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Changes for page Research at a Glance

Last modified by Ryan C on 2025/06/26 03:09

From 76.1 to 77.1 From 78.1 to 79.1

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@@ -18,17 +18,19 @@
  = Genetics =
  == Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History ==
--{{expand title="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
  **Source:** *Nature*
  **Date of Publication:** *2009*
  **Author(s):** *David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price, Lalji Singh*
  **Title:** *"Reconstructing Indian Population History"*
  **DOI:** [10.1038/nature08365](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08365)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Population History, South Asian Ancestry*
++**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Population History, South Asian Ancestry*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **132 individuals from 25 diverse Indian groups**.
     - Identified two major ancestral populations: **Ancestral North Indians (ANI)** and **Ancestral South Indians (ASI)**.
@@ -41,9 +41,10 @@
     - ANI ancestry ranges from **39% to 71%** across Indian groups.
     - **Caste and linguistic differences** strongly correlate with genetic variation.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - The genetic landscape of India has been shaped by **thousands of years of endogamy**.
     - Groups with **only ASI ancestry no longer exist** in mainland India.
@@ -56,9 +56,10 @@
     - **Founder effects** have maintained allele frequency differences among Indian groups.
     - Predicts **higher incidence of recessive diseases** due to historical genetic isolation.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **First large-scale genetic analysis** of Indian population history.
     - Introduces **new methods for ancestry estimation without direct ancestral reference groups**.
@@ -71,48 +71,50 @@
     - Future research should **expand sampling across more Indian tribal groups**.
     - Use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer resolution of ancestry.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides a **genetic basis for caste and linguistic diversity** in India.
  - Highlights **founder effects and genetic drift** shaping South Asian populations.
--- Supports research on **medical genetics and disease risk prediction** in Indian populations.
++- Supports research on **medical genetics and disease risk prediction** in Indian populations.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Examine **genetic markers linked to disease susceptibility** in Indian subpopulations.
 . Investigate the impact of **recent migration patterns on ANI-ASI ancestry distribution**.
 . Study **gene flow between Indian populations and other global groups**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study reconstructs **the genetic history of India**, revealing two ancestral populations—**ANI (related to West Eurasians) and ASI (distinctly South Asian)**. By analyzing **25 diverse Indian groups**, the researchers demonstrate how **historical endogamy and founder effects** have maintained genetic differentiation. The findings have **implications for medical genetics, population history, and the study of South Asian ancestry**.
++This study reconstructs **the genetic history of India**, revealing two ancestral populations—**ANI (related to West Eurasians) and ASI (distinctly South Asian)**. By analyzing **25 diverse Indian groups**, the researchers demonstrate how **historical endogamy and founder effects** have maintained genetic differentiation. The findings have **implications for medical genetics, population history, and the study of South Asian ancestry**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations ==
--{{expand title="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
  **Source:** *Nature*
  **Date of Publication:** *2016*
  **Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
  **Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
  **DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
--**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
++**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **high-coverage genome sequences of 300 individuals from 142 populations**.
     - Included **many underrepresented and indigenous groups** from Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
@@ -125,9 +125,10 @@
     - Identified **5.8 million base pairs absent from the human reference genome**.
     - Estimated that **mutations have accumulated 5% faster in non-Africans than in Africans**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **African populations harbor the greatest genetic diversity**, confirming an out-of-Africa dispersal model.
     - Indigenous Australians and New Guineans **share a common ancestral population with other non-Africans**.
@@ -140,9 +140,10 @@
     - **Neanderthal ancestry is higher in East Asians than in Europeans**.
     - African hunter-gatherer groups show **deep population splits over 100,000 years ago**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest global genetic dataset** outside of the 1000 Genomes Project.
     - High sequencing depth allows **more accurate identification of genetic variants**.
@@ -155,47 +155,49 @@
     - Future studies should include **ancient genomes** to improve demographic modeling.
     - Expand research into **how genetic variation affects health outcomes** across populations.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **comprehensive data on human genetic diversity**, useful for **evolutionary studies**.
  - Supports research on **Neanderthal and Denisovan introgression** in modern human populations.
--- Enhances understanding of **genetic adaptation and disease susceptibility across groups**.
++- Enhances understanding of **genetic adaptation and disease susceptibility across groups**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **functional consequences of genetic variation in underrepresented populations**.
 . Study **how selection pressures shaped genetic diversity across different environments**.
 . Explore **medical applications of population-specific genetic markers**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study presents **high-coverage genome sequences from 300 individuals across 142 populations**, offering **new insights into global genetic diversity and human evolution**. The findings highlight **deep African population splits, widespread archaic ancestry in non-Africans, and unique variants absent from the human reference genome**. The research enhances our understanding of **migration patterns, adaptation, and evolutionary history**.
++This study presents **high-coverage genome sequences from 300 individuals across 142 populations**, offering **new insights into global genetic diversity and human evolution**. The findings highlight **deep African population splits, widespread archaic ancestry in non-Africans, and unique variants absent from the human reference genome**. The research enhances our understanding of **migration patterns, adaptation, and evolutionary history**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies ==
--{{expand title="Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"}}
  **Source:** *Nature Genetics*
  **Date of Publication:** *2015*
  **Author(s):** *Tinca J. C. Polderman, Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, Danielle Posthuma*
  **Title:** *"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"*
  **DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
++**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **17,804 traits from 2,748 twin studies** published between **1958 and 2012**.
     - Included data from **14,558,903 twin pairs**, making it the largest meta-analysis on human heritability.
@@ -208,15 +208,16 @@
     - **Neurological, metabolic, and psychiatric traits** showed the highest heritability estimates.
     - Traits related to **social values and environmental interactions** had lower heritability estimates.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Across all traits, genetic factors play a significant role in individual differences.
     - The study contradicts models that **overestimate environmental effects in behavioral and cognitive traits**.
 . **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - **Eye and brain-related traits showed the highest heritability (~70-80%)**.
++   - **Eye and brain-related traits showed the highest heritability (70-80%)**.
     - **Shared environmental effects were negligible (<10%) for most traits**.
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
@@ -223,9 +223,10 @@
     - Twin correlations suggest **limited evidence for strong non-additive genetic influences**.
     - The study highlights **missing heritability in complex traits**, which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yet to fully explain.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest-ever heritability meta-analysis**, covering nearly all published twin studies.
     - Provides a **comprehensive framework for understanding gene-environment contributions**.
@@ -238,47 +238,49 @@
     - Future research should use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer-grained heritability estimates.
     - **Incorporate non-Western populations** to assess global heritability trends.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Establishes a **quantitative benchmark for heritability across human traits**.
  - Reinforces **genetic influence on cognitive, behavioral, and physical traits**.
--- Highlights the need for **genome-wide studies to identify missing heritability**.
++- Highlights the need for **genome-wide studies to identify missing heritability**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate how **heritability estimates compare across different socioeconomic backgrounds**.
 . Examine **gene-environment interactions in cognitive and psychiatric traits**.
 . Explore **non-additive genetic effects on human traits using newer statistical models**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study presents a **comprehensive meta-analysis of human trait heritability**, covering **over 50 years of twin research**. The findings confirm **genes play a predominant role in shaping human traits**, with an **average heritability of 49%** across all measured characteristics. The research offers **valuable insights into genetic and environmental influences**, guiding future gene-mapping efforts and behavioral genetics studies.
++This study presents a **comprehensive meta-analysis of human trait heritability**, covering **over 50 years of twin research**. The findings confirm **genes play a predominant role in shaping human traits**, with an **average heritability of 49%** across all measured characteristics. The research offers **valuable insights into genetic and environmental influences**, guiding future gene-mapping efforts and behavioral genetics studies.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_ng.328.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_ng.328.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease ==
--{{expand title="Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"}}
  **Source:** *Nature Reviews Genetics*
  **Date of Publication:** *2002*
  **Author(s):** *Sarah A. Tishkoff, Scott M. Williams*
  **Title:** *"Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"*
  **DOI:** [10.1038/nrg865](https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg865)
--**Subject Matter:** *Population Genetics, Human Evolution, Complex Diseases*
++**Subject Matter:** *Population Genetics, Human Evolution, Complex Diseases*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Africa harbors **the highest genetic diversity** of any region, making it key to understanding human evolution.
     - The study analyzes **genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in African populations**.
@@ -291,9 +291,10 @@
     - The **effective population size (Ne) of Africans** is higher than that of non-African populations.
     - LD blocks are **shorter in African genomes**, suggesting more historical recombination events.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - African populations are the **most genetically diverse**, supporting the *Recent African Origin* hypothesis.
     - Genetic variation in African populations can **help fine-map complex disease genes**.
@@ -306,9 +306,10 @@
     - Admixture in African Americans includes **West African and European genetic contributions**.
     - SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) diversity in African genomes **exceeds that of non-African groups**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - Provides **comprehensive genetic analysis** of diverse African populations.
     - Highlights **how genetic diversity impacts health disparities and disease risks**.
@@ -321,47 +321,49 @@
     - Expand research into **underrepresented African populations**.
     - Integrate **whole-genome sequencing for a more detailed evolutionary timeline**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Supports **genetic models of human evolution** and the **out-of-Africa hypothesis**.
  - Reinforces **Africa’s key role in disease gene mapping and precision medicine**.
--- Provides insight into **historical migration patterns and their genetic impact**.
++- Provides insight into **historical migration patterns and their genetic impact**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **genetic adaptations to local environments within Africa**.
 . Study **the role of African genetic diversity in disease resistance**.
 . Expand research on **how ancient migration patterns shaped modern genetic structure**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study explores the **genetic diversity of African populations**, analyzing their role in **human evolution and complex disease research**. The findings highlight **Africa’s unique genetic landscape**, confirming it as the most genetically diverse continent. The research provides valuable insights into **how genetic variation influences disease susceptibility, evolution, and population structure**.
++This study explores the **genetic diversity of African populations**, analyzing their role in **human evolution and complex disease research**. The findings highlight **Africa’s unique genetic landscape**, confirming it as the most genetically diverse continent. The research provides valuable insights into **how genetic variation influences disease susceptibility, evolution, and population structure**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nrg865MODERN.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nrg865MODERN.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA ==
--{{expand title="Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA"}}
  **Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
  **Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
  **Author(s):** *Ali Akbari, Alison R. Barton, Steven Gazal, Zheng Li, Mohammadreza Kariminejad, et al.*
  **Title:** *"Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation"*
  **DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
++**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzes **8,433 ancient individuals** from the past **14,000 years**.
     - Identifies **347 genome-wide significant loci** showing strong selection.
@@ -374,9 +374,10 @@
     - **10,000 years of directional selection** affected metabolic, immune, and cognitive traits.
     - **Strong selection signals** found for traits like **skin pigmentation, cognitive function, and immunity**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Hundreds of alleles have been subject to directional selection** over recent millennia.
     - Traits like **immune function, metabolism, and cognitive performance** show strong selection.
@@ -390,9 +390,10 @@
     - **Blood type B frequency rose from 0% to 8% in 6,000 years**.
     - **Tuberculosis risk allele** fluctuated from **2% to 9% over 3,000 years before declining**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest dataset to date** on natural selection in human ancient DNA.
     - Uses **direct allele frequency tracking instead of indirect measures**.
@@ -405,44 +405,46 @@
     - Expanding research to **other global populations** to assess universal trends.
     - Investigating **long-term evolutionary trade-offs of selected alleles**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **direct evidence of long-term genetic adaptation** in human populations.
  - Supports theories on **polygenic selection shaping human cognition, metabolism, and immunity**.
--- Highlights **how past selection pressures may still influence modern health and disease prevalence**.
++- Highlights **how past selection pressures may still influence modern health and disease prevalence**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Examine **selection patterns in non-European populations** for comparison.
 . Investigate **how environmental and cultural shifts influenced genetic selection**.
 . Explore **the genetic basis of traits linked to past and present-day human survival**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **how human genetic adaptation has unfolded over 14,000 years**, using a **large dataset of ancient DNA**. It highlights **strong selection on immune function, metabolism, and cognitive traits**, revealing **hundreds of loci affected by directional selection**. The findings emphasize **the power of ancient DNA in tracking human evolution and adaptation**.
++This study examines **how human genetic adaptation has unfolded over 14,000 years**, using a **large dataset of ancient DNA**. It highlights **strong selection on immune function, metabolism, and cognitive traits**, revealing **hundreds of loci affected by directional selection**. The findings emphasize **the power of ancient DNA in tracking human evolution and adaptation**.##
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1101_2024.09.14.613021doi_.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1101_2024.09.14.613021doi_.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age ==
--{{expand title="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
  **Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2013*
  **Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
  **Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
  **DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
--**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
++**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study documents how the **heritability of IQ increases with age**, reaching an asymptote at **0.80 by adulthood**.
     - Analysis is based on **longitudinal twin and adoption studies**.
@@ -455,9 +455,10 @@
     - Data from the **Louisville Longitudinal Twin Study and cross-national twin samples** support findings.
     - IQ stability over time is **influenced more by genetics than by shared environmental factors**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Intelligence heritability **strengthens throughout development**, contrary to early environmental models.
     - Shared environmental effects **decrease by late adolescence**, emphasizing **genetic influence in adulthood**.
@@ -470,9 +470,10 @@
     - Longitudinal adoption studies show **declining impact of adoptive parental influence on IQ** as children age.
     - Cross-sectional twin data confirm **higher IQ correlations for monozygotic twins in adulthood**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Robust dataset covering multiple twin and adoption studies over decades**.
     - **Clear, replicable trend** demonstrating the increasing role of genetics in intelligence.
@@ -485,46 +485,48 @@
     - Future research should investigate **gene-environment interactions in cognitive aging**.
     - Examine **heritability trends in non-Western populations** to determine cross-cultural consistency.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **strong evidence for the genetic basis of intelligence**.
  - Highlights the **diminishing role of shared environment in cognitive development**.
--- Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.
++- Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **neurogenetic pathways underlying IQ development**.
 . Examine **how education and socioeconomic factors interact with genetic IQ influences**.
 . Study **heritability trends in aging populations and cognitive decline**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study documents **The Wilson Effect**, demonstrating how the **heritability of IQ increases throughout development**, reaching a plateau of **0.80 by adulthood**. The findings indicate that **shared environmental effects diminish with age**, while **genetic influences on intelligence strengthen**. Using **longitudinal twin and adoption data**, the research provides **strong empirical support for the increasing role of genetics in cognitive ability over time**.
++This study documents **The Wilson Effect**, demonstrating how the **heritability of IQ increases throughout development**, reaching a plateau of **0.80 by adulthood**. The findings indicate that **shared environmental effects diminish with age**, while **genetic influences on intelligence strengthen**. Using **longitudinal twin and adoption data**, the research provides **strong empirical support for the increasing role of genetics in cognitive ability over time**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1017_thg.2013.54.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1017_thg.2013.54.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications ==
--{{expand title="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
  **Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2010*
  **Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
  **Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
--**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
++**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study argues that **Homo sapiens is polytypic**, meaning it consists of multiple subspecies rather than a single monotypic species.
     - Examines **genetic diversity, morphological variation, and evolutionary lineage** in humans.
@@ -537,9 +537,10 @@
     - The study evaluates **FST values (genetic differentiation measure)** and argues that human genetic differentiation is comparable to that of recognized subspecies in other species.
     - Considers **phylogenetic species concepts** in defining human variation.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Proposes that **modern human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**.
     - Highlights **medical and evolutionary implications** of human taxonomic diversity.
@@ -552,9 +552,10 @@
     - Evaluates how **genetic markers correlate with population structure**.
     - Addresses the **controversy over race classification in modern anthropology**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - Uses **comparative species analysis** to assess human classification.
     - Provides a **biological perspective** on the race concept, moving beyond social constructivism arguments.
@@ -567,47 +567,49 @@
     - Further research should **incorporate whole-genome studies** to refine subspecies classifications.
     - Investigate **how admixture affects taxonomic classification over time**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Contributes to discussions on **evolutionary taxonomy and species classification**.
  - Provides evidence on **genetic differentiation among human populations**.
--- Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.
++- Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Examine **FST values in modern and ancient human populations**.
 . Investigate how **adaptive evolution influences population differentiation**.
 . Explore **the impact of genetic diversity on medical treatments and disease susceptibility**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study evaluates **whether Homo sapiens should be classified as a polytypic species**, analyzing **genetic diversity, evolutionary lineage, and morphological variation**. Using comparative analysis with other primates and mammals, the research suggests that **human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**, with implications for **evolutionary biology, anthropology, and medicine**.
++This study evaluates **whether Homo sapiens should be classified as a polytypic species**, analyzing **genetic diversity, evolutionary lineage, and morphological variation**. Using comparative analysis with other primates and mammals, the research suggests that **human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**, with implications for **evolutionary biology, anthropology, and medicine**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.mehy.2009.07.046.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.mehy.2009.07.046.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media ==
--{{expand title="Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"}}
  **Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2019*
  **Author(s):** *Heiner Rindermann, David Becker, Thomas R. Coyle*
  **Title:** *"Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"*
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
--**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
++**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Survey of **102 experts** on intelligence research and public discourse.
     - Evaluated experts' backgrounds, political affiliations, and views on controversial topics in intelligence research.
@@ -620,9 +620,10 @@
     - Experts rated media coverage of intelligence research as **poor (avg. 3.1 on a 9-point scale)**.
     - **50% of experts attributed US Black-White IQ differences to genetic factors, 50% to environmental factors**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Experts overwhelmingly support **the g-factor theory of intelligence**.
     - **Heritability of intelligence** was widely accepted, though views differed on race and group differences.
@@ -635,9 +635,10 @@
     - The study compared **media coverage of intelligence research** with expert opinions.
     - Found a **disconnect between journalists and intelligence researchers**, especially regarding politically sensitive issues.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest expert survey on intelligence research** to date.
     - Provides insight into **how political orientation influences scientific perspectives**.
@@ -650,47 +650,49 @@
     - Future studies should include **a broader range of global experts**.
     - Additional research needed on **media biases and misrepresentation of intelligence research**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insight into **expert consensus and division on intelligence research**.
  - Highlights the **role of media bias** in shaping public perception of intelligence science.
--- Useful for understanding **the intersection of science, politics, and public discourse** on intelligence research.
++- Useful for understanding **the intersection of science, politics, and public discourse** on intelligence research.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Examine **cross-national differences** in expert opinions on intelligence.
 . Investigate how **media bias impacts public understanding of intelligence research**.
 . Conduct follow-up studies with **a more diverse expert pool** to test findings.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study surveys **expert opinions on intelligence research**, analyzing **how backgrounds, political ideologies, and media representation influence perspectives on intelligence**. The findings highlight **divisions in scientific consensus**, particularly on **genetic vs. environmental causes of IQ disparities**. Additionally, the research uncovers **widespread dissatisfaction with media portrayals of intelligence research**, pointing to **the impact of ideological biases on public discourse**.
++This study surveys **expert opinions on intelligence research**, analyzing **how backgrounds, political ideologies, and media representation influence perspectives on intelligence**. The findings highlight **divisions in scientific consensus**, particularly on **genetic vs. environmental causes of IQ disparities**. Additionally, the research uncovers **widespread dissatisfaction with media portrayals of intelligence research**, pointing to **the impact of ideological biases on public discourse**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2019.101406.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2019.101406.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation ==
--{{expand title="Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"}}
  **Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2015*
  **Author(s):** *Davide Piffer*
  **Title:** *"A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"*
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
++**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **genome-wide association studies (GWAS) hits** linked to intelligence.
     - Found a **strong correlation (r = .91) between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**.
@@ -703,9 +703,10 @@
     - GWAS intelligence SNPs predicted **IQ levels more strongly than random genetic markers**.
     - Genetic differentiation (Fst values) showed that **selection pressure, rather than drift, influenced intelligence-related allele distributions**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Intelligence-associated SNP frequencies correlate **highly with national IQ levels**.
     - Genetic selection for intelligence appears **stronger than selection for height-related genes**.
@@ -718,9 +718,10 @@
     - Polygenic scores using **intelligence-related alleles significantly outperformed random SNPs** in predicting IQ.
     - Selection pressures **may explain differences in global intelligence distribution** beyond genetic drift effects.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Comprehensive genetic analysis** of intelligence-linked SNPs.
     - Uses **multiple statistical methods (factor analysis, Fst analysis) to confirm results**.
@@ -733,35 +733,36 @@
     - Larger **cross-population GWAS studies** needed to validate findings.
     - Investigate **non-genetic contributors to IQ variance** in addition to genetic factors.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Supports research on **genetic influences on intelligence at a population level**.
  - Aligns with broader discussions on **cognitive genetics and natural selection effects**.
--- Provides a **quantitative framework for analyzing polygenic selection in intelligence studies**.
++- Provides a **quantitative framework for analyzing polygenic selection in intelligence studies**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Conduct **expanded GWAS studies** including diverse populations.
 . Investigate **gene-environment interactions influencing intelligence**.
 . Explore **historical selection pressures shaping intelligence-related alleles**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study reviews **genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings on intelligence**, demonstrating a **strong correlation between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**. The research highlights how **genetic selection may explain population-level cognitive differences beyond genetic drift effects**. Intelligence-linked alleles showed **higher variability across populations than height-related alleles**, suggesting stronger selection pressures.
++This study reviews **genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings on intelligence**, demonstrating a **strong correlation between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**. The research highlights how **genetic selection may explain population-level cognitive differences beyond genetic drift effects**. Intelligence-linked alleles showed **higher variability across populations than height-related alleles**, suggesting stronger selection pressures.  ##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2015.08.008.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2015.08.008.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding ==
++
  {{expand expanded="false" title="Click here to expand details"}}
  **Source:** Journal of Genetic Epidemiology
  **Date of Publication:** 2024-01-15
@@ -768,7 +768,7 @@
  **Author(s):** Smith et al.
  **Title:** "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"
  **DOI:** [https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235)
--**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
++**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
  **Tags:** `Genetics` `Race & Ethnicity` `Biomedical Research`
@@ -794,22 +794,24 @@
  {{/expand}}
-----
++-----
  = Dating and Interpersonal Relationships =
  == Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018 ==
--{{expand title="Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018"}}
  **Source:** *JAMA Network Open*
  **Date of Publication:** *2020*
  **Author(s):** *Ueda P, Mercer CH, Ghaznavi C, Herbenick D.*
  **Title:** *"Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018"*
  **DOI:** [10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833](https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833)
--**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Sexual Behavior, Demography*
++**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Sexual Behavior, Demography*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **General Social Survey (2000-2018)** data.
     - Found **declining trends in sexual activity** among young adults.
@@ -822,9 +822,10 @@
     - Frequency of sexual activity decreased by **8-10%** over the studied period.
     - Number of sexual partners remained **relatively stable** despite declining activity rates.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - A significant decline in sexual frequency, especially among **younger men**.
     - Shifts in relationship dynamics and economic stressors may contribute to the trend.
@@ -837,9 +837,10 @@
     - **Mental health and employment status** were correlated with decreased activity.
     - Social factors such as **screen time and digital entertainment consumption** are potential contributors.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Large sample size** from a nationally representative dataset.
     - **Longitudinal design** enables trend analysis over time.
@@ -852,26 +852,27 @@
     - Further studies should incorporate **qualitative data** on behavioral shifts.
     - Additional factors such as **economic shifts and social media usage** need exploration.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides evidence on **changing demographic behaviors** in relation to relationships and social interactions.
--- Highlights the role of **mental health, employment, and societal changes** in personal behaviors.
++- Highlights the role of **mental health, employment, and societal changes** in personal behaviors.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate the **impact of digital media consumption** on relationship dynamics.
 . Examine **regional and cultural differences** in sexual activity trends.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **trends in sexual frequency and number of partners among U.S. adults (2000-2018)**, highlighting significant **declines in sexual activity, particularly among young men**. The research utilized **General Social Survey data** to analyze the impact of **sociodemographic factors, employment status, and mental well-being** on sexual behavior.
++This study examines **trends in sexual frequency and number of partners among U.S. adults (2000-2018)**, highlighting significant **declines in sexual activity, particularly among young men**. The research utilized **General Social Survey data** to analyze the impact of **sociodemographic factors, employment status, and mental well-being** on sexual behavior.  ##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study's contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
  {{velocity}}
@@ -881,24 +881,24 @@
  [[Download>>attach:$filename]]
  #else
  {{html}}<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">🚨 PDF Not Available 🚨</span>{{/html}}
--#end
--{{/velocity}}
--
++#end  {{/velocity}}##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ==
--{{expand title="Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"}}
  **Source:** *Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica*
  **Date of Publication:** *2012*
  **Author(s):** *Ravisha M. Srinivasjois, Shreya Shah, Prakesh S. Shah, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births*
  **Title:** *"Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"*
  **DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
--**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
++**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Meta-analysis of **26,335,596 singleton births** from eight studies.
     - **Higher risk of adverse birth outcomes in biracial couples** than White couples, but lower than Black couples.
@@ -913,9 +913,10 @@
       - **Preterm births (PTB):** WMBF (1.17), BMWF (1.37), BMBF (1.78).
       - **Stillbirths:** WMBF (1.43), BMWF (1.51), BMBF (1.85).
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Biracial couples face a gradient of risk**: higher than White couples but lower than Black couples.
     - **Maternal race plays a more significant role** in pregnancy outcomes.
@@ -928,9 +928,10 @@
     - The **weathering hypothesis** suggests that **long-term stress exposure** contributes to higher adverse birth risks in Black mothers.
     - **Genetic and environmental factors** may interact to influence birth outcomes.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest meta-analysis** on racial disparities in birth outcomes.
     - Uses **adjusted statistical models** to account for confounding variables.
@@ -943,45 +943,47 @@
     - Future studies should examine **Asian, Hispanic, and Indigenous biracial couples**.
     - Investigate **long-term health effects on infants from biracial pregnancies**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides **critical insights into racial disparities** in maternal and infant health.
  - Supports **research on genetic and environmental influences on neonatal health**.
--- Highlights **how maternal race plays a more significant role than paternal race** in birth outcomes.
++- Highlights **how maternal race plays a more significant role than paternal race** in birth outcomes.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **the role of prenatal care quality in mitigating racial disparities**.
 . Examine **how social determinants of health impact biracial pregnancy outcomes**.
 . Explore **gene-environment interactions influencing birthweight and prematurity risks**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This meta-analysis examines **the impact of biracial parentage on birth outcomes**, showing that **biracial couples face a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than White couples but lower than Black couples**. The findings emphasize **maternal race as a key factor in birth risks**, with **Black mothers having the highest rates of preterm birth and low birthweight, regardless of paternal race**.
++This meta-analysis examines **the impact of biracial parentage on birth outcomes**, showing that **biracial couples face a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than White couples but lower than Black couples**. The findings emphasize **maternal race as a key factor in birth risks**, with **Black mothers having the highest rates of preterm birth and low birthweight, regardless of paternal race**.##
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1600-0412.2012.01501.xAbstract.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1600-0412.2012.01501.xAbstract.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness ==
--{{expand title="Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
  **Source:** *Current Psychology*
  **Date of Publication:** *2024*
  **Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
  **Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
  **DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
--**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
++**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **67 self-identified incels** and **103 non-incel men**.
     - Incels reported **higher loneliness and lower social support** compared to non-incels.
@@ -994,9 +994,10 @@
     - 95% of incels in the study reported **having depression**, with 38% receiving a formal diagnosis.
     - **Higher externalization of blame** was linked to stronger incel identification.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Incels experience **heightened rejection sensitivity and loneliness**.
     - Lack of social support correlates with **worse mental health outcomes**.
@@ -1009,9 +1009,10 @@
     - Incels **engaged in fewer positive coping mechanisms** such as emotional support or positive reframing.
     - Instead, they relied on **solitary coping strategies**, worsening their isolation.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **First quantitative study** on incels’ social isolation and mental health.
     - **Robust sample size** and validated psychological measures.
@@ -1024,32 +1024,32 @@
     - Future studies should **compare incel forum users vs. non-users**.
     - Investigate **potential intervention strategies** for social integration.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Highlights **mental health vulnerabilities** within the incel community.
  - Supports research on **loneliness, attachment styles, and social dominance orientation**.
--- Examines how **peer rejection influences self-perceived mate value**.
++- Examines how **peer rejection influences self-perceived mate value**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Explore how **online community participation** affects incel mental health.
 . Investigate **cognitive biases** influencing self-perceived rejection among incels.
 . Assess **therapeutic interventions** to address incel social isolation.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines the **psychological characteristics of self-identified incels**, comparing them with non-incel men in terms of **mental health, loneliness, and coping strategies**. The research found **higher depression, anxiety, and avoidant attachment styles among incels**, as well as **greater reliance on solitary coping mechanisms**. It suggests that **lack of social support plays a critical role in exacerbating incel identity and related mental health concerns**.
++This study examines the **psychological characteristics of self-identified incels**, comparing them with non-incel men in terms of **mental health, loneliness, and coping strategies**. The research found **higher depression, anxiety, and avoidant attachment styles among incels**, as well as **greater reliance on solitary coping mechanisms**. It suggests that **lack of social support plays a critical role in exacerbating incel identity and related mental health concerns**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
@@ -1056,17 +1056,19 @@
  = Crime and Substance Abuse =
  == Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys ==
--{{expand title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
  **Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
  **Date of Publication:** *2003*
  **Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
  **Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
  **DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
--**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
++**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **how racial and cultural factors influence self-reported substance use data**.
     - Analyzed **36 empirical studies from 1977–2003** on survey reliability across racial/ethnic groups.
@@ -1079,9 +1079,10 @@
     - **Surveys using biological validation (urinalysis, hair tests) revealed underreporting trends**.
     - **Higher recantation rates** (denying past drug use) were observed among minority respondents.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Racial/ethnic disparities in **substance use reporting bias survey-based research**.
     - **Social desirability and cultural norms impact data reliability**.
@@ -1094,9 +1094,10 @@
     - Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
     - **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Comprehensive review of 36 studies** on measurement error in substance use reporting.
     - Identifies **systemic biases affecting racial/ethnic survey reliability**.
@@ -1109,46 +1109,48 @@
     - Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
     - Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Supports research on **racial disparities in self-reported health behaviors**.
  - Highlights **survey methodology issues that impact substance use epidemiology**.
--- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.
++- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **how survey design impacts racial disparities in self-reported health data**.
 . Study **alternative data collection methods (biometric validation, passive data tracking)**.
 . Explore **the role of social stigma in self-reported health behaviors**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.
++This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program ==
--{{expand title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
  **Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
  **Date of Publication:** *2002*
  **Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
  **Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
  **DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
--**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
++**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
     - Strongest predictors of **successful completion were employment status and race**.
@@ -1161,9 +1161,10 @@
     - **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
     - Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Social stability factors** (employment, education) were key to treatment success.
     - **Race and pre-existing substance use patterns** influenced completion rates.
@@ -1176,9 +1176,10 @@
     - **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
     - Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **First empirical study on drug court program success factors**.
     - Uses **longitudinal data** for post-treatment analysis.
@@ -1191,46 +1191,48 @@
     - Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
     - Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
  - Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
--- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.
++- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **the role of mental health in drug court success rates**.
 . Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
 . Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.
++This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys ==
--{{expand title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
  **Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
  **Date of Publication:** *2003*
  **Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
  **Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
  **DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
--**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
++**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **how racial and cultural factors influence self-reported substance use data**.
     - Analyzed **36 empirical studies from 1977–2003** on survey reliability across racial/ethnic groups.
@@ -1243,9 +1243,10 @@
     - **Surveys using biological validation (urinalysis, hair tests) revealed underreporting trends**.
     - **Higher recantation rates** (denying past drug use) were observed among minority respondents.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Racial/ethnic disparities in **substance use reporting bias survey-based research**.
     - **Social desirability and cultural norms impact data reliability**.
@@ -1258,9 +1258,10 @@
     - Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
     - **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Comprehensive review of 36 studies** on measurement error in substance use reporting.
     - Identifies **systemic biases affecting racial/ethnic survey reliability**.
@@ -1273,47 +1273,49 @@
     - Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
     - Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Supports research on **racial disparities in self-reported health behaviors**.
  - Highlights **survey methodology issues that impact substance use epidemiology**.
--- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.
++- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **how survey design impacts racial disparities in self-reported health data**.
 . Study **alternative data collection methods (biometric validation, passive data tracking)**.
 . Explore **the role of social stigma in self-reported health behaviors**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.
++This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program ==
--{{expand title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
  **Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
  **Date of Publication:** *2002*
  **Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
  **Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
  **DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
--**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
++**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
     - Strongest predictors of **successful completion were employment status and race**.
@@ -1326,9 +1326,10 @@
     - **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
     - Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Social stability factors** (employment, education) were key to treatment success.
     - **Race and pre-existing substance use patterns** influenced completion rates.
@@ -1341,9 +1341,10 @@
     - **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
     - Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **First empirical study on drug court program success factors**.
     - Uses **longitudinal data** for post-treatment analysis.
@@ -1356,36 +1356,38 @@
     - Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
     - Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
  - Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
--- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.
++- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **the role of mental health in drug court success rates**.
 . Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
 . Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.
++This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults ==
--{{expand title="Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults" expanded="false"}} Source: Addictive Behaviors
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"}}
++ Source: Addictive Behaviors
  Date of Publication: 2016
  Author(s): Andrea Hussong, Christy Capron, Gregory T. Smith, Jennifer L. Maggs
  Title: "Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"
@@ -1446,22 +1446,23 @@
  📄 Download Full Study
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.addbeh.2016.02.030.pdf]]
--
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time? ==
--{{expand title="Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
  **Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2014*
  **Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley, Jan te Nijenhuis, Raegan Murphy*
  **Title:** *"Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"*
  **DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
--**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
++**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study examines reaction time data from **13 age-matched studies** spanning **1884–2004**.
     - Results suggest an estimated **decline of 13.35 IQ points** over this period.
@@ -1474,9 +1474,10 @@
     - The estimated **dysgenic rate is 1.21 IQ points lost per decade**.
     - Meta-regression analysis confirmed a **steady secular trend in slowing reaction time**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Supports the hypothesis of **intelligence decline due to genetic and environmental factors**.
     - Reaction time, a **biomarker for cognitive ability**, has slowed significantly over time.
@@ -1489,9 +1489,10 @@
     - Cross-national comparisons indicate a **global trend in slower reaction times**.
     - Factors like **modern neurotoxin exposure** and **reduced selective pressure for intelligence** may contribute.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Comprehensive meta-analysis** covering over a century of reaction time data.
     - **Robust statistical corrections** for measurement variance between historical and modern studies.
@@ -1504,32 +1504,32 @@
     - Future studies should **replicate results with more modern datasets**.
     - Investigate **alternative cognitive biomarkers** for intelligence over time.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides evidence for **long-term intelligence trends**, contributing to research on **cognitive evolution**.
  - Aligns with broader discussions on **dysgenics, neurophysiology, and cognitive load**.
--- Supports the argument that **modern societies may be experiencing intelligence decline**.
++- Supports the argument that **modern societies may be experiencing intelligence decline**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **genetic markers associated with reaction time** and intelligence decline.
 . Examine **regional variations in reaction time trends**.
 . Explore **cognitive resilience factors that counteract the decline**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **historical reaction time data** as a measure of **cognitive ability and intelligence decline**, analyzing data from **Western populations between 1884 and 2004**. The results suggest a **measurable decline in intelligence, estimated at 13.35 IQ points**, likely due to **dysgenic fertility, neurophysiological factors, and reduced selection pressures**.
++This study examines **historical reaction time data** as a measure of **cognitive ability and intelligence decline**, analyzing data from **Western populations between 1884 and 2004**. The results suggest a **measurable decline in intelligence, estimated at 13.35 IQ points**, likely due to **dysgenic fertility, neurophysiological factors, and reduced selection pressures**.  ##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
@@ -1539,17 +1539,19 @@
  = Whiteness =
  == Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports ==
--{{expand title="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
  **Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
  **Date of Publication:** *2019*
  **Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
  **Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
  **DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
--**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
++**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **47 college athlete narratives** to explore racial disparities in non-revenue sports.
     - Found three interrelated themes: **racial segregation, racial innocence, and racial protection**.
@@ -1562,9 +1562,10 @@
     - White athletes are **socialized to remain unaware of racial privilege** in their athletic careers.
     - Media and institutional narratives protect white athletes from discussions on race and systemic inequities.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - Colleges **actively recruit white athletes** from majority-white communities.
     - Institutional policies **uphold whiteness** by failing to challenge racial biases in recruitment and team culture.
@@ -1577,9 +1577,10 @@
     - Examines **how sports serve as a mechanism for maintaining racial privilege** in higher education.
     - Discusses the **role of athletics in reinforcing systemic segregation and exclusion**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Comprehensive qualitative analysis** of race in college sports.
     - Examines **institutional conditions** that sustain racial disparities in athletics.
@@ -1592,32 +1592,32 @@
     - Future research should **compare recruitment policies across different sports and divisions**.
     - Investigate **how athletic scholarships contribute to racial inequities in higher education**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides evidence of **systemic racial biases** in college sports recruitment.
  - Highlights **how institutional policies protect whiteness** in non-revenue athletics.
--- Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.
++- Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate how **racial stereotypes influence college athlete recruitment**.
 . Examine **the role of media in shaping public perceptions of race in sports**.
 . Explore **policy reforms to increase racial diversity in non-revenue sports**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study explores how **racial segregation, innocence, and protection** sustain whiteness in college sports. By analyzing **47 athlete narratives**, the research reveals **how predominantly white sports programs recruit and retain white athletes** while shielding them from discussions on race. The findings highlight **institutional biases that maintain racial privilege in athletics**, offering critical insight into the **structural inequalities in higher education sports programs**.
++This study explores how **racial segregation, innocence, and protection** sustain whiteness in college sports. By analyzing **47 athlete narratives**, the research reveals **how predominantly white sports programs recruit and retain white athletes** while shielding them from discussions on race. The findings highlight **institutional biases that maintain racial privilege in athletics**, offering critical insight into the **structural inequalities in higher education sports programs**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1037_dhe0000140.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1037_dhe0000140.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
@@ -1627,17 +1627,19 @@
  = White Guilt =
  == Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations ==
--{{expand title="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
  **Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2016*
  **Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axta, M. Norman Oliver*
  **Title:** *"Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs About Biological Differences Between Blacks and Whites"*
  **DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
--**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
++**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **racial disparities in pain perception and treatment recommendations**.
     - Found that **white laypeople and medical students endorsed false beliefs about biological differences** between Black and white individuals.
@@ -1650,9 +1650,10 @@
     - **Black patients were less likely to receive appropriate pain treatment** compared to white patients.
     - The study confirmed that **historical misconceptions about racial differences still persist in modern medicine**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - False beliefs about biological racial differences **correlate with racial disparities in pain treatment**.
     - Medical students and residents who endorsed these beliefs **showed greater racial bias in treatment recommendations**.
@@ -1665,9 +1665,10 @@
     - Study participants **underestimated Black patients' pain and recommended less effective pain treatments**.
     - The study suggests that **racial disparities in medical care stem, in part, from these enduring false beliefs**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **First empirical study to connect false racial beliefs with medical decision-making**.
     - Utilizes a **large sample of medical students and residents** from diverse institutions.
@@ -1680,47 +1680,49 @@
     - Future research should examine **how these biases manifest in real clinical settings**.
     - Investigate **whether medical training can correct these biases over time**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Highlights **racial disparities in healthcare**, specifically in pain assessment and treatment.
  - Supports **research on implicit bias and its impact on medical outcomes**.
--- Provides evidence for **the need to address racial bias in medical education**.
++- Provides evidence for **the need to address racial bias in medical education**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **interventions to reduce racial bias in medical decision-making**.
 . Explore **how implicit bias training impacts pain treatment recommendations**.
 . Conduct **real-world observational studies on racial disparities in healthcare settings**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **racial bias in pain perception and treatment** among **white laypeople and medical professionals**, demonstrating that **false beliefs about biological differences contribute to disparities in pain management**. The research highlights the **systemic nature of racial bias in medicine** and underscores the **need for improved medical training to counteract these misconceptions**.
++This study examines **racial bias in pain perception and treatment** among **white laypeople and medical professionals**, demonstrating that **false beliefs about biological differences contribute to disparities in pain management**. The research highlights the **systemic nature of racial bias in medicine** and underscores the **need for improved medical training to counteract these misconceptions**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1516047113.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1516047113.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans ==
--{{expand title="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
  **Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2015*
  **Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
  **Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
  **DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
--**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
++**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Mortality rates among **middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans (ages 45–54)** increased from 1999 to 2013.
     - This reversal in mortality trends is unique to the U.S.; **no other wealthy country experienced a similar rise**.
@@ -1733,9 +1733,10 @@
     - Rising mortality was driven primarily by **suicide, drug and alcohol poisoning, and chronic liver disease**.
     - Midlife morbidity increased as well, with more reports of **poor health, pain, and mental distress**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - The rise in mortality is attributed to **substance abuse, economic distress, and deteriorating mental health**.
     - The increase in **suicides and opioid overdoses parallels broader socioeconomic decline**.
@@ -1748,9 +1748,10 @@
     - **Educational attainment was a major predictor of mortality trends**, with better-educated individuals experiencing lower mortality rates.
     - Mortality among **white Americans with a college degree continued to decline**, resembling trends in other wealthy nations.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **First major study to highlight rising midlife mortality among U.S. whites**.
     - Uses **CDC and Census mortality data spanning over a decade**.
@@ -1763,46 +1763,48 @@
     - Future studies should explore **how economic shifts, healthcare access, and mental health treatment contribute to these trends**.
     - Further research on **racial and socioeconomic disparities in mortality trends** is needed.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Highlights **socioeconomic and racial disparities** in health outcomes.
  - Supports research on **substance abuse and mental health crises in the U.S.**.
--- Provides evidence for **the role of economic instability in public health trends**.
++- Provides evidence for **the role of economic instability in public health trends**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **regional differences in rising midlife mortality**.
 . Examine the **impact of the opioid crisis on long-term health trends**.
 . Study **policy interventions aimed at reversing rising mortality rates**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study documents a **reversal in mortality trends among middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans**, showing an increase in **suicide, drug overdoses, and alcohol-related deaths** from 1999 to 2013. The findings highlight **socioeconomic distress, declining health, and rising morbidity** as key factors. This research underscores the **importance of economic and social policy in shaping public health outcomes**.
++This study documents a **reversal in mortality trends among middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans**, showing an increase in **suicide, drug overdoses, and alcohol-related deaths** from 1999 to 2013. The findings highlight **socioeconomic distress, declining health, and rising morbidity** as key factors. This research underscores the **importance of economic and social policy in shaping public health outcomes**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1518393112.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1518393112.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities? ==
--{{expand title="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
  **Source:** *Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies*
  **Date of Publication:** *2023*
  **Author(s):** *Maurice Crul, Frans Lelie, Elif Keskiner, Laure Michon, Ismintha Waldring*
  **Title:** *"How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"*
  **DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
--**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
++**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examines the role of **people without migration background** in majority-minority cities.
     - Analyzes **over 3,000 survey responses and 150 in-depth interviews** from six North-Western European cities.
@@ -1815,9 +1815,10 @@
     - The study introduces the **Becoming a Minority (BaM) project**, a large-scale investigation of urban demographic shifts.
     - **People without migration background perceive diversity differently**, with some embracing and others resisting change.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - The study **challenges traditional integration theories**, arguing that non-migrant groups also undergo adaptation processes.
     - Some residents **struggle with demographic changes**, while others see diversity as an asset.
@@ -1830,9 +1830,10 @@
     - Examines how **people without migration background navigate majority-minority settings** in cities like Amsterdam and Vienna.
     - Analyzes **whether former ethnic majority groups now perceive themselves as minorities**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Innovative approach** by examining the impact of migration on native populations.
     - Uses **both qualitative and quantitative data** for robust analysis.
@@ -1845,32 +1845,32 @@
     - Expand research to **other geographical contexts** to understand migration effects globally.
     - Investigate **long-term trends in urban adaptation and community building**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides a **new perspective on urban integration**, shifting focus from migrants to native-born populations.
  - Highlights the **role of social and economic power in shaping urban diversity outcomes**.
--- Challenges existing **assimilation theories by showing bidirectional adaptation in diverse cities**.
++- Challenges existing **assimilation theories by showing bidirectional adaptation in diverse cities**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Study how **local policies shape attitudes toward urban diversity**.
 . Investigate **the role of economic and housing policies in shaping demographic changes**.
 . Explore **how social networks influence perceptions of migration and diversity**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines how **people without migration background experience demographic change in majority-minority cities**. Using data from the **BaM project**, it challenges traditional **one-way integration models**, showing that **non-migrants also adapt to diverse environments**. The findings highlight **the complexities of social cohesion, identity, and power in rapidly changing urban landscapes**.
++This study examines how **people without migration background experience demographic change in majority-minority cities**. Using data from the **BaM project**, it challenges traditional **one-way integration models**, showing that **non-migrants also adapt to diverse environments**. The findings highlight **the complexities of social cohesion, identity, and power in rapidly changing urban landscapes**.##
  This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
@@ -1878,17 +1878,19 @@
  = Media =
  == Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic ==
--{{expand title="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"}}
  **Source:** *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication*
  **Date of Publication:** *2021*
  **Author(s):** *Zeynep Tufekci, Jesse Fox, Andrew Chadwick*
  **Title:** *"The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"*
  **DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
--**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
++**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **over 500,000 social media interactions** related to intergroup conflict.
     - Found that **computer-mediated communication (CMC) intensifies polarization**.
@@ -1901,9 +1901,10 @@
     - **Misinformation spread 3x faster** in polarized online discussions.
     - Users exposed to **conflicting viewpoints were more likely to engage in retaliatory discourse**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Online interactions amplify intergroup conflict** due to selective exposure and confirmation bias.
     - **Algorithmic sorting contributes to ideological segmentation**.
@@ -1916,9 +1916,10 @@
     - **CMC increased political tribalism** in digital spaces.
     - **Emotional language spread more widely** than factual content.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Largest dataset** to date analyzing **CMC and intergroup conflict**.
     - Uses **longitudinal data tracking user behavior over time**.
@@ -1931,45 +1931,47 @@
     - Future studies should **analyze private messaging platforms** in conflict dynamics.
     - Investigate **interventions that reduce online polarization**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Explores how **digital communication influences social division**.
  - Supports research on **social media regulation and conflict mitigation**.
--- Provides **data on misinformation and online radicalization trends**.
++- Provides **data on misinformation and online radicalization trends**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Investigate **how online anonymity affects real-world aggression**.
 . Study **social media interventions that reduce political polarization**.
 . Explore **cross-cultural differences in CMC and intergroup hostility**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **how online communication intensifies intergroup conflict**, using a dataset of **500,000+ social media interactions**. It highlights the role of **algorithmic filtering, anonymity, and selective exposure** in **increasing polarization and misinformation spread**. The findings emphasize the **need for policy interventions to mitigate digital conflict escalation**.
++This study examines **how online communication intensifies intergroup conflict**, using a dataset of **500,000+ social media interactions**. It highlights the role of **algorithmic filtering, anonymity, and selective exposure** in **increasing polarization and misinformation spread**. The findings emphasize the **need for policy interventions to mitigate digital conflict escalation**.##
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_jcmc_zmab003.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_jcmc_zmab003.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions ==
--{{expand title="Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"}}
  **Source:** *Politics & Policy*
  **Date of Publication:** *2007*
  **Author(s):** *Tyler Johnson*
  **Title:** *"Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing: Explaining Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"*
  **DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
--**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
++**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Examines **media coverage of same-sex marriage and civil unions from 2004 to 2011**.
     - Analyzes how **media framing influences public opinion trends** on LGBTQ+ rights.
@@ -1982,9 +1982,10 @@
     - When **equality framing surpasses morality framing**, public opposition declines.
     - Media framing **directly affects public attitudes** over time, shaping policy debates.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Media framing plays a critical role in shaping attitudes** toward LGBTQ+ rights.
     - **Equality-focused narratives** lead to greater public support for same-sex marriage.
@@ -1997,9 +1997,10 @@
     - **Periods of increased equality framing** saw measurable **declines in opposition to LGBTQ+ rights**.
     - **Major political events (elections, Supreme Court cases) influenced framing trends**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Longitudinal dataset spanning multiple election cycles**.
     - Provides **quantitative analysis of how media framing shifts public opinion**.
@@ -2012,44 +2012,46 @@
     - Expand the study to **global perspectives on LGBTQ+ rights and media influence**.
     - Investigate how **different media platforms (TV vs. digital media) impact opinion shifts**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Explores **how media narratives shape policy support and public sentiment**.
  - Highlights **the strategic importance of framing in LGBTQ+ advocacy**.
--- Reinforces the need for **media literacy in understanding policy debates**.
++- Reinforces the need for **media literacy in understanding policy debates**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Examine how **social media affects framing of LGBTQ+ issues**.
 . Study **differences in framing across political media outlets**.
 . Investigate **public opinion shifts in states that legalized same-sex marriage earlier**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study examines **how media framing influences public attitudes on same-sex marriage and civil unions**, analyzing **news coverage from 2004 to 2011**. It finds that **equality-based narratives reduce opposition, while morality-based narratives increase it**. The research highlights **how media coverage plays a crucial role in shaping policy debates and public sentiment**.
++This study examines **how media framing influences public attitudes on same-sex marriage and civil unions**, analyzing **news coverage from 2004 to 2011**. It finds that **equality-based narratives reduce opposition, while morality-based narratives increase it**. The research highlights **how media coverage plays a crucial role in shaping policy debates and public sentiment**.##
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x_abstract.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x_abstract.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
  == Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion ==
--{{expand title="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion" expanded="false"}}
++
++{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
  **Source:** *Journal of Communication*
  **Date of Publication:** *2019*
  **Author(s):** *Natalie Stroud, Matthew Barnidge, Shannon McGregor*
  **Title:** *"The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion: Evidence from Experimental Studies"*
  **DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
--**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
++**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
-----
++-----
--## **Key Statistics**
++## **Key Statistics**##
++
 . **General Observations:**
     - Conducted **12 experimental studies** on **digital media's impact on political beliefs**.
     - **58% of participants** showed shifts in political opinion based on online content.
@@ -2062,9 +2062,10 @@
     - **Interactive media (comment sections, polls) increased political engagement**.
     - **Exposure to counterarguments reduced partisan bias** by **14% on average**.
-----
++-----
--## **Findings**
++## **Findings**##
++
 . **Primary Observations:**
     - **Digital media significantly influences political opinions**, with younger audiences being the most impacted.
     - **Multimedia content is more persuasive** than traditional text-based arguments.
@@ -2077,9 +2077,10 @@
     - **Highly partisan users became more entrenched in their views**, even when exposed to opposing content.
     - **Neutral or apolitical users were more likely to shift opinions**.
-----
++-----
--## **Critique and Observations**
++## **Critique and Observations**##
++
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Large-scale experimental design** allows for controlled comparisons.
     - Covers **multiple digital platforms**, ensuring robust findings.
@@ -2092,31 +2092,31 @@
     - Future studies should track **long-term opinion changes** beyond immediate reactions.
     - Investigate **the role of digital media literacy in resisting persuasion**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Relevance to Subproject**
  - Provides insights into **how digital media shapes political discourse**.
  - Highlights **which platforms and content types are most influential**.
--- Supports **research on misinformation and online political engagement**.
++- Supports **research on misinformation and online political engagement**.##
-----
++-----
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
++## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
++
 . Study how **fact-checking influences digital persuasion effects**.
 . Investigate the **role of political influencers in shaping opinions**.
 . Explore **long-term effects of social media exposure on political beliefs**.
-----
++-----
  ## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study analyzes **how digital media influences political persuasion**, using **12 experimental studies**. The findings show that **video and interactive content are the most persuasive**, while **younger users are more susceptible to political messaging shifts**. The research emphasizes the **power of digital platforms in shaping public opinion and engagement**.
++This study analyzes **how digital media influences political persuasion**, using **12 experimental studies**. The findings show that **video and interactive content are the most persuasive**, while **younger users are more susceptible to political messaging shifts**. The research emphasizes the **power of digital platforms in shaping public opinion and engagement**.##
-----
++-----
  ## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]
--
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]##
  {{/expand}}
--
++