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Changes for page Research at a Glance

Last modified by Ryan C on 2025/06/26 03:09

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--{{expand title="Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation" expanded="false"}}
--**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2015*
--**Author(s):** *Davide Piffer*
--**Title:** *"A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
-----
--
--## **Key Statistics**
--1. **General Observations:**
--   - Study analyzed **genome-wide association studies (GWAS) hits** linked to intelligence.
--   - Found a **strong correlation (r = .91) between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**.
--
--2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - Factor analysis of **9 intelligence-associated alleles** revealed a metagene correlated with **country IQ (r = .86)**.
--   - **Allele frequencies varied significantly by continent**, aligning with observed population differences in cognitive ability.
--
--3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - GWAS intelligence SNPs predicted **IQ levels more strongly than random genetic markers**.
--   - Genetic differentiation (Fst values) showed that **selection pressure, rather than drift, influenced intelligence-related allele distributions**.
--
-----
--
--## **Findings**
--1. **Primary Observations:**
--   - Intelligence-associated SNP frequencies correlate **highly with national IQ levels**.
--   - Genetic selection for intelligence appears **stronger than selection for height-related genes**.
--
--2. **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - **East Asian populations** exhibited the **highest frequencies of intelligence-associated alleles**.
--   - **African populations** showed lower frequencies compared to European and East Asian populations.
--
--3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Polygenic scores using **intelligence-related alleles significantly outperformed random SNPs** in predicting IQ.
--   - Selection pressures **may explain differences in global intelligence distribution** beyond genetic drift effects.
--
-----
--
--## **Critique and Observations**
--1. **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - **Comprehensive genetic analysis** of intelligence-linked SNPs.
--   - Uses **multiple statistical methods (factor analysis, Fst analysis) to confirm results**.
--
--2. **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - **Correlation does not imply causation**; factors beyond genetics influence intelligence.
--   - **Limited number of GWAS-identified intelligence alleles**—future studies may identify more.
--
--3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Larger **cross-population GWAS studies** needed to validate findings.
--   - Investigate **non-genetic contributors to IQ variance** in addition to genetic factors.
--
-----
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
--- Supports research on **genetic influences on intelligence at a population level**.
--- Aligns with broader discussions on **cognitive genetics and natural selection effects**.
--- Provides a **quantitative framework for analyzing polygenic selection in intelligence studies**.
--
-----
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
--1. Conduct **expanded GWAS studies** including diverse populations.
--2. Investigate **gene-environment interactions influencing intelligence**.
--3. Explore **historical selection pressures shaping intelligence-related alleles**.
--
-----
--
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study reviews **genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings on intelligence**, demonstrating a **strong correlation between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**. The research highlights how **genetic selection may explain population-level cognitive differences beyond genetic drift effects**. Intelligence-linked alleles showed **higher variability across populations than height-related alleles**, suggesting stronger selection pressures.
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-----
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2015.08.008.pdf]]
--
--{{/expand}}
--
--{{html}}<hr style="border: 3px solid red;">{{/html}}
--
--{{expand title="Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media" expanded="false"}}
--**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2019*
--**Author(s):** *Heiner Rindermann, David Becker, Thomas R. Coyle*
--**Title:** *"Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
--**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
--
-----
--
--## **Key Statistics**
--1. **General Observations:**
--   - Survey of **102 experts** on intelligence research and public discourse.
--   - Evaluated experts' backgrounds, political affiliations, and views on controversial topics in intelligence research.
--
--2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - **90% of experts were from Western countries**, and **83% were male**.
--   - Political spectrum ranged from **54% left-liberal, 24% conservative**, with significant ideological influences on views.
--
--3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - Experts rated media coverage of intelligence research as **poor (avg. 3.1 on a 9-point scale)**.
--   - **50% of experts attributed US Black-White IQ differences to genetic factors, 50% to environmental factors**.
--
-----
--
--## **Findings**
--1. **Primary Observations:**
--   - Experts overwhelmingly support **the g-factor theory of intelligence**.
--   - **Heritability of intelligence** was widely accepted, though views differed on race and group differences.
--
--2. **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - **Left-leaning experts were more likely to reject genetic explanations for group IQ differences**.
--   - **Right-leaning experts tended to favor a stronger role for genetic factors** in intelligence disparities.
--
--3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - The study compared **media coverage of intelligence research** with expert opinions.
--   - Found a **disconnect between journalists and intelligence researchers**, especially regarding politically sensitive issues.
--
-----
--
--## **Critique and Observations**
--1. **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - **Largest expert survey on intelligence research** to date.
--   - Provides insight into **how political orientation influences scientific perspectives**.
--
--2. **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - **Sample primarily from Western countries**, limiting global perspectives.
--   - Self-selection bias may skew responses toward **those more willing to engage with controversial topics**.
--
--3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Future studies should include **a broader range of global experts**.
--   - Additional research needed on **media biases and misrepresentation of intelligence research**.
--
-----
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
--- Provides insight into **expert consensus and division on intelligence research**.
--- Highlights the **role of media bias** in shaping public perception of intelligence science.
--- Useful for understanding **the intersection of science, politics, and public discourse** on intelligence research.
--
-----
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
--1. Examine **cross-national differences** in expert opinions on intelligence.
--2. Investigate how **media bias impacts public understanding of intelligence research**.
--3. Conduct follow-up studies with **a more diverse expert pool** to test findings.
--
-----
--
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study surveys **expert opinions on intelligence research**, analyzing **how backgrounds, political ideologies, and media representation influence perspectives on intelligence**. The findings highlight **divisions in scientific consensus**, particularly on **genetic vs. environmental causes of IQ disparities**. Additionally, the research uncovers **widespread dissatisfaction with media portrayals of intelligence research**, pointing to **the impact of ideological biases on public discourse**.
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-----
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2019.101406.pdf]]
--
--{{/expand}}
--
--{{html}}<hr style="border: 3px solid red;">{{/html}}
--
--{{expand title="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications" expanded="false"}}
--**Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2010*
--**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
--**Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
--**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
--
-----
--
--## **Key Statistics**
--1. **General Observations:**
--   - The study argues that **Homo sapiens is polytypic**, meaning it consists of multiple subspecies rather than a single monotypic species.
--   - Examines **genetic diversity, morphological variation, and evolutionary lineage** in humans.
--
--2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - Discusses **four primary definitions of race/subspecies**: Essentialist, Taxonomic, Population-based, and Lineage-based.
--   - Suggests that **human heterozygosity levels are comparable to species that are classified as polytypic**.
--
--3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - The study evaluates **FST values (genetic differentiation measure)** and argues that human genetic differentiation is comparable to that of recognized subspecies in other species.
--   - Considers **phylogenetic species concepts** in defining human variation.
--
-----
--
--## **Findings**
--1. **Primary Observations:**
--   - Proposes that **modern human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**.
--   - Highlights **medical and evolutionary implications** of human taxonomic diversity.
--
--2. **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - Discusses **how race concepts evolved over time** in biological sciences.
--   - Compares **human diversity with that of other primates** such as chimpanzees and gorillas.
--
--3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Evaluates how **genetic markers correlate with population structure**.
--   - Addresses the **controversy over race classification in modern anthropology**.
--
-----
--
--## **Critique and Observations**
--1. **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - Uses **comparative species analysis** to assess human classification.
--   - Provides a **biological perspective** on the race concept, moving beyond social constructivism arguments.
--
--2. **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - Controversial topic with **strong opposing views in anthropology and genetics**.
--   - **Relies on broad genetic trends**, but does not analyze individual-level genetic variation in depth.
--
--3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Further research should **incorporate whole-genome studies** to refine subspecies classifications.
--   - Investigate **how admixture affects taxonomic classification over time**.
--
-----
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
--- Contributes to discussions on **evolutionary taxonomy and species classification**.
--- Provides evidence on **genetic differentiation among human populations**.
--- Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.
--
-----
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
--1. Examine **FST values in modern and ancient human populations**.
--2. Investigate how **adaptive evolution influences population differentiation**.
--3. Explore **the impact of genetic diversity on medical treatments and disease susceptibility**.
--
-----
--
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study evaluates **whether Homo sapiens should be classified as a polytypic species**, analyzing **genetic diversity, evolutionary lineage, and morphological variation**. Using comparative analysis with other primates and mammals, the research suggests that **human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**, with implications for **evolutionary biology, anthropology, and medicine**.
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-----
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.mehy.2009.07.046.pdf]]
--
--{{/expand}}
--
--{{html}}<hr style="border: 3px solid red;">{{/html}}
--
--{{expand title="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age" expanded="false"}}
--**Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2013*
--**Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
--**Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
--**DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
--**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
--
-----
--
--## **Key Statistics**
--1. **General Observations:**
--   - The study documents how the **heritability of IQ increases with age**, reaching an asymptote at **0.80 by adulthood**.
--   - Analysis is based on **longitudinal twin and adoption studies**.
--
--2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - Shared environmental influence on IQ **declines with age**, reaching **0.10 in adulthood**.
--   - Monozygotic twins show **increasing genetic similarity in IQ over time**, while dizygotic twins become **less concordant**.
--
--3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - Data from the **Louisville Longitudinal Twin Study and cross-national twin samples** support findings.
--   - IQ stability over time is **influenced more by genetics than by shared environmental factors**.
--
-----
--
--## **Findings**
--1. **Primary Observations:**
--   - Intelligence heritability **strengthens throughout development**, contrary to early environmental models.
--   - Shared environmental effects **decrease by late adolescence**, emphasizing **genetic influence in adulthood**.
--
--2. **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - Studies from **Scotland, Netherlands, and the US** show **consistent patterns of increasing heritability with age**.
--   - Findings hold across **varied socio-economic and educational backgrounds**.
--
--3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Longitudinal adoption studies show **declining impact of adoptive parental influence on IQ** as children age.
--   - Cross-sectional twin data confirm **higher IQ correlations for monozygotic twins in adulthood**.
--
-----
--
--## **Critique and Observations**
--1. **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - **Robust dataset covering multiple twin and adoption studies over decades**.
--   - **Clear, replicable trend** demonstrating the increasing role of genetics in intelligence.
--
--2. **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - Findings apply primarily to **Western industrialized nations**, limiting generalizability.
--   - **Lack of neurobiological mechanisms** explaining how genes express their influence over time.
--
--3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Future research should investigate **gene-environment interactions in cognitive aging**.
--   - Examine **heritability trends in non-Western populations** to determine cross-cultural consistency.
--
-----
--
--## **Relevance to Subproject**
--- Provides **strong evidence for the genetic basis of intelligence**.
--- Highlights the **diminishing role of shared environment in cognitive development**.
--- Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.
--
-----
--
--## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**
--1. Investigate **neurogenetic pathways underlying IQ development**.
--2. Examine **how education and socioeconomic factors interact with genetic IQ influences**.
--3. Study **heritability trends in aging populations and cognitive decline**.
--
-----
--
--## **Summary of Research Study**
--This study documents **The Wilson Effect**, demonstrating how the **heritability of IQ increases throughout development**, reaching a plateau of **0.80 by adulthood**. The findings indicate that **shared environmental effects diminish with age**, while **genetic influences on intelligence strengthen**. Using **longitudinal twin and adoption data**, the research provides **strong empirical support for the increasing role of genetics in cognitive ability over time**.
--
--This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
--
-----
--
--## **📄 Download Full Study**
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1017_thg.2013.54.pdf]]
--
--{{/expand}}
--
--{{html}}<hr style="border: 3px solid red;">{{/html}}