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- lenk-et-al-white-americans-preference-for-black-people-in-advertising-has-increased-in-the-past-66-years-a-meta-analysis.pdf

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@@ -22,8 +22,9 @@
  = Genetics =
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
++
  Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
  **Source:** *Nature*
  **Date of Publication:** *2009*
@@ -1051,8 +1051,9 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
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  Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
  **Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2014*
@@ -1123,67 +1123,65 @@
  = Whiteness & White Guilt =
  {{expandable summary="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
--**Date of Publication:** *2019*
--**Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
--**Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
--**DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
--**Subject Matter:** *Critical Race Theory, Sports Sociology, Anti-White Institutional Framing*
++**Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
++**Date of Publication:** *2019*
++**Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
++**Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
++**DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
++**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
--   - Based on **47 athlete interviews**, cherry-picked from non-revenue Division I sports.
--   - The study claims **“segregation”**, but presents no evidence of actual exclusion or policy bias — just demographic imbalance.
++   - Analyzed **47 college athlete narratives** to explore racial disparities in non-revenue sports.
++   - Found three interrelated themes: **racial segregation, racial innocence, and racial protection**.
 . **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - Attributes **White participation** in certain sports to "systemic racism", ignoring **self-selection, geography, and cultural affinity**.
--   - Claims White athletes are “protected” from race discussions — but never engages with **Black overrepresentation in revenue sports**.
++   - **Predominantly white sports programs** reinforce racial hierarchies in college athletics.
++   - **Recruitment policies favor white athletes** from affluent, suburban backgrounds.
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - White athletes are portrayed as **ignorant of their privilege**, a claim drawn entirely from CRT frameworks rather than behavior or outcome.
--   - **No empirical data** is offered on policy, scholarship distribution, or team selection criteria.
++   - White athletes are **socialized to remain unaware of racial privilege** in their athletic careers.
++   - Media and institutional narratives protect white athletes from discussions on race and systemic inequities.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
--   - Frames **normal demographic patterns** (e.g., majority-White rosters in tennis or rowing) as "institutional whiteness".
--   - **Ignores the structural dominance** of Black athletes in high-profile revenue sports like football and basketball.
++   - Colleges **actively recruit white athletes** from majority-white communities.
++   - Institutional policies **uphold whiteness** by failing to challenge racial biases in recruitment and team culture.
 . **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - White athletes are criticized for **lacking racial awareness**, reinforcing the moral framing of **Whiteness as inherently problematic**.
--   - **Cultural preference, individual merit, and athletic subculture** are all excluded from consideration.
++   - **White athletes show limited awareness** of their racial advantage in sports.
++   - **Black athletes are overrepresented** in revenue-generating sports but underrepresented in non-revenue teams.
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Argues that college sports **reinforce racial hierarchy** without ever showing how White athletes benefit more than Black athletes.
--   - Offers **no comparative analysis** of scholarships, graduation rates, or media portrayal by race.
++   - Examines **how sports serve as a mechanism for maintaining racial privilege** in higher education.
++   - Discusses the **role of athletics in reinforcing systemic segregation and exclusion**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - Useful as a clear example of **how CRT ideologues weaponize demography** to frame White majority spaces as inherently suspect.
--   - Shows how **academic literature systematically avoids symmetrical analysis** when outcomes favor White participants.
++   - **Comprehensive qualitative analysis** of race in college sports.
++   - Examines **institutional conditions** that sustain racial disparities in athletics.
 . **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - **Excludes revenue sports**, where Black athletes dominate by numbers, prestige, and compensation.
--   - **Fails to explain** how team composition emerges from voluntary participation, geography, or subcultural identity.
--   - Treats **racial imbalance as proof of racism**, bypassing merit, interest, or socioeconomic context.
++   - Focuses primarily on **Division I non-revenue sports**, limiting generalizability to other divisions.
++   - Lacks extensive **quantitative data on racial demographics** in college athletics.
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Include **White athlete perspectives** without pre-framing them as racially naive or complicit.
--   - **Compare all sports**, including those where Black athletes thrive and lead.
--   - Remove CRT framing and **evaluate outcomes empirically**, not ideologically.
++   - Future research should **compare recruitment policies across different sports and divisions**.
++   - Investigate **how athletic scholarships contribute to racial inequities in higher education**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
--- Demonstrates how **DEI-aligned research reframes benign patterns** as oppressive when White majorities are involved.
--- Illustrates **anti-White academic framing** in environments where no institutional barrier exists.
--- Provides a concrete example of how **CRT avoids acknowledging Black dominance in elite spaces** (revenue athletics).
++- Provides evidence of **systemic racial biases** in college sports recruitment.
++- Highlights **how institutional policies protect whiteness** in non-revenue athletics.
++- Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
--1. Investigate **racial self-sorting and cultural affiliation** in athletic participation.
--2. Compare **media framing of White-majority vs. Black-majority sports**.
--3. Study **how CRT narratives distort athletic merit and demographic outcomes**.
++1. Investigate how **racial stereotypes influence college athlete recruitment**.
++2. Examine **the role of media in shaping public perceptions of race in sports**.
++3. Explore **policy reforms to increase racial diversity in non-revenue sports**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
@@ -1191,70 +1191,66 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--
  {{expandable summary="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
--**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2016*
--**Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axt, M. Norman Oliver*
++**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2016*
++**Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axta, M. Norman Oliver*
  **Title:** *"Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs About Biological Differences Between Blacks and Whites"*
--**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
--**Subject Matter:** *Medical Ethics, Race in Medicine, Implicit Bias*
++**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
++**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
--   - Analyzed responses from **222 white medical students and residents**.
--   - Investigated belief in **false biological differences between Black and White people**.
--   - Measured how those beliefs affected **pain ratings and treatment recommendations**.
++   - Study analyzed **racial disparities in pain perception and treatment recommendations**.
++   - Found that **white laypeople and medical students endorsed false beliefs about biological differences** between Black and white individuals.
 . **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - **50% of participants endorsed at least one false belief** (e.g., Black people have thicker skin or less sensitive nerve endings).
--   - Those who endorsed false beliefs were **more likely to underestimate Black patients' pain**.
++   - **50% of medical students surveyed endorsed at least one false belief about biological differences**.
++   - Participants who held these false beliefs were **more likely to underestimate Black patients’ pain levels**.
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - Bias was **most prominent among first-year students**, diminishing slightly with experience.
--   - Study used **hypothetical case vignettes**, not real patient data.
++   - **Black patients were less likely to receive appropriate pain treatment** compared to white patients.
++   - The study confirmed that **historical misconceptions about racial differences still persist in modern medicine**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
--   - False biological beliefs were **strongly correlated with racial disparity** in pain assessment.
--   - Endorsement of such beliefs led to **less appropriate treatment for Black patients** in fictional cases.
++   - False beliefs about biological racial differences **correlate with racial disparities in pain treatment**.
++   - Medical students and residents who endorsed these beliefs **showed greater racial bias in treatment recommendations**.
 . **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - Medical students with **no false beliefs showed no treatment bias**.
--   - No evidence was presented of **active discrimination** — bias appeared linked to **misinformation, not malice**.
++   - Physicians who **did not endorse these beliefs** showed **no racial bias** in treatment recommendations.
++   - Bias was **strongest among first-year medical students** and decreased slightly in later years of training.
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Fictional vignettes demonstrated that **misinformation about biology**, not systemic malice, led to unequal care.
--   - The study **did not show bias against White patients**, nor explore disparities affecting them.
++   - Study participants **underestimated Black patients' pain and recommended less effective pain treatments**.
++   - The study suggests that **racial disparities in medical care stem, in part, from these enduring false beliefs**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - Provides valuable insight into **how medical myths can affect judgment**.
--   - Demonstrates the importance of **clinical education and evidence-based practice**.
++   - **First empirical study to connect false racial beliefs with medical decision-making**.
++   - Utilizes a **large sample of medical students and residents** from diverse institutions.
 . **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - Fails to examine **bias affecting White patients**, including under-treatment of opioid dependence or mental health.
--   - Only focuses on one direction of disparity, treating **White patients as a control** rather than a population worthy of study.
--   - **Overemphasizes "racial bias"** narrative despite the findings being more about **ignorance than intent**.
++   - The study focuses on **Black vs. white disparities**, leaving other racial/ethnic groups unexplored.
++   - Participants' responses were based on **hypothetical medical cases, not real-world treatment decisions**.
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Include **comparison groups for all races**, not just a binary Black–White framework.
--   - Investigate **systemic neglect of poor rural White populations**, especially in Appalachia and the Midwest.
--   - Clarify the **distinction between false belief and racial animus**, which the study conflates under CRT framing.
++   - Future research should examine **how these biases manifest in real clinical settings**.
++   - Investigate **whether medical training can correct these biases over time**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
--- Shows how **DEI-aligned narratives exploit limited findings** to vilify White professionals.
--- Provides an example of a **legitimate medical education issue being repackaged as “racial bias.”**
--- Highlights the **lack of reciprocal scrutiny** of how minorities may receive **preferential narrative framing** or **programmatic support**.
++- Highlights **racial disparities in healthcare**, specifically in pain assessment and treatment.
++- Supports **research on implicit bias and its impact on medical outcomes**.
++- Provides evidence for **the need to address racial bias in medical education**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
--1. Study whether **DEI training reduces false beliefs** or simply **induces White guilt**.
--2. Investigate **biases against White rural patients**, especially regarding **opioid or pain management stigma**.
--3. Conduct **clinical outcome studies**, not self-reported vignettes, to test **real-world disparities**.
++1. Investigate **interventions to reduce racial bias in medical decision-making**.
++2. Explore **how implicit bias training impacts pain treatment recommendations**.
++3. Conduct **real-world observational studies on racial disparities in healthcare settings**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
@@ -1262,7 +1262,6 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--
  {{expandable summary="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
  **Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2015*
@@ -1331,75 +1331,71 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
--**Source:** *Urban Studies*
--**Date of Publication:** *2023*
--**Author(s):** *Nina Glick Schiller, Jens Schneider, Ayşe Çağlar*
--**Title:** *"How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"*
--**DOI:** [10.1177/00420980231170057](https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231170057)
--**Subject Matter:** *Urban Diversity, Migration, Identity Politics*
++**Source:** *Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies*
++**Date of Publication:** *2023*
++**Author(s):** *Maurice Crul, Frans Lelie, Elif Keskiner, Laure Michon, Ismintha Waldring*
++**Title:** *"How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"*
++**DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
++**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
--   - Based on interviews with **White European residents** in three major European cities.
--   - Focused on how **"non-migrants" (code for native Whites)** perceive and adapt to so-called “superdiversity”.
++   - Study examines the role of **people without migration background** in majority-minority cities.
++   - Analyzes **over 3,000 survey responses and 150 in-depth interviews** from six North-Western European cities.
 . **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - Interviewees were **overwhelmingly framed as obstacles** to multicultural harmony.
--   - Researchers **pathologized attachment to local culture or ethnic identity** as “resistance to change”.
++   - Explores differences in **integration, social interactions, and perceptions of diversity**.
++   - Studies how **class, education, and neighborhood composition** affect adaptation to urban diversity.
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - Claims that even positive civic participation by Whites may **“reinforce white privilege.”**
--   - Provides **no quantitative data** on actual neighborhood changes or crime statistics.
++   - The study introduces the **Becoming a Minority (BaM) project**, a large-scale investigation of urban demographic shifts.
++   - **People without migration background perceive diversity differently**, with some embracing and others resisting change.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
--   - Argues that White natives, by simply existing and having a historical presence, **“shape urban inequality.”**
--   - Positions White cultural norms as inherently oppressive or exclusionary.
++   - The study **challenges traditional integration theories**, arguing that non-migrant groups also undergo adaptation processes.
++   - Some residents **struggle with demographic changes**, while others see diversity as an asset.
 . **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - Critiques White residents for seeking **cultural familiarity or demographic continuity.**
--   - Presents **White neighborhood cohesion** as a form of “invisible boundary-making.”
++   - Young, educated individuals in urban areas **are more open to cultural diversity**.
++   - Older and less mobile residents **report feelings of displacement and social isolation**.
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Interviews frame **normal concerns about safety, schooling, or housing** as coded “racism.”
--   - Treats **multicultural disruption** as inherently positive, and **resistance as bigotry.**
++   - Examines how **people without migration background navigate majority-minority settings** in cities like Amsterdam and Vienna.
++   - Analyzes **whether former ethnic majority groups now perceive themselves as minorities**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - Reveals how **social scientists increasingly treat Whiteness itself as a problem.**
--   - Offers an **unintentional case study in academic anti-White framing.**
++   - **Innovative approach** by examining the impact of migration on native populations.
++   - Uses **both qualitative and quantitative data** for robust analysis.
 . **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - **Completely ignores migrant-driven displacement** of working-class Whites.
--   - Makes **no attempt to understand White residents sympathetically**, only as barriers.
--   - Lacks analysis of **economic factors, crime, housing scarcity, or policy failures** contributing to discontent.
++   - Limited to **Western European urban settings**, missing perspectives from other global regions.
++   - Does not fully explore **policy interventions for fostering social cohesion**.
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Include **White perspectives without presuming guilt or fragility.**
--   - Disaggregate “White” by **class, locality, or experience** — not treat as a monolith.
--   - Balance cultural analysis with **hard demographic and economic data.**
++   - Expand research to **other geographical contexts** to understand migration effects globally.
++   - Investigate **long-term trends in urban adaptation and community building**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
--- Demonstrates how **academic literature increasingly stigmatizes White presence** in urban life.
--- Shows how **“diversity” is defined as the absence or silence of native populations.**
--- Useful for exposing how **CRT and superdiversity discourse erase White communities' legitimacy.**
++- Provides a **new perspective on urban integration**, shifting focus from migrants to native-born populations.
++- Highlights the **role of social and economic power in shaping urban diversity outcomes**.
++- Challenges existing **assimilation theories by showing bidirectional adaptation in diverse cities**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
--1. Study the **psychological impact of demographic displacement** on native European populations.
--2. Examine **rising crime and social fragmentation** in “superdiverse” zones.
--3. Analyze how **housing, schooling, and local economies** are impacted by mass migration.
++1. Study how **local policies shape attitudes toward urban diversity**.
++2. Investigate **the role of economic and housing policies in shaping demographic changes**.
++3. Explore **how social networks influence perceptions of migration and diversity**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1177_00420980231170057.pdf]]
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
--{{/expandable}}
--
  = Media =
  {{expandable summary="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic"}}
@@ -1602,101 +1602,4 @@
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--
--{{expandable summary="Study: White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years"}}
--Source: Journal of Advertising Research
--Date of Publication: 2022
--Author(s): Peter M. Lenk, Eric T. Bradlow, Randolph E. Bucklin, Sungeun (Clara) Kim
--Title: "White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years: A Meta-Analysis"
--DOI: 10.2501/JAR-2022-028
--Subject Matter: Advertising Trends, Racial Representation, Cultural Shifts
--
--{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
--
--**General Observations:**
--
--Meta-analysis of 74 studies conducted between 1955 and 2020 on racial representation in advertising.
--
--Sample included mostly White U.S. participants, with consistent tracking of their preferences.
--
--**Subgroup Analysis:**
--
--Found a steady increase in positive responses toward Black models/actors in ads by White viewers.
--
--Recent decades show equal or greater preference for Black faces compared to White ones.
--
--**Other Significant Data Points:**
--
--Study frames this shift as a positive move toward diversity, ignoring implications for displaced White cultural representation.
--
--No equivalent data was collected on Black or Hispanic attitudes toward White representation.
  {{/expandable}}
--
--{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
--
--**Primary Observations:**
--
--White Americans have become increasingly receptive or favorable toward Black figures in advertising, even over timeframes of widespread cultural change.
--
--These preferences held across product types, media formats, and ad genres.
--
--**Subgroup Trends:**
--
--Studies from the 1960s–1980s showed preference for in-group racial representation, which has dropped sharply for Whites in recent decades.
--
--The largest positive attitudinal shift occurred between 1995–2020, coinciding with major DEI and cultural programming trends.
--
--**Specific Case Analysis:**
--
--The authors position this as “progress,” but offer no critical reflection on the effects of displacing White imagery from national advertising narratives.
--
--Completely omits consumer preference studies in countries outside the U.S., especially in more homogeneous nations.
--{{/expandable}}
--
--{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
--
--**Strengths of the Study:**
--
--Large-scale dataset across decades provides a clear empirical view of long-term trends.
--
--Useful as a benchmark of how White American preferences have evolved under sociocultural pressure.
--
--**Limitations of the Study:**
--
--Fails to ask whether increasing diversity is consumer-driven or culturally imposed.
--
--Ignores the potential alienation or displacement of White cultural identity from mainstream advertising.
--
--Assumes “diverse equals better” without testing economic or emotional impact of those shifts.
--
--**Suggestions for Improvement:**
--
--Include non-White viewer reactions to all-White or traditional American imagery for balance.
--
--Test whether consumers notice racial proportions or experience fatigue from overcorrection.
--
--Explore regional or class-based variance among White viewers, not just aggregate averages.
--{{/expandable}}
--
--{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
--
--Demonstrates how White cultural imagery has been steadily replaced or downplayed in the public sphere.
--
--Useful for showing how marketing professionals and researchers frame White displacement as “progress.”
--
--Empirically supports the decline of White in-group preference — possibly due to reeducation, guilt framing, or media saturation.
--{{/expandable}}
--
--{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
--
--Study how overrepresentation of minorities in advertising compares to actual demographics.
--
--Examine whether consumers feel represented or alienated by identity-based marketing.
--
--Investigate the psychological and cultural impact of long-term demographic displacement in national advertising.
--{{/expandable}}
--
--{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
--[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.2501_JAR-2022-028.pdf]]
--{{/expandable}}
--{{/expandable}}

lenk-et-al-white-americans-preference-for-black-people-in-advertising-has-increased-in-the-past-66-years-a-meta-analysis.pdf

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