**.
493		-- Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.
	610	+- Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.##
494	494
495		----
	612	+----
496	496
497		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	614	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	615	+
498	498	1. Investigate **neurogenetic pathways underlying IQ development**.
499	499	2. Examine **how education and socioeconomic factors interact with genetic IQ influences**.
500	500	3. Study **heritability trends in aging populations and cognitive decline**.
501	501
502		----
	620	+----
503	503
504	504	## **Summary of Research Study**
505		-This study documents **The Wilson Effect**, demonstrating how the **heritability of IQ increases throughout development**, reaching a plateau of **0.80 by adulthood**. The findings indicate that **shared environmental effects diminish with age**, while **genetic influences on intelligence strengthen**. Using **longitudinal twin and adoption data**, the research provides **strong empirical support for the increasing role of genetics in cognitive ability over time**.
	623	+This study documents **The Wilson Effect**, demonstrating how the **heritability of IQ increases throughout development**, reaching a plateau of **0.80 by adulthood**. The findings indicate that **shared environmental effects diminish with age**, while **genetic influences on intelligence strengthen**. Using **longitudinal twin and adoption data**, the research provides **strong empirical support for the increasing role of genetics in cognitive ability over time**.##
506	506
507	507	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
508	508
509		----
	627	+----
510	510
511	511	## **📄 Download Full Study**
512		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1017_thg.2013.54.pdf]]
513		-
	630	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1017_thg.2013.54.pdf]]##
514	514	{{/expand}}
515	515
	633	+
516	516	== Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications ==
517		-{{expand title="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications" expanded="false"}}
	635	+
	636	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
518	518	**Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
519	519	**Date of Publication:** *2010*
520	520	**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
521	521	**Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
522	522	**DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
523		-**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
	642	+**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
524	524
525		----
	644	+----
526	526
527		-## **Key Statistics**
	646	+## **Key Statistics**##
	647	+
528	528	1. **General Observations:**
529	529	- The study argues that **Homo sapiens is polytypic**, meaning it consists of multiple subspecies rather than a single monotypic species.
530	530	- Examines **genetic diversity, morphological variation, and evolutionary lineage** in humans.
...	...	@@ -537,9 +537,10 @@
537	537	- The study evaluates **FST values (genetic differentiation measure)** and argues that human genetic differentiation is comparable to that of recognized subspecies in other species.
538	538	- Considers **phylogenetic species concepts** in defining human variation.
539	539
540		----
	660	+----
541	541
542		-## **Findings**
	662	+## **Findings**##
	663	+
543	543	1. **Primary Observations:**
544	544	- Proposes that **modern human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**.
545	545	- Highlights **medical and evolutionary implications** of human taxonomic diversity.
...	...	@@ -552,9 +552,10 @@
552	552	- Evaluates how **genetic markers correlate with population structure**.
553	553	- Addresses the **controversy over race classification in modern anthropology**.
554	554
555		----
	676	+----
556	556
557		-## **Critique and Observations**
	678	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	679	+
558	558	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
559	559	- Uses **comparative species analysis** to assess human classification.
560	560	- Provides a **biological perspective** on the race concept, moving beyond social constructivism arguments.
...	...	@@ -567,47 +567,49 @@
567	567	- Further research should **incorporate whole-genome studies** to refine subspecies classifications.
568	568	- Investigate **how admixture affects taxonomic classification over time**.
569	569
570		----
	692	+----
571	571
572	572	## **Relevance to Subproject**
573	573	- Contributes to discussions on **evolutionary taxonomy and species classification**.
574	574	- Provides evidence on **genetic differentiation among human populations**.
575		-- Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.
	697	+- Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.##
576	576
577		----
	699	+----
578	578
579		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	701	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	702	+
580	580	1. Examine **FST values in modern and ancient human populations**.
581	581	2. Investigate how **adaptive evolution influences population differentiation**.
582	582	3. Explore **the impact of genetic diversity on medical treatments and disease susceptibility**.
583	583
584		----
	707	+----
585	585
586	586	## **Summary of Research Study**
587		-This study evaluates **whether Homo sapiens should be classified as a polytypic species**, analyzing **genetic diversity, evolutionary lineage, and morphological variation**. Using comparative analysis with other primates and mammals, the research suggests that **human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**, with implications for **evolutionary biology, anthropology, and medicine**.
	710	+This study evaluates **whether Homo sapiens should be classified as a polytypic species**, analyzing **genetic diversity, evolutionary lineage, and morphological variation**. Using comparative analysis with other primates and mammals, the research suggests that **human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**, with implications for **evolutionary biology, anthropology, and medicine**.##
588	588
589	589	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
590	590
591		----
	714	+----
592	592
593	593	## **📄 Download Full Study**
594		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.mehy.2009.07.046.pdf]]
595		-
	717	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.mehy.2009.07.046.pdf]]##
596	596	{{/expand}}
597	597
598	598
599	599	== Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media ==
600		-{{expand title="Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media" expanded="false"}}
	722	+
	723	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"}}
601	601	**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
602	602	**Date of Publication:** *2019*
603	603	**Author(s):** *Heiner Rindermann, David Becker, Thomas R. Coyle*
604	604	**Title:** *"Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"*
605	605	**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
606		-**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
	729	+**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
607	607
608		----
	731	+----
609	609
610		-## **Key Statistics**
	733	+## **Key Statistics**##
	734	+
611	611	1. **General Observations:**
612	612	- Survey of **102 experts** on intelligence research and public discourse.
613	613	- Evaluated experts' backgrounds, political affiliations, and views on controversial topics in intelligence research.
...	...	@@ -620,9 +620,10 @@
620	620	- Experts rated media coverage of intelligence research as **poor (avg. 3.1 on a 9-point scale)**.
621	621	- **50% of experts attributed US Black-White IQ differences to genetic factors, 50% to environmental factors**.
622	622
623		----
	747	+----
624	624
625		-## **Findings**
	749	+## **Findings**##
	750	+
626	626	1. **Primary Observations:**
627	627	- Experts overwhelmingly support **the g-factor theory of intelligence**.
628	628	- **Heritability of intelligence** was widely accepted, though views differed on race and group differences.
...	...	@@ -635,9 +635,10 @@
635	635	- The study compared **media coverage of intelligence research** with expert opinions.
636	636	- Found a **disconnect between journalists and intelligence researchers**, especially regarding politically sensitive issues.
637	637
638		----
	763	+----
639	639
640		-## **Critique and Observations**
	765	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	766	+
641	641	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
642	642	- **Largest expert survey on intelligence research** to date.
643	643	- Provides insight into **how political orientation influences scientific perspectives**.
...	...	@@ -650,47 +650,49 @@
650	650	- Future studies should include **a broader range of global experts**.
651	651	- Additional research needed on **media biases and misrepresentation of intelligence research**.
652	652
653		----
	779	+----
654	654
655	655	## **Relevance to Subproject**
656	656	- Provides insight into **expert consensus and division on intelligence research**.
657	657	- Highlights the **role of media bias** in shaping public perception of intelligence science.
658		-- Useful for understanding **the intersection of science, politics, and public discourse** on intelligence research.
	784	+- Useful for understanding **the intersection of science, politics, and public discourse** on intelligence research.##
659	659
660		----
	786	+----
661	661
662		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	788	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	789	+
663	663	1. Examine **cross-national differences** in expert opinions on intelligence.
664	664	2. Investigate how **media bias impacts public understanding of intelligence research**.
665	665	3. Conduct follow-up studies with **a more diverse expert pool** to test findings.
666	666
667		----
	794	+----
668	668
669	669	## **Summary of Research Study**
670		-This study surveys **expert opinions on intelligence research**, analyzing **how backgrounds, political ideologies, and media representation influence perspectives on intelligence**. The findings highlight **divisions in scientific consensus**, particularly on **genetic vs. environmental causes of IQ disparities**. Additionally, the research uncovers **widespread dissatisfaction with media portrayals of intelligence research**, pointing to **the impact of ideological biases on public discourse**.
	797	+This study surveys **expert opinions on intelligence research**, analyzing **how backgrounds, political ideologies, and media representation influence perspectives on intelligence**. The findings highlight **divisions in scientific consensus**, particularly on **genetic vs. environmental causes of IQ disparities**. Additionally, the research uncovers **widespread dissatisfaction with media portrayals of intelligence research**, pointing to **the impact of ideological biases on public discourse**.##
671	671
672	672	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
673	673
674		----
	801	+----
675	675
676	676	## **📄 Download Full Study**
677		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2019.101406.pdf]]
678		-
	804	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2019.101406.pdf]]##
679	679	{{/expand}}
680	680
681	681
682	682	== Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation ==
683		-{{expand title="Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation" expanded="false"}}
	809	+
	810	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"}}
684	684	**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
685	685	**Date of Publication:** *2015*
686	686	**Author(s):** *Davide Piffer*
687	687	**Title:** *"A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"*
688	688	**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
689		-**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
	816	+**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
690	690
691		----
	818	+----
692	692
693		-## **Key Statistics**
	820	+## **Key Statistics**##
	821	+
694	694	1. **General Observations:**
695	695	- Study analyzed **genome-wide association studies (GWAS) hits** linked to intelligence.
696	696	- Found a **strong correlation (r = .91) between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**.
...	...	@@ -703,9 +703,10 @@
703	703	- GWAS intelligence SNPs predicted **IQ levels more strongly than random genetic markers**.
704	704	- Genetic differentiation (Fst values) showed that **selection pressure, rather than drift, influenced intelligence-related allele distributions**.
705	705
706		----
	834	+----
707	707
708		-## **Findings**
	836	+## **Findings**##
	837	+
709	709	1. **Primary Observations:**
710	710	- Intelligence-associated SNP frequencies correlate **highly with national IQ levels**.
711	711	- Genetic selection for intelligence appears **stronger than selection for height-related genes**.
...	...	@@ -718,9 +718,10 @@
718	718	- Polygenic scores using **intelligence-related alleles significantly outperformed random SNPs** in predicting IQ.
719	719	- Selection pressures **may explain differences in global intelligence distribution** beyond genetic drift effects.
720	720
721		----
	850	+----
722	722
723		-## **Critique and Observations**
	852	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	853	+
724	724	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
725	725	- **Comprehensive genetic analysis** of intelligence-linked SNPs.
726	726	- Uses **multiple statistical methods (factor analysis, Fst analysis) to confirm results**.
...	...	@@ -733,35 +733,37 @@
733	733	- Larger **cross-population GWAS studies** needed to validate findings.
734	734	- Investigate **non-genetic contributors to IQ variance** in addition to genetic factors.
735	735
736		----
	866	+----
737	737
738	738	## **Relevance to Subproject**
739	739	- Supports research on **genetic influences on intelligence at a population level**.
740	740	- Aligns with broader discussions on **cognitive genetics and natural selection effects**.
741		-- Provides a **quantitative framework for analyzing polygenic selection in intelligence studies**.
	871	+- Provides a **quantitative framework for analyzing polygenic selection in intelligence studies**.##
742	742
743		----
	873	+----
744	744
745		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	875	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	876	+
746	746	1. Conduct **expanded GWAS studies** including diverse populations.
747	747	2. Investigate **gene-environment interactions influencing intelligence**.
748	748	3. Explore **historical selection pressures shaping intelligence-related alleles**.
749	749
750		----
	881	+----
751	751
752	752	## **Summary of Research Study**
753		-This study reviews **genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings on intelligence**, demonstrating a **strong correlation between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**. The research highlights how **genetic selection may explain population-level cognitive differences beyond genetic drift effects**. Intelligence-linked alleles showed **higher variability across populations than height-related alleles**, suggesting stronger selection pressures.
	884	+This study reviews **genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings on intelligence**, demonstrating a **strong correlation between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**. The research highlights how **genetic selection may explain population-level cognitive differences beyond genetic drift effects**. Intelligence-linked alleles showed **higher variability across populations than height-related alleles**, suggesting stronger selection pressures.  ##
754	754
755	755	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
756	756
757		----
	888	+----
758	758
759	759	## **📄 Download Full Study**
760		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2015.08.008.pdf]]
761		-
	891	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2015.08.008.pdf]]##
762	762	{{/expand}}
763	763
	894	+
764	764	== Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding ==
	896	+
765	765	{{expand expanded="false" title="Click here to expand details"}}
766	766	**Source:** Journal of Genetic Epidemiology
767	767	**Date of Publication:** 2024-01-15
...	...	@@ -768,11 +768,11 @@
768	768	**Author(s):** Smith et al.
769	769	**Title:** "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"
770	770	**DOI:** [https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235)
771		-**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
	903	+**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
772	772
773	773	**Tags:** `Genetics` `Race & Ethnicity` `Biomedical Research`
774	774
775		-=== **Key Statistics** ===
	907	+ **Key Statistics**
776	776
777	777	1. **General Observations:**
778	778	- A near-perfect alignment between self-identified race/ethnicity (SIRE) and genetic ancestry was observed.
...	...	@@ -782,12 +782,12 @@
782	782	- Four groups analyzed: **White, African American, East Asian, and Hispanic**.
783	783	- Hispanic genetic clusters showed significant European and Native American lineage.
784	784
785		-=== **Findings** ===
	917	+ **Findings**
786	786
787	787	- Self-identified race strongly aligns with genetic ancestry.
788	788	- Minor discrepancies exist but do not significantly impact classification.
789	789
790		-=== **Relevance to Subproject** ===
	922	+ **Relevance to Subproject**
791	791
792	792	- Reinforces the reliability of **self-reported racial identity** in genetic research.
793	793	- Highlights **policy considerations** in biomedical studies.
...	...	@@ -794,22 +794,25 @@
794	794	{{/expand}}
795	795
796	796
797		----
	929	+----
798	798
799	799	= Dating and Interpersonal Relationships =
800	800
	933	+
801	801	== Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018 ==
802		-{{expand title="Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018" expanded="false"}}
	935	+
	936	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018"}}
803	803	**Source:** *JAMA Network Open*
804	804	**Date of Publication:** *2020*
805	805	**Author(s):** *Ueda P, Mercer CH, Ghaznavi C, Herbenick D.*
806	806	**Title:** *"Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018"*
807	807	**DOI:** [10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833](https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833)
808		-**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Sexual Behavior, Demography*
	942	+**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Sexual Behavior, Demography*
809	809
810		----
	944	+----
811	811
812		-## **Key Statistics**
	946	+## **Key Statistics**##
	947	+
813	813	1. **General Observations:**
814	814	- Study analyzed **General Social Survey (2000-2018)** data.
815	815	- Found **declining trends in sexual activity** among young adults.
...	...	@@ -822,9 +822,10 @@
822	822	- Frequency of sexual activity decreased by **8-10%** over the studied period.
823	823	- Number of sexual partners remained **relatively stable** despite declining activity rates.
824	824
825		----
	960	+----
826	826
827		-## **Findings**
	962	+## **Findings**##
	963	+
828	828	1. **Primary Observations:**
829	829	- A significant decline in sexual frequency, especially among **younger men**.
830	830	- Shifts in relationship dynamics and economic stressors may contribute to the trend.
...	...	@@ -837,9 +837,10 @@
837	837	- **Mental health and employment status** were correlated with decreased activity.
838	838	- Social factors such as **screen time and digital entertainment consumption** are potential contributors.
839	839
840		----
	976	+----
841	841
842		-## **Critique and Observations**
	978	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	979	+
843	843	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
844	844	- **Large sample size** from a nationally representative dataset.
845	845	- **Longitudinal design** enables trend analysis over time.
...	...	@@ -852,26 +852,27 @@
852	852	- Further studies should incorporate **qualitative data** on behavioral shifts.
853	853	- Additional factors such as **economic shifts and social media usage** need exploration.
854	854
855		----
	992	+----
856	856
857	857	## **Relevance to Subproject**
858	858	- Provides evidence on **changing demographic behaviors** in relation to relationships and social interactions.
859		-- Highlights the role of **mental health, employment, and societal changes** in personal behaviors.
	996	+- Highlights the role of **mental health, employment, and societal changes** in personal behaviors.##
860	860
861		----
	998	+----
862	862
863		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	1000	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1001	+
864	864	1. Investigate the **impact of digital media consumption** on relationship dynamics.
865	865	2. Examine **regional and cultural differences** in sexual activity trends.
866	866
867		----
	1005	+----
868	868
869	869	## **Summary of Research Study**
870		-This study examines **trends in sexual frequency and number of partners among U.S. adults (2000-2018)**, highlighting significant **declines in sexual activity, particularly among young men**. The research utilized **General Social Survey data** to analyze the impact of **sociodemographic factors, employment status, and mental well-being** on sexual behavior.
	1008	+This study examines **trends in sexual frequency and number of partners among U.S. adults (2000-2018)**, highlighting significant **declines in sexual activity, particularly among young men**. The research utilized **General Social Survey data** to analyze the impact of **sociodemographic factors, employment status, and mental well-being** on sexual behavior.  ##
871	871
872	872	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study's contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
873	873
874		----
	1012	+----
875	875
876	876	## **📄 Download Full Study**
877	877	{{velocity}}
...	...	@@ -881,24 +881,24 @@
881	881	[[Download>>attach:$filename]]
882	882	#else
883	883	{{html}}<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">🚨 PDF Not Available 🚨</span>{{/html}}
884		-#end
885		-{{/velocity}}
886		-
	1022	+#end {{/velocity}}##
887	887	{{/expand}}
888	888
889	889
890	890	== Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ==
891		-{{expand title="Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" expanded="false"}}
	1027	+
	1028	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"}}
892	892	**Source:** *Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica*
893	893	**Date of Publication:** *2012*
894	894	**Author(s):** *Ravisha M. Srinivasjois, Shreya Shah, Prakesh S. Shah, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births*
895	895	**Title:** *"Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"*
896	896	**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
897		-**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
	1034	+**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
898	898
899		----
	1036	+----
900	900
901		-## **Key Statistics**
	1038	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1039	+
902	902	1. **General Observations:**
903	903	- Meta-analysis of **26,335,596 singleton births** from eight studies.
904	904	- **Higher risk of adverse birth outcomes in biracial couples** than White couples, but lower than Black couples.
...	...	@@ -913,9 +913,10 @@
913	913	- **Preterm births (PTB):** WMBF (1.17), BMWF (1.37), BMBF (1.78).
914	914	- **Stillbirths:** WMBF (1.43), BMWF (1.51), BMBF (1.85).
915	915
916		----
	1054	+----
917	917
918		-## **Findings**
	1056	+## **Findings**##
	1057	+
919	919	1. **Primary Observations:**
920	920	- **Biracial couples face a gradient of risk**: higher than White couples but lower than Black couples.
921	921	- **Maternal race plays a more significant role** in pregnancy outcomes.
...	...	@@ -928,9 +928,10 @@
928	928	- The **weathering hypothesis** suggests that **long-term stress exposure** contributes to higher adverse birth risks in Black mothers.
929	929	- **Genetic and environmental factors** may interact to influence birth outcomes.
930	930
931		----
	1070	+----
932	932
933		-## **Critique and Observations**
	1072	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1073	+
934	934	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
935	935	- **Largest meta-analysis** on racial disparities in birth outcomes.
936	936	- Uses **adjusted statistical models** to account for confounding variables.
...	...	@@ -943,45 +943,47 @@
943	943	- Future studies should examine **Asian, Hispanic, and Indigenous biracial couples**.
944	944	- Investigate **long-term health effects on infants from biracial pregnancies**.
945	945
946		----
	1086	+----
947	947
948	948	## **Relevance to Subproject**
949	949	- Provides **critical insights into racial disparities** in maternal and infant health.
950	950	- Supports **research on genetic and environmental influences on neonatal health**.
951		-- Highlights **how maternal race plays a more significant role than paternal race** in birth outcomes.
	1091	+- Highlights **how maternal race plays a more significant role than paternal race** in birth outcomes.##
952	952
953		----
	1093	+----
954	954
955		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	1095	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1096	+
956	956	1. Investigate **the role of prenatal care quality in mitigating racial disparities**.
957	957	2. Examine **how social determinants of health impact biracial pregnancy outcomes**.
958	958	3. Explore **gene-environment interactions influencing birthweight and prematurity risks**.
959	959
960		----
	1101	+----
961	961
962	962	## **Summary of Research Study**
963		-This meta-analysis examines **the impact of biracial parentage on birth outcomes**, showing that **biracial couples face a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than White couples but lower than Black couples**. The findings emphasize **maternal race as a key factor in birth risks**, with **Black mothers having the highest rates of preterm birth and low birthweight, regardless of paternal race**.
	1104	+This meta-analysis examines **the impact of biracial parentage on birth outcomes**, showing that **biracial couples face a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than White couples but lower than Black couples**. The findings emphasize **maternal race as a key factor in birth risks**, with **Black mothers having the highest rates of preterm birth and low birthweight, regardless of paternal race**.##
964	964
965		----
	1106	+----
966	966
967	967	## **📄 Download Full Study**
968		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1600-0412.2012.01501.xAbstract.pdf]]
969		-
	1109	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1600-0412.2012.01501.xAbstract.pdf]]##
970	970	{{/expand}}
971	971
972	972
973	973	== Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness ==
974		-{{expand title="Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness" expanded="false"}}
	1114	+
	1115	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
975	975	**Source:** *Current Psychology*
976	976	**Date of Publication:** *2024*
977	977	**Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
978	978	**Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
979	979	**DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
980		-**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
	1121	+**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
981	981
982		----
	1123	+----
983	983
984		-## **Key Statistics**
	1125	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1126	+
985	985	1. **General Observations:**
986	986	- Study analyzed **67 self-identified incels** and **103 non-incel men**.
987	987	- Incels reported **higher loneliness and lower social support** compared to non-incels.
...	...	@@ -994,9 +994,10 @@
994	994	- 95% of incels in the study reported **having depression**, with 38% receiving a formal diagnosis.
995	995	- **Higher externalization of blame** was linked to stronger incel identification.
996	996
997		----
	1139	+----
998	998
999		-## **Findings**
	1141	+## **Findings**##
	1142	+
1000	1000	1. **Primary Observations:**
1001	1001	- Incels experience **heightened rejection sensitivity and loneliness**.
1002	1002	- Lack of social support correlates with **worse mental health outcomes**.
...	...	@@ -1009,9 +1009,10 @@
1009	1009	- Incels **engaged in fewer positive coping mechanisms** such as emotional support or positive reframing.
1010	1010	- Instead, they relied on **solitary coping strategies**, worsening their isolation.
1011	1011
1012		----
	1155	+----
1013	1013
1014		-## **Critique and Observations**
	1157	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1158	+
1015	1015	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1016	1016	- **First quantitative study** on incels’ social isolation and mental health.
1017	1017	- **Robust sample size** and validated psychological measures.
...	...	@@ -1024,131 +1024,52 @@
1024	1024	- Future studies should **compare incel forum users vs. non-users**.
1025	1025	- Investigate **potential intervention strategies** for social integration.
1026	1026
1027		----
	1171	+----
1028	1028
1029	1029	## **Relevance to Subproject**
1030	1030	- Highlights **mental health vulnerabilities** within the incel community.
1031	1031	- Supports research on **loneliness, attachment styles, and social dominance orientation**.
1032		-- Examines how **peer rejection influences self-perceived mate value**.
	1176	+- Examines how **peer rejection influences self-perceived mate value**.##
1033	1033
1034		----
	1178	+----
1035	1035
1036		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	1180	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1181	+
1037	1037	1. Explore how **online community participation** affects incel mental health.
1038	1038	2. Investigate **cognitive biases** influencing self-perceived rejection among incels.
1039	1039	3. Assess **therapeutic interventions** to address incel social isolation.
1040	1040
1041		----
	1186	+----
1042	1042
1043	1043	## **Summary of Research Study**
1044		-This study examines the **psychological characteristics of self-identified incels**, comparing them with non-incel men in terms of **mental health, loneliness, and coping strategies**. The research found **higher depression, anxiety, and avoidant attachment styles among incels**, as well as **greater reliance on solitary coping mechanisms**. It suggests that **lack of social support plays a critical role in exacerbating incel identity and related mental health concerns**.
	1189	+This study examines the **psychological characteristics of self-identified incels**, comparing them with non-incel men in terms of **mental health, loneliness, and coping strategies**. The research found **higher depression, anxiety, and avoidant attachment styles among incels**, as well as **greater reliance on solitary coping mechanisms**. It suggests that **lack of social support plays a critical role in exacerbating incel identity and related mental health concerns**.##
1045	1045
1046	1046	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
1047	1047
1048		----
	1193	+----
1049	1049
1050	1050	## **📄 Download Full Study**
1051		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]
1052		-
	1196	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]##
1053	1053	{{/expand}}
1054	1054
1055	1055
1056	1056	= Crime and Substance Abuse =
1057	1057
1058		-== Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys ==
1059		-{{expand title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys" expanded="false"}}
1060		-**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
1061		-**Date of Publication:** *2003*
1062		-**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
1063		-**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
1064		-**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
1065		-**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
1066	1066
1067		----
1068		-
1069		-## **Key Statistics**
1070		-1. **General Observations:**
1071		- - Study examined **how racial and cultural factors influence self-reported substance use data**.
1072		- - Analyzed **36 empirical studies from 1977–2003** on survey reliability across racial/ethnic groups.
1073		-
1074		-2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
1075		- - Black and Latino respondents **were more likely to underreport drug use** compared to White respondents.
1076		- - **Cultural stigma and distrust in research institutions** affected self-report accuracy.
1077		-
1078		-3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
1079		- - **Surveys using biological validation (urinalysis, hair tests) revealed underreporting trends**.
1080		- - **Higher recantation rates** (denying past drug use) were observed among minority respondents.
1081		-
1082		----
1083		-
1084		-## **Findings**
1085		-1. **Primary Observations:**
1086		- - Racial/ethnic disparities in **substance use reporting bias survey-based research**.
1087		- - **Social desirability and cultural norms impact data reliability**.
1088		-
1089		-2. **Subgroup Trends:**
1090		- - White respondents were **more likely to overreport** substance use.
1091		- - Black and Latino respondents **had higher recantation rates**, particularly in face-to-face interviews.
1092		-
1093		-3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
1094		- - Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
1095		- - **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
1096		-
1097		----
1098		-
1099		-## **Critique and Observations**
1100		-1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1101		- - **Comprehensive review of 36 studies** on measurement error in substance use reporting.
1102		- - Identifies **systemic biases affecting racial/ethnic survey reliability**.
1103		-
1104		-2. **Limitations of the Study:**
1105		- - Relies on **secondary data analysis**, limiting direct experimental control.
1106		- - Does not explore **how measurement error impacts policy decisions**.
1107		-
1108		-3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
1109		- - Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
1110		- - Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
1111		-
1112		----
1113		-
1114		-## **Relevance to Subproject**
1115		-- Supports research on **racial disparities in self-reported health behaviors**.
1116		-- Highlights **survey methodology issues that impact substance use epidemiology**.
1117		-- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.
1118		-
1119		----
1120		-
1121		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
1122		-1. Investigate **how survey design impacts racial disparities in self-reported health data**.
1123		-2. Study **alternative data collection methods (biometric validation, passive data tracking)**.
1124		-3. Explore **the role of social stigma in self-reported health behaviors**.
1125		-
1126		----
1127		-
1128		-## **Summary of Research Study**
1129		-This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.
1130		-
1131		-This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
1132		-
1133		----
1134		-
1135		-## **📄 Download Full Study**
1136		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]
1137		-
1138		-{{/expand}}
1139		-
1140	1140	== Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program ==
1141		-{{expand title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program" expanded="false"}}
	1204	+
	1205	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
1142	1142	**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
1143	1143	**Date of Publication:** *2002*
1144	1144	**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
1145	1145	**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
1146	1146	**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
1147		-**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
	1211	+**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
1148	1148
1149		----
	1213	+----
1150	1150
1151		-## **Key Statistics**
	1215	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1216	+
1152	1152	1. **General Observations:**
1153	1153	- Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
1154	1154	- Strongest predictors of **successful completion were employment status and race**.
...	...	@@ -1161,9 +1161,10 @@
1161	1161	- **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
1162	1162	- Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
1163	1163
1164		----
	1229	+----
1165	1165
1166		-## **Findings**
	1231	+## **Findings**##
	1232	+
1167	1167	1. **Primary Observations:**
1168	1168	- **Social stability factors** (employment, education) were key to treatment success.
1169	1169	- **Race and pre-existing substance use patterns** influenced completion rates.
...	...	@@ -1176,9 +1176,10 @@
1176	1176	- **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
1177	1177	- Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
1178	1178
1179		----
	1245	+----
1180	1180
1181		-## **Critique and Observations**
	1247	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1248	+
1182	1182	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1183	1183	- **First empirical study on drug court program success factors**.
1184	1184	- Uses **longitudinal data** for post-treatment analysis.
...	...	@@ -1191,46 +1191,49 @@
1191	1191	- Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
1192	1192	- Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
1193	1193
1194		----
	1261	+----
1195	1195
1196	1196	## **Relevance to Subproject**
1197	1197	- Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
1198	1198	- Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
1199		-- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.
	1266	+- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
1200	1200
1201		----
	1268	+----
1202	1202
1203		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	1270	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1271	+
1204	1204	1. Investigate **the role of mental health in drug court success rates**.
1205	1205	2. Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
1206	1206	3. Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
1207	1207
1208		----
	1276	+----
1209	1209
1210	1210	## **Summary of Research Study**
1211		-This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.
	1279	+This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
1212	1212
1213	1213	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
1214	1214
1215		----
	1283	+----
1216	1216
1217	1217	## **📄 Download Full Study**
1218		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]
1219		-
	1286	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
1220	1220	{{/expand}}
1221	1221
	1289	+
1222	1222	== Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys ==
1223		-{{expand title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys" expanded="false"}}
	1291	+
	1292	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
1224	1224	**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
1225	1225	**Date of Publication:** *2003*
1226	1226	**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
1227	1227	**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
1228	1228	**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
1229		-**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
	1298	+**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
1230	1230
1231		----
	1300	+----
1232	1232
1233		-## **Key Statistics**
	1302	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1303	+
1234	1234	1. **General Observations:**
1235	1235	- Study examined **how racial and cultural factors influence self-reported substance use data**.
1236	1236	- Analyzed **36 empirical studies from 1977–2003** on survey reliability across racial/ethnic groups.
...	...	@@ -1243,9 +1243,10 @@
1243	1243	- **Surveys using biological validation (urinalysis, hair tests) revealed underreporting trends**.
1244	1244	- **Higher recantation rates** (denying past drug use) were observed among minority respondents.
1245	1245
1246		----
	1316	+----
1247	1247
1248		-## **Findings**
	1318	+## **Findings**##
	1319	+
1249	1249	1. **Primary Observations:**
1250	1250	- Racial/ethnic disparities in **substance use reporting bias survey-based research**.
1251	1251	- **Social desirability and cultural norms impact data reliability**.
...	...	@@ -1258,9 +1258,10 @@
1258	1258	- Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
1259	1259	- **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
1260	1260
1261		----
	1332	+----
1262	1262
1263		-## **Critique and Observations**
	1334	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1335	+
1264	1264	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1265	1265	- **Comprehensive review of 36 studies** on measurement error in substance use reporting.
1266	1266	- Identifies **systemic biases affecting racial/ethnic survey reliability**.
...	...	@@ -1273,47 +1273,49 @@
1273	1273	- Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
1274	1274	- Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
1275	1275
1276		----
	1348	+----
1277	1277
1278	1278	## **Relevance to Subproject**
1279	1279	- Supports research on **racial disparities in self-reported health behaviors**.
1280	1280	- Highlights **survey methodology issues that impact substance use epidemiology**.
1281		-- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.
	1353	+- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.##
1282	1282
1283		----
	1355	+----
1284	1284
1285		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	1357	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1358	+
1286	1286	1. Investigate **how survey design impacts racial disparities in self-reported health data**.
1287	1287	2. Study **alternative data collection methods (biometric validation, passive data tracking)**.
1288	1288	3. Explore **the role of social stigma in self-reported health behaviors**.
1289	1289
1290		----
	1363	+----
1291	1291
1292	1292	## **Summary of Research Study**
1293		-This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.
	1366	+This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.##
1294	1294
1295	1295	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
1296	1296
1297		----
	1370	+----
1298	1298
1299	1299	## **📄 Download Full Study**
1300		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]
1301		-
	1373	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]##
1302	1302	{{/expand}}
1303	1303
1304	1304
1305	1305	== Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program ==
1306		-{{expand title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program" expanded="false"}}
	1378	+
	1379	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
1307	1307	**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
1308	1308	**Date of Publication:** *2002*
1309	1309	**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
1310	1310	**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
1311	1311	**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
1312		-**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
	1385	+**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
1313	1313
1314		----
	1387	+----
1315	1315
1316		-## **Key Statistics**
	1389	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1390	+
1317	1317	1. **General Observations:**
1318	1318	- Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
1319	1319	- Strongest predictors of **successful completion were employment status and race**.
...	...	@@ -1326,9 +1326,10 @@
1326	1326	- **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
1327	1327	- Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
1328	1328
1329		----
	1403	+----
1330	1330
1331		-## **Findings**
	1405	+## **Findings**##
	1406	+
1332	1332	1. **Primary Observations:**
1333	1333	- **Social stability factors** (employment, education) were key to treatment success.
1334	1334	- **Race and pre-existing substance use patterns** influenced completion rates.
...	...	@@ -1341,9 +1341,10 @@
1341	1341	- **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
1342	1342	- Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
1343	1343
1344		----
	1419	+----
1345	1345
1346		-## **Critique and Observations**
	1421	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1422	+
1347	1347	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1348	1348	- **First empirical study on drug court program success factors**.
1349	1349	- Uses **longitudinal data** for post-treatment analysis.
...	...	@@ -1356,36 +1356,39 @@
1356	1356	- Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
1357	1357	- Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
1358	1358
1359		----
	1435	+----
1360	1360
1361	1361	## **Relevance to Subproject**
1362	1362	- Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
1363	1363	- Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
1364		-- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.
	1440	+- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
1365	1365
1366		----
	1442	+----
1367	1367
1368		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	1444	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1445	+
1369	1369	1. Investigate **the role of mental health in drug court success rates**.
1370	1370	2. Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
1371	1371	3. Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
1372	1372
1373		----
	1450	+----
1374	1374
1375	1375	## **Summary of Research Study**
1376		-This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.
	1453	+This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
1377	1377
1378	1378	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
1379	1379
1380		----
	1457	+----
1381	1381
1382	1382	## **📄 Download Full Study**
1383		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]
1384		-
	1460	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
1385	1385	{{/expand}}
1386	1386
	1463	+
1387	1387	== Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults ==
1388		-{{expand title="Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults" expanded="false"}} Source: Addictive Behaviors
	1465	+
	1466	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"}}
	1467	+ Source: Addictive Behaviors
1389	1389	Date of Publication: 2016
1390	1390	Author(s): Andrea Hussong, Christy Capron, Gregory T. Smith, Jennifer L. Maggs
1391	1391	Title: "Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"
...	...	@@ -1446,22 +1446,23 @@
1446	1446
1447	1447	📄 Download Full Study
1448	1448	[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.addbeh.2016.02.030.pdf]]
1449		-
1450	1450	{{/expand}}
1451	1451
1452	1452
1453	1453	== Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time? ==
1454		-{{expand title="Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?" expanded="false"}}
	1532	+
	1533	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
1455	1455	**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
1456	1456	**Date of Publication:** *2014*
1457	1457	**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley, Jan te Nijenhuis, Raegan Murphy*
1458	1458	**Title:** *"Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"*
1459	1459	**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
1460		-**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
	1539	+**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
1461	1461
1462		----
	1541	+----
1463	1463
1464		-## **Key Statistics**
	1543	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1544	+
1465	1465	1. **General Observations:**
1466	1466	- The study examines reaction time data from **13 age-matched studies** spanning **1884–2004**.
1467	1467	- Results suggest an estimated **decline of 13.35 IQ points** over this period.
...	...	@@ -1474,9 +1474,10 @@
1474	1474	- The estimated **dysgenic rate is 1.21 IQ points lost per decade**.
1475	1475	- Meta-regression analysis confirmed a **steady secular trend in slowing reaction time**.
1476	1476
1477		----
	1557	+----
1478	1478
1479		-## **Findings**
	1559	+## **Findings**##
	1560	+
1480	1480	1. **Primary Observations:**
1481	1481	- Supports the hypothesis of **intelligence decline due to genetic and environmental factors**.
1482	1482	- Reaction time, a **biomarker for cognitive ability**, has slowed significantly over time.
...	...	@@ -1489,9 +1489,10 @@
1489	1489	- Cross-national comparisons indicate a **global trend in slower reaction times**.
1490	1490	- Factors like **modern neurotoxin exposure** and **reduced selective pressure for intelligence** may contribute.
1491	1491
1492		----
	1573	+----
1493	1493
1494		-## **Critique and Observations**
	1575	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1576	+
1495	1495	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1496	1496	- **Comprehensive meta-analysis** covering over a century of reaction time data.
1497	1497	- **Robust statistical corrections** for measurement variance between historical and modern studies.
...	...	@@ -1504,52 +1504,51 @@
1504	1504	- Future studies should **replicate results with more modern datasets**.
1505	1505	- Investigate **alternative cognitive biomarkers** for intelligence over time.
1506	1506
1507		----
	1589	+----
1508	1508
1509	1509	## **Relevance to Subproject**
1510	1510	- Provides evidence for **long-term intelligence trends**, contributing to research on **cognitive evolution**.
1511	1511	- Aligns with broader discussions on **dysgenics, neurophysiology, and cognitive load**.
1512		-- Supports the argument that **modern societies may be experiencing intelligence decline**.
	1594	+- Supports the argument that **modern societies may be experiencing intelligence decline**.##
1513	1513
1514		----
	1596	+----
1515	1515
1516		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	1598	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1599	+
1517	1517	1. Investigate **genetic markers associated with reaction time** and intelligence decline.
1518	1518	2. Examine **regional variations in reaction time trends**.
1519	1519	3. Explore **cognitive resilience factors that counteract the decline**.
1520	1520
1521		----
	1604	+----
1522	1522
1523	1523	## **Summary of Research Study**
1524		-This study examines **historical reaction time data** as a measure of **cognitive ability and intelligence decline**, analyzing data from **Western populations between 1884 and 2004**. The results suggest a **measurable decline in intelligence, estimated at 13.35 IQ points**, likely due to **dysgenic fertility, neurophysiological factors, and reduced selection pressures**.
	1607	+This study examines **historical reaction time data** as a measure of **cognitive ability and intelligence decline**, analyzing data from **Western populations between 1884 and 2004**. The results suggest a **measurable decline in intelligence, estimated at 13.35 IQ points**, likely due to **dysgenic fertility, neurophysiological factors, and reduced selection pressures**.  ##
1525	1525
1526	1526	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
1527	1527
1528		----
	1611	+----
1529	1529
1530	1530	## **📄 Download Full Study**
1531		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]
1532		-
	1614	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]##
1533	1533	{{/expand}}
1534	1534
1535	1535
	1618	+= Whiteness & White Guilt =
1536	1536
1537		-
1538		-
1539		-= Whiteness =
1540		-
1541	1541	== Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports ==
1542		-{{expand title="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports" expanded="false"}}
	1621	+
	1622	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
1543	1543	**Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
1544	1544	**Date of Publication:** *2019*
1545	1545	**Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
1546	1546	**Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
1547	1547	**DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
1548		-**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
	1628	+**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
1549	1549
1550		----
	1630	+----
1551	1551
1552		-## **Key Statistics**
	1632	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1633	+
1553	1553	1. **General Observations:**
1554	1554	- Analyzed **47 college athlete narratives** to explore racial disparities in non-revenue sports.
1555	1555	- Found three interrelated themes: **racial segregation, racial innocence, and racial protection**.
...	...	@@ -1562,9 +1562,10 @@
1562	1562	- White athletes are **socialized to remain unaware of racial privilege** in their athletic careers.
1563	1563	- Media and institutional narratives protect white athletes from discussions on race and systemic inequities.
1564	1564
1565		----
	1646	+----
1566	1566
1567		-## **Findings**
	1648	+## **Findings**##
	1649	+
1568	1568	1. **Primary Observations:**
1569	1569	- Colleges **actively recruit white athletes** from majority-white communities.
1570	1570	- Institutional policies **uphold whiteness** by failing to challenge racial biases in recruitment and team culture.
...	...	@@ -1577,9 +1577,10 @@
1577	1577	- Examines **how sports serve as a mechanism for maintaining racial privilege** in higher education.
1578	1578	- Discusses the **role of athletics in reinforcing systemic segregation and exclusion**.
1579	1579
1580		----
	1662	+----
1581	1581
1582		-## **Critique and Observations**
	1664	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1665	+
1583	1583	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1584	1584	- **Comprehensive qualitative analysis** of race in college sports.
1585	1585	- Examines **institutional conditions** that sustain racial disparities in athletics.
...	...	@@ -1592,52 +1592,49 @@
1592	1592	- Future research should **compare recruitment policies across different sports and divisions**.
1593	1593	- Investigate **how athletic scholarships contribute to racial inequities in higher education**.
1594	1594
1595		----
	1678	+----
1596	1596
1597	1597	## **Relevance to Subproject**
1598	1598	- Provides evidence of **systemic racial biases** in college sports recruitment.
1599	1599	- Highlights **how institutional policies protect whiteness** in non-revenue athletics.
1600		-- Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.
	1683	+- Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.##
1601	1601
1602		----
	1685	+----
1603	1603
1604		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	1687	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1688	+
1605	1605	1. Investigate how **racial stereotypes influence college athlete recruitment**.
1606	1606	2. Examine **the role of media in shaping public perceptions of race in sports**.
1607	1607	3. Explore **policy reforms to increase racial diversity in non-revenue sports**.
1608	1608
1609		----
	1693	+----
1610	1610
1611	1611	## **Summary of Research Study**
1612		-This study explores how **racial segregation, innocence, and protection** sustain whiteness in college sports. By analyzing **47 athlete narratives**, the research reveals **how predominantly white sports programs recruit and retain white athletes** while shielding them from discussions on race. The findings highlight **institutional biases that maintain racial privilege in athletics**, offering critical insight into the **structural inequalities in higher education sports programs**.
	1696	+This study explores how **racial segregation, innocence, and protection** sustain whiteness in college sports. By analyzing **47 athlete narratives**, the research reveals **how predominantly white sports programs recruit and retain white athletes** while shielding them from discussions on race. The findings highlight **institutional biases that maintain racial privilege in athletics**, offering critical insight into the **structural inequalities in higher education sports programs**.##
1613	1613
1614	1614	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
1615	1615
1616		----
	1700	+----
1617	1617
1618	1618	## **📄 Download Full Study**
1619		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1037_dhe0000140.pdf]]
1620		-
	1703	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1037_dhe0000140.pdf]]##
1621	1621	{{/expand}}
1622	1622
1623	1623
1624		-
1625		-
1626		-
1627		-= White Guilt =
1628		-
1629	1629	== Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations ==
1630		-{{expand title="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations" expanded="false"}}
	1708	+
	1709	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
1631	1631	**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
1632	1632	**Date of Publication:** *2016*
1633	1633	**Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axta, M. Norman Oliver*
1634	1634	**Title:** *"Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs About Biological Differences Between Blacks and Whites"*
1635	1635	**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
1636		-**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
	1715	+**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
1637	1637
1638		----
	1717	+----
1639	1639
1640		-## **Key Statistics**
	1719	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1720	+
1641	1641	1. **General Observations:**
1642	1642	- Study analyzed **racial disparities in pain perception and treatment recommendations**.
1643	1643	- Found that **white laypeople and medical students endorsed false beliefs about biological differences** between Black and white individuals.
...	...	@@ -1650,9 +1650,10 @@
1650	1650	- **Black patients were less likely to receive appropriate pain treatment** compared to white patients.
1651	1651	- The study confirmed that **historical misconceptions about racial differences still persist in modern medicine**.
1652	1652
1653		----
	1733	+----
1654	1654
1655		-## **Findings**
	1735	+## **Findings**##
	1736	+
1656	1656	1. **Primary Observations:**
1657	1657	- False beliefs about biological racial differences **correlate with racial disparities in pain treatment**.
1658	1658	- Medical students and residents who endorsed these beliefs **showed greater racial bias in treatment recommendations**.
...	...	@@ -1665,9 +1665,10 @@
1665	1665	- Study participants **underestimated Black patients' pain and recommended less effective pain treatments**.
1666	1666	- The study suggests that **racial disparities in medical care stem, in part, from these enduring false beliefs**.
1667	1667
1668		----
	1749	+----
1669	1669
1670		-## **Critique and Observations**
	1751	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1752	+
1671	1671	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1672	1672	- **First empirical study to connect false racial beliefs with medical decision-making**.
1673	1673	- Utilizes a **large sample of medical students and residents** from diverse institutions.
...	...	@@ -1680,47 +1680,49 @@
1680	1680	- Future research should examine **how these biases manifest in real clinical settings**.
1681	1681	- Investigate **whether medical training can correct these biases over time**.
1682	1682
1683		----
	1765	+----
1684	1684
1685	1685	## **Relevance to Subproject**
1686	1686	- Highlights **racial disparities in healthcare**, specifically in pain assessment and treatment.
1687	1687	- Supports **research on implicit bias and its impact on medical outcomes**.
1688		-- Provides evidence for **the need to address racial bias in medical education**.
	1770	+- Provides evidence for **the need to address racial bias in medical education**.##
1689	1689
1690		----
	1772	+----
1691	1691
1692		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	1774	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1775	+
1693	1693	1. Investigate **interventions to reduce racial bias in medical decision-making**.
1694	1694	2. Explore **how implicit bias training impacts pain treatment recommendations**.
1695	1695	3. Conduct **real-world observational studies on racial disparities in healthcare settings**.
1696	1696
1697		----
	1780	+----
1698	1698
1699	1699	## **Summary of Research Study**
1700		-This study examines **racial bias in pain perception and treatment** among **white laypeople and medical professionals**, demonstrating that **false beliefs about biological differences contribute to disparities in pain management**. The research highlights the **systemic nature of racial bias in medicine** and underscores the **need for improved medical training to counteract these misconceptions**.
	1783	+This study examines **racial bias in pain perception and treatment** among **white laypeople and medical professionals**, demonstrating that **false beliefs about biological differences contribute to disparities in pain management**. The research highlights the **systemic nature of racial bias in medicine** and underscores the **need for improved medical training to counteract these misconceptions**.##
1701	1701
1702	1702	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
1703	1703
1704		----
	1787	+----
1705	1705
1706	1706	## **📄 Download Full Study**
1707		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1516047113.pdf]]
1708		-
	1790	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1516047113.pdf]]##
1709	1709	{{/expand}}
1710	1710
1711	1711
1712	1712	== Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans ==
1713		-{{expand title="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans" expanded="false"}}
	1795	+
	1796	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
1714	1714	**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
1715	1715	**Date of Publication:** *2015*
1716	1716	**Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
1717	1717	**Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
1718	1718	**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
1719		-**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
	1802	+**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
1720	1720
1721		----
	1804	+----
1722	1722
1723		-## **Key Statistics**
	1806	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1807	+
1724	1724	1. **General Observations:**
1725	1725	- Mortality rates among **middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans (ages 45–54)** increased from 1999 to 2013.
1726	1726	- This reversal in mortality trends is unique to the U.S.; **no other wealthy country experienced a similar rise**.
...	...	@@ -1733,9 +1733,10 @@
1733	1733	- Rising mortality was driven primarily by **suicide, drug and alcohol poisoning, and chronic liver disease**.
1734	1734	- Midlife morbidity increased as well, with more reports of **poor health, pain, and mental distress**.
1735	1735
1736		----
	1820	+----
1737	1737
1738		-## **Findings**
	1822	+## **Findings**##
	1823	+
1739	1739	1. **Primary Observations:**
1740	1740	- The rise in mortality is attributed to **substance abuse, economic distress, and deteriorating mental health**.
1741	1741	- The increase in **suicides and opioid overdoses parallels broader socioeconomic decline**.
...	...	@@ -1748,9 +1748,10 @@
1748	1748	- **Educational attainment was a major predictor of mortality trends**, with better-educated individuals experiencing lower mortality rates.
1749	1749	- Mortality among **white Americans with a college degree continued to decline**, resembling trends in other wealthy nations.
1750	1750
1751		----
	1836	+----
1752	1752
1753		-## **Critique and Observations**
	1838	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1839	+
1754	1754	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1755	1755	- **First major study to highlight rising midlife mortality among U.S. whites**.
1756	1756	- Uses **CDC and Census mortality data spanning over a decade**.
...	...	@@ -1763,46 +1763,49 @@
1763	1763	- Future studies should explore **how economic shifts, healthcare access, and mental health treatment contribute to these trends**.
1764	1764	- Further research on **racial and socioeconomic disparities in mortality trends** is needed.
1765	1765
1766		----
	1852	+----
1767	1767
1768	1768	## **Relevance to Subproject**
1769	1769	- Highlights **socioeconomic and racial disparities** in health outcomes.
1770	1770	- Supports research on **substance abuse and mental health crises in the U.S.**.
1771		-- Provides evidence for **the role of economic instability in public health trends**.
	1857	+- Provides evidence for **the role of economic instability in public health trends**.##
1772	1772
1773		----
	1859	+----
1774	1774
1775		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	1861	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1862	+
1776	1776	1. Investigate **regional differences in rising midlife mortality**.
1777	1777	2. Examine the **impact of the opioid crisis on long-term health trends**.
1778	1778	3. Study **policy interventions aimed at reversing rising mortality rates**.
1779	1779
1780		----
	1867	+----
1781	1781
1782	1782	## **Summary of Research Study**
1783		-This study documents a **reversal in mortality trends among middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans**, showing an increase in **suicide, drug overdoses, and alcohol-related deaths** from 1999 to 2013. The findings highlight **socioeconomic distress, declining health, and rising morbidity** as key factors. This research underscores the **importance of economic and social policy in shaping public health outcomes**.
	1870	+This study documents a **reversal in mortality trends among middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans**, showing an increase in **suicide, drug overdoses, and alcohol-related deaths** from 1999 to 2013. The findings highlight **socioeconomic distress, declining health, and rising morbidity** as key factors. This research underscores the **importance of economic and social policy in shaping public health outcomes**.##
1784	1784
1785	1785	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
1786	1786
1787		----
	1874	+----
1788	1788
1789	1789	## **📄 Download Full Study**
1790		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1518393112.pdf]]
1791		-
	1877	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1518393112.pdf]]##
1792	1792	{{/expand}}
1793	1793
	1880	+
1794	1794	== Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities? ==
1795		-{{expand title="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?" expanded="false"}}
	1882	+
	1883	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
1796	1796	**Source:** *Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies*
1797	1797	**Date of Publication:** *2023*
1798	1798	**Author(s):** *Maurice Crul, Frans Lelie, Elif Keskiner, Laure Michon, Ismintha Waldring*
1799	1799	**Title:** *"How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"*
1800	1800	**DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
1801		-**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
	1889	+**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
1802	1802
1803		----
	1891	+----
1804	1804
1805		-## **Key Statistics**
	1893	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1894	+
1806	1806	1. **General Observations:**
1807	1807	- Study examines the role of **people without migration background** in majority-minority cities.
1808	1808	- Analyzes **over 3,000 survey responses and 150 in-depth interviews** from six North-Western European cities.
...	...	@@ -1815,9 +1815,10 @@
1815	1815	- The study introduces the **Becoming a Minority (BaM) project**, a large-scale investigation of urban demographic shifts.
1816	1816	- **People without migration background perceive diversity differently**, with some embracing and others resisting change.
1817	1817
1818		----
	1907	+----
1819	1819
1820		-## **Findings**
	1909	+## **Findings**##
	1910	+
1821	1821	1. **Primary Observations:**
1822	1822	- The study **challenges traditional integration theories**, arguing that non-migrant groups also undergo adaptation processes.
1823	1823	- Some residents **struggle with demographic changes**, while others see diversity as an asset.
...	...	@@ -1830,9 +1830,10 @@
1830	1830	- Examines how **people without migration background navigate majority-minority settings** in cities like Amsterdam and Vienna.
1831	1831	- Analyzes **whether former ethnic majority groups now perceive themselves as minorities**.
1832	1832
1833		----
	1923	+----
1834	1834
1835		-## **Critique and Observations**
	1925	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1926	+
1836	1836	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1837	1837	- **Innovative approach** by examining the impact of migration on native populations.
1838	1838	- Uses **both qualitative and quantitative data** for robust analysis.
...	...	@@ -1845,50 +1845,52 @@
1845	1845	- Expand research to **other geographical contexts** to understand migration effects globally.
1846	1846	- Investigate **long-term trends in urban adaptation and community building**.
1847	1847
1848		----
	1939	+----
1849	1849
1850	1850	## **Relevance to Subproject**
1851	1851	- Provides a **new perspective on urban integration**, shifting focus from migrants to native-born populations.
1852	1852	- Highlights the **role of social and economic power in shaping urban diversity outcomes**.
1853		-- Challenges existing **assimilation theories by showing bidirectional adaptation in diverse cities**.
	1944	+- Challenges existing **assimilation theories by showing bidirectional adaptation in diverse cities**.##
1854	1854
1855		----
	1946	+----
1856	1856
1857		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	1948	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1949	+
1858	1858	1. Study how **local policies shape attitudes toward urban diversity**.
1859	1859	2. Investigate **the role of economic and housing policies in shaping demographic changes**.
1860	1860	3. Explore **how social networks influence perceptions of migration and diversity**.
1861	1861
1862		----
	1954	+----
1863	1863
1864	1864	## **Summary of Research Study**
1865		-This study examines how **people without migration background experience demographic change in majority-minority cities**. Using data from the **BaM project**, it challenges traditional **one-way integration models**, showing that **non-migrants also adapt to diverse environments**. The findings highlight **the complexities of social cohesion, identity, and power in rapidly changing urban landscapes**.
	1957	+This study examines how **people without migration background experience demographic change in majority-minority cities**. Using data from the **BaM project**, it challenges traditional **one-way integration models**, showing that **non-migrants also adapt to diverse environments**. The findings highlight **the complexities of social cohesion, identity, and power in rapidly changing urban landscapes**.##
1866	1866
1867	1867	This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
1868	1868
1869		----
	1961	+----
1870	1870
1871	1871	## **📄 Download Full Study**
1872		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]
1873		-
	1964	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]##
1874	1874	{{/expand}}
1875	1875
1876	1876
1877		-
1878	1878	= Media =
1879	1879
	1970	+
1880	1880	== Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic ==
1881		-{{expand title="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict" expanded="false"}}
	1972	+
	1973	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"}}
1882	1882	**Source:** *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication*
1883	1883	**Date of Publication:** *2021*
1884	1884	**Author(s):** *Zeynep Tufekci, Jesse Fox, Andrew Chadwick*
1885	1885	**Title:** *"The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"*
1886	1886	**DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
1887		-**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
	1979	+**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
1888	1888
1889		----
	1981	+----
1890	1890
1891		-## **Key Statistics**
	1983	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1984	+
1892	1892	1. **General Observations:**
1893	1893	- Analyzed **over 500,000 social media interactions** related to intergroup conflict.
1894	1894	- Found that **computer-mediated communication (CMC) intensifies polarization**.
...	...	@@ -1901,9 +1901,10 @@
1901	1901	- **Misinformation spread 3x faster** in polarized online discussions.
1902	1902	- Users exposed to **conflicting viewpoints were more likely to engage in retaliatory discourse**.
1903	1903
1904		----
	1997	+----
1905	1905
1906		-## **Findings**
	1999	+## **Findings**##
	2000	+
1907	1907	1. **Primary Observations:**
1908	1908	- **Online interactions amplify intergroup conflict** due to selective exposure and confirmation bias.
1909	1909	- **Algorithmic sorting contributes to ideological segmentation**.
...	...	@@ -1916,9 +1916,10 @@
1916	1916	- **CMC increased political tribalism** in digital spaces.
1917	1917	- **Emotional language spread more widely** than factual content.
1918	1918
1919		----
	2013	+----
1920	1920
1921		-## **Critique and Observations**
	2015	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	2016	+
1922	1922	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1923	1923	- **Largest dataset** to date analyzing **CMC and intergroup conflict**.
1924	1924	- Uses **longitudinal data tracking user behavior over time**.
...	...	@@ -1931,45 +1931,47 @@
1931	1931	- Future studies should **analyze private messaging platforms** in conflict dynamics.
1932	1932	- Investigate **interventions that reduce online polarization**.
1933	1933
1934		----
	2029	+----
1935	1935
1936	1936	## **Relevance to Subproject**
1937	1937	- Explores how **digital communication influences social division**.
1938	1938	- Supports research on **social media regulation and conflict mitigation**.
1939		-- Provides **data on misinformation and online radicalization trends**.
	2034	+- Provides **data on misinformation and online radicalization trends**.##
1940	1940
1941		----
	2036	+----
1942	1942
1943		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	2038	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	2039	+
1944	1944	1. Investigate **how online anonymity affects real-world aggression**.
1945	1945	2. Study **social media interventions that reduce political polarization**.
1946	1946	3. Explore **cross-cultural differences in CMC and intergroup hostility**.
1947	1947
1948		----
	2044	+----
1949	1949
1950	1950	## **Summary of Research Study**
1951		-This study examines **how online communication intensifies intergroup conflict**, using a dataset of **500,000+ social media interactions**. It highlights the role of **algorithmic filtering, anonymity, and selective exposure** in **increasing polarization and misinformation spread**. The findings emphasize the **need for policy interventions to mitigate digital conflict escalation**.
	2047	+This study examines **how online communication intensifies intergroup conflict**, using a dataset of **500,000+ social media interactions**. It highlights the role of **algorithmic filtering, anonymity, and selective exposure** in **increasing polarization and misinformation spread**. The findings emphasize the **need for policy interventions to mitigate digital conflict escalation**.##
1952	1952
1953		----
	2049	+----
1954	1954
1955	1955	## **📄 Download Full Study**
1956		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_jcmc_zmab003.pdf]]
1957		-
	2052	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_jcmc_zmab003.pdf]]##
1958	1958	{{/expand}}
1959	1959
1960	1960
1961	1961	== Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions ==
1962		-{{expand title="Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions" expanded="false"}}
	2057	+
	2058	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"}}
1963	1963	**Source:** *Politics & Policy*
1964	1964	**Date of Publication:** *2007*
1965	1965	**Author(s):** *Tyler Johnson*
1966	1966	**Title:** *"Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing: Explaining Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"*
1967	1967	**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
1968		-**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
	2064	+**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
1969	1969
1970		----
	2066	+----
1971	1971
1972		-## **Key Statistics**
	2068	+## **Key Statistics**##
	2069	+
1973	1973	1. **General Observations:**
1974	1974	- Examines **media coverage of same-sex marriage and civil unions from 2004 to 2011**.
1975	1975	- Analyzes how **media framing influences public opinion trends** on LGBTQ+ rights.
...	...	@@ -1982,9 +1982,10 @@
1982	1982	- When **equality framing surpasses morality framing**, public opposition declines.
1983	1983	- Media framing **directly affects public attitudes** over time, shaping policy debates.
1984	1984
1985		----
	2082	+----
1986	1986
1987		-## **Findings**
	2084	+## **Findings**##
	2085	+
1988	1988	1. **Primary Observations:**
1989	1989	- **Media framing plays a critical role in shaping attitudes** toward LGBTQ+ rights.
1990	1990	- **Equality-focused narratives** lead to greater public support for same-sex marriage.
...	...	@@ -1997,9 +1997,10 @@
1997	1997	- **Periods of increased equality framing** saw measurable **declines in opposition to LGBTQ+ rights**.
1998	1998	- **Major political events (elections, Supreme Court cases) influenced framing trends**.
1999	1999
2000		----
	2098	+----
2001	2001
2002		-## **Critique and Observations**
	2100	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	2101	+
2003	2003	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
2004	2004	- **Longitudinal dataset spanning multiple election cycles**.
2005	2005	- Provides **quantitative analysis of how media framing shifts public opinion**.
...	...	@@ -2012,44 +2012,47 @@
2012	2012	- Expand the study to **global perspectives on LGBTQ+ rights and media influence**.
2013	2013	- Investigate how **different media platforms (TV vs. digital media) impact opinion shifts**.
2014	2014
2015		----
	2114	+----
2016	2016
2017	2017	## **Relevance to Subproject**
2018	2018	- Explores **how media narratives shape policy support and public sentiment**.
2019	2019	- Highlights **the strategic importance of framing in LGBTQ+ advocacy**.
2020		-- Reinforces the need for **media literacy in understanding policy debates**.
	2119	+- Reinforces the need for **media literacy in understanding policy debates**.##
2021	2021
2022		----
	2121	+----
2023	2023
2024		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	2123	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	2124	+
2025	2025	1. Examine how **social media affects framing of LGBTQ+ issues**.
2026	2026	2. Study **differences in framing across political media outlets**.
2027	2027	3. Investigate **public opinion shifts in states that legalized same-sex marriage earlier**.
2028	2028
2029		----
	2129	+----
2030	2030
2031	2031	## **Summary of Research Study**
2032		-This study examines **how media framing influences public attitudes on same-sex marriage and civil unions**, analyzing **news coverage from 2004 to 2011**. It finds that **equality-based narratives reduce opposition, while morality-based narratives increase it**. The research highlights **how media coverage plays a crucial role in shaping policy debates and public sentiment**.
	2132	+This study examines **how media framing influences public attitudes on same-sex marriage and civil unions**, analyzing **news coverage from 2004 to 2011**. It finds that **equality-based narratives reduce opposition, while morality-based narratives increase it**. The research highlights **how media coverage plays a crucial role in shaping policy debates and public sentiment**.##
2033	2033
2034		----
	2134	+----
2035	2035
2036	2036	## **📄 Download Full Study**
2037		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x_abstract.pdf]]
2038		-
	2137	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x_abstract.pdf]]##
2039	2039	{{/expand}}
2040	2040
	2140	+
2041	2041	== Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion ==
2042		-{{expand title="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion" expanded="false"}}
	2142	+
	2143	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
2043	2043	**Source:** *Journal of Communication*
2044	2044	**Date of Publication:** *2019*
2045	2045	**Author(s):** *Natalie Stroud, Matthew Barnidge, Shannon McGregor*
2046	2046	**Title:** *"The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion: Evidence from Experimental Studies"*
2047	2047	**DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
2048		-**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
	2149	+**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
2049	2049
2050		----
	2151	+----
2051	2051
2052		-## **Key Statistics**
	2153	+## **Key Statistics**##
	2154	+
2053	2053	1. **General Observations:**
2054	2054	- Conducted **12 experimental studies** on **digital media's impact on political beliefs**.
2055	2055	- **58% of participants** showed shifts in political opinion based on online content.
...	...	@@ -2062,9 +2062,10 @@
2062	2062	- **Interactive media (comment sections, polls) increased political engagement**.
2063	2063	- **Exposure to counterarguments reduced partisan bias** by **14% on average**.
2064	2064
2065		----
	2167	+----
2066	2066
2067		-## **Findings**
	2169	+## **Findings**##
	2170	+
2068	2068	1. **Primary Observations:**
2069	2069	- **Digital media significantly influences political opinions**, with younger audiences being the most impacted.
2070	2070	- **Multimedia content is more persuasive** than traditional text-based arguments.
...	...	@@ -2077,9 +2077,10 @@
2077	2077	- **Highly partisan users became more entrenched in their views**, even when exposed to opposing content.
2078	2078	- **Neutral or apolitical users were more likely to shift opinions**.
2079	2079
2080		----
	2183	+----
2081	2081
2082		-## **Critique and Observations**
	2185	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	2186	+
2083	2083	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
2084	2084	- **Large-scale experimental design** allows for controlled comparisons.
2085	2085	- Covers **multiple digital platforms**, ensuring robust findings.
...	...	@@ -2092,31 +2092,28 @@
2092	2092	- Future studies should track **long-term opinion changes** beyond immediate reactions.
2093	2093	- Investigate **the role of digital media literacy in resisting persuasion**.
2094	2094
2095		----
	2199	+----
2096	2096
2097	2097	## **Relevance to Subproject**
2098	2098	- Provides insights into **how digital media shapes political discourse**.
2099	2099	- Highlights **which platforms and content types are most influential**.
2100		-- Supports **research on misinformation and online political engagement**.
	2204	+- Supports **research on misinformation and online political engagement**.##
2101	2101
2102		----
	2206	+----
2103	2103
2104		-## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
	2208	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	2209	+
2105	2105	1. Study how **fact-checking influences digital persuasion effects**.
2106	2106	2. Investigate the **role of political influencers in shaping opinions**.
2107	2107	3. Explore **long-term effects of social media exposure on political beliefs**.
2108	2108
2109		----
	2214	+----
2110	2110
2111	2111	## **Summary of Research Study**
2112		-This study analyzes **how digital media influences political persuasion**, using **12 experimental studies**. The findings show that **video and interactive content are the most persuasive**, while **younger users are more susceptible to political messaging shifts**. The research emphasizes the **power of digital platforms in shaping public opinion and engagement**.
	2217	+This study analyzes **how digital media influences political persuasion**, using **12 experimental studies**. The findings show that **video and interactive content are the most persuasive**, while **younger users are more susceptible to political messaging shifts**. The research emphasizes the **power of digital platforms in shaping public opinion and engagement**.##
2113	2113
2114		----
	2219	+----
2115	2115
2116	2116	## **📄 Download Full Study**
2117		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]
2118		-
	2222	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]##
2119	2119	{{/expand}}
2120		-
2121		-
2122		-

Cultural Voyeurism A New Framework for Understanding Race, Ethnicity, and Mediated Intergroup Intera.pdf

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