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... ... @@ -22,8 +22,9 @@ 22 22 23 23 = Genetics = 24 24 25 -{{expandable summary=" 25 +{{expandable summary=" 26 26 27 + 27 27 Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}} 28 28 **Source:** *Nature* 29 29 **Date of Publication:** *2009* ... ... @@ -1051,8 +1051,9 @@ 1051 1051 {{/expandable}} 1052 1052 {{/expandable}} 1053 1053 1054 -{{expandable summary=" 1055 +{{expandable summary=" 1055 1055 1057 + 1056 1056 Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}} 1057 1057 **Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)* 1058 1058 **Date of Publication:** *2014* ... ... @@ -1388,7 +1388,6 @@ 1388 1388 {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}} 1389 1389 [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]] 1390 1390 {{/expandable}} 1391 -{{/expandable}} 1392 1392 1393 1393 = Media = 1394 1394 ... ... @@ -1592,109 +1592,4 @@ 1592 1592 [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]] 1593 1593 {{/expandable}} 1594 1594 {{/expandable}} 1595 - 1596 -{{expandable summary="Study: White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years"}} 1597 -Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 1598 -Date of Publication: February 20, 2024 1599 -Author(s): Julia Diana Lenk, Jochen Hartmann, Henrik Sattler 1600 -Title: "White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years: A Meta-Analysis" 1601 -DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307505121 1602 -Subject Matter: Advertising, Race, Consumer Behavior, Meta-Analysis 1603 - 1604 -{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}} 1605 - 1606 -Study Scale: 1607 - 1608 -62 studies, 332 effect sizes, 10,186 participants (Black and White Americans). 1609 - 1610 -Covers the period 1956–2022. 1611 - 1612 -Cohen’s d Effect Sizes (Model-Free): 1613 - 1614 -Black viewers: d = 0.50 → strong, consistent ingroup preference for Black models. 1615 - 1616 -White viewers: d = –0.08 overall; pre-2000: d = –0.16 (ingroup); post-2000: d = +0.02 (outgroup leaning). 1617 - 1618 -Regression Findings: 1619 - 1620 -White viewers’ preference for Black models increases by ~0.0128 d/year since 1956 (p < 0.05). 1621 - 1622 -By 2022, White viewers showed positive directional preference for Black endorsers. 1623 - 1624 -Black viewer preferences remained stable across the 66 years. 1625 1625 {{/expandable}} 1626 - 1627 -{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}} 1628 - 1629 -Primary Observations: 1630 - 1631 -Ingroup favoritism is evident: Black viewers consistently prefer Black endorsers. 1632 - 1633 -White viewers’ preferences have shifted significantly over time toward favoring Black endorsers. 1634 - 1635 -Temporal Trends: 1636 - 1637 -Turning point: Around 2002–2003, White viewers began showing a positive (though small) preference for Black endorsers. 1638 - 1639 -Moderator Effects: 1640 - 1641 -Low anti-Black prejudice and low White ethnic identification correlate with greater White preference for Black endorsers. 1642 - 1643 -Economic hardship (e.g., high unemployment) slightly reduces White preference for Black endorsers. 1644 - 1645 -Identification Model: 1646 - 1647 -Preference changes are stronger when outcomes measure identification with endorsers (e.g., similarity, attractiveness). 1648 -{{/expandable}} 1649 - 1650 -{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}} 1651 - 1652 -Strengths of the Study: 1653 - 1654 -Longest-running meta-analysis on interracial preferences in advertising. 1655 - 1656 -Includes multilevel modeling and 21 meta-analytic covariates. 1657 - 1658 -Accounts for both perceiver and societal context, and controls for publication bias. 1659 - 1660 -Limitations: 1661 - 1662 -Only examines Black and White racial dynamics—doesn’t cover Hispanic, Asian, or multiracial groups. 1663 - 1664 -72% of effect sizes are from student samples (not fully generalizable). 1665 - 1666 -Social desirability bias may affect lab-based responses. 1667 - 1668 -Suggestions for Improvement: 1669 - 1670 -Include field experiments and more representative samples (age, class, ideology). 1671 - 1672 -Examine how Black models are portrayed, not just if they are shown. 1673 - 1674 -Extend research to other racial groups and multiracial representations. 1675 -{{/expandable}} 1676 - 1677 -{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}} 1678 - 1679 -Provides empirical support for the dynamic shift in White American attitudes over time. 1680 - 1681 -Directly informs discussions about media representation, consumer behavior, and racial identity. 1682 - 1683 -Supports policy and commercial arguments for including more diverse models in advertising. 1684 -{{/expandable}} 1685 - 1686 -{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}} 1687 - 1688 -Expand analysis to Latino, Asian, and multiracial models in media. 1689 - 1690 -Study real-world (non-lab) consumer reactions to racial diversity in advertising. 1691 - 1692 -Investigate how economic anxiety influences racial preferences in other domains (e.g., hiring, education). 1693 - 1694 -Explore how virtual influencers or AI-generated models affect racial perceptions. 1695 -{{/expandable}} 1696 - 1697 -{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}} 1698 -[[Download Full Study>>attach:lenk-et-al-white-americans-preference-for-black-people-in-advertising-has-increased-in-the-past-66-years-a-meta-analysis.pdf]] 1699 -{{/expandable}} 1700 -{{/expandable}}
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lenk-et-al-white-americans-preference-for-black-people-in-advertising-has-increased-in-the-past-66-years-a-meta-analysis.pdf
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