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@@ -1123,65 +1123,67 @@
  = Whiteness & White Guilt =
  {{expandable summary="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
--**Date of Publication:** *2019*
--**Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
--**Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
--**DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
--**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
++**Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
++**Date of Publication:** *2019*
++**Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
++**Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
++**DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
++**Subject Matter:** *Critical Race Theory, Sports Sociology, Anti-White Institutional Framing*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
--   - Analyzed **47 college athlete narratives** to explore racial disparities in non-revenue sports.
--   - Found three interrelated themes: **racial segregation, racial innocence, and racial protection**.
++   - Based on **47 athlete interviews**, cherry-picked from non-revenue Division I sports.
++   - The study claims **“segregation”**, but presents no evidence of actual exclusion or policy bias — just demographic imbalance.
 . **Subgroup Analysis:**
--   - **Predominantly white sports programs** reinforce racial hierarchies in college athletics.
--   - **Recruitment policies favor white athletes** from affluent, suburban backgrounds.
++   - Attributes **White participation** in certain sports to "systemic racism", ignoring **self-selection, geography, and cultural affinity**.
++   - Claims White athletes are “protected” from race discussions — but never engages with **Black overrepresentation in revenue sports**.
 . **Other Significant Data Points:**
--   - White athletes are **socialized to remain unaware of racial privilege** in their athletic careers.
--   - Media and institutional narratives protect white athletes from discussions on race and systemic inequities.
++   - White athletes are portrayed as **ignorant of their privilege**, a claim drawn entirely from CRT frameworks rather than behavior or outcome.
++   - **No empirical data** is offered on policy, scholarship distribution, or team selection criteria.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
 . **Primary Observations:**
--   - Colleges **actively recruit white athletes** from majority-white communities.
--   - Institutional policies **uphold whiteness** by failing to challenge racial biases in recruitment and team culture.
++   - Frames **normal demographic patterns** (e.g., majority-White rosters in tennis or rowing) as "institutional whiteness".
++   - **Ignores the structural dominance** of Black athletes in high-profile revenue sports like football and basketball.
 . **Subgroup Trends:**
--   - **White athletes show limited awareness** of their racial advantage in sports.
--   - **Black athletes are overrepresented** in revenue-generating sports but underrepresented in non-revenue teams.
++   - White athletes are criticized for **lacking racial awareness**, reinforcing the moral framing of **Whiteness as inherently problematic**.
++   - **Cultural preference, individual merit, and athletic subculture** are all excluded from consideration.
 . **Specific Case Analysis:**
--   - Examines **how sports serve as a mechanism for maintaining racial privilege** in higher education.
--   - Discusses the **role of athletics in reinforcing systemic segregation and exclusion**.
++   - Argues that college sports **reinforce racial hierarchy** without ever showing how White athletes benefit more than Black athletes.
++   - Offers **no comparative analysis** of scholarships, graduation rates, or media portrayal by race.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
 . **Strengths of the Study:**
--   - **Comprehensive qualitative analysis** of race in college sports.
--   - Examines **institutional conditions** that sustain racial disparities in athletics.
++   - Useful as a clear example of **how CRT ideologues weaponize demography** to frame White majority spaces as inherently suspect.
++   - Shows how **academic literature systematically avoids symmetrical analysis** when outcomes favor White participants.
 . **Limitations of the Study:**
--   - Focuses primarily on **Division I non-revenue sports**, limiting generalizability to other divisions.
--   - Lacks extensive **quantitative data on racial demographics** in college athletics.
++   - **Excludes revenue sports**, where Black athletes dominate by numbers, prestige, and compensation.
++   - **Fails to explain** how team composition emerges from voluntary participation, geography, or subcultural identity.
++   - Treats **racial imbalance as proof of racism**, bypassing merit, interest, or socioeconomic context.
 . **Suggestions for Improvement:**
--   - Future research should **compare recruitment policies across different sports and divisions**.
--   - Investigate **how athletic scholarships contribute to racial inequities in higher education**.
++   - Include **White athlete perspectives** without pre-framing them as racially naive or complicit.
++   - **Compare all sports**, including those where Black athletes thrive and lead.
++   - Remove CRT framing and **evaluate outcomes empirically**, not ideologically.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
--- Provides evidence of **systemic racial biases** in college sports recruitment.
--- Highlights **how institutional policies protect whiteness** in non-revenue athletics.
--- Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.
++- Demonstrates how **DEI-aligned research reframes benign patterns** as oppressive when White majorities are involved.
++- Illustrates **anti-White academic framing** in environments where no institutional barrier exists.
++- Provides a concrete example of how **CRT avoids acknowledging Black dominance in elite spaces** (revenue athletics).
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
--1. Investigate how **racial stereotypes influence college athlete recruitment**.
--2. Examine **the role of media in shaping public perceptions of race in sports**.
--3. Explore **policy reforms to increase racial diversity in non-revenue sports**.
++1. Investigate **racial self-sorting and cultural affiliation** in athletic participation.
++2. Compare **media framing of White-majority vs. Black-majority sports**.
++3. Study **how CRT narratives distort athletic merit and demographic outcomes**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
@@ -1189,6 +1189,7 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
++
  {{expandable summary="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
  **Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
  **Date of Publication:** *2016*
@@ -1388,6 +1388,7 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}
  = Media =
@@ -1591,4 +1591,109 @@
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="Study: White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years"}}
++Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
++Date of Publication: February 20, 2024
++Author(s): Julia Diana Lenk, Jochen Hartmann, Henrik Sattler
++Title: "White Americans’ Preference for Black People in Advertising Has Increased in the Past 66 Years: A Meta-Analysis"
++DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307505121
++Subject Matter: Advertising, Race, Consumer Behavior, Meta-Analysis
++
++{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
++
++Study Scale:
++
++62 studies, 332 effect sizes, 10,186 participants (Black and White Americans).
++
++Covers the period 1956–2022.
++
++Cohen’s d Effect Sizes (Model-Free):
++
++Black viewers: d = 0.50 → strong, consistent ingroup preference for Black models.
++
++White viewers: d = –0.08 overall; pre-2000: d = –0.16 (ingroup); post-2000: d = +0.02 (outgroup leaning).
++
++Regression Findings:
++
++White viewers’ preference for Black models increases by ~0.0128 d/year since 1956 (p < 0.05).
++
++By 2022, White viewers showed positive directional preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Black viewer preferences remained stable across the 66 years.
  {{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
++
++Primary Observations:
++
++Ingroup favoritism is evident: Black viewers consistently prefer Black endorsers.
++
++White viewers’ preferences have shifted significantly over time toward favoring Black endorsers.
++
++Temporal Trends:
++
++Turning point: Around 2002–2003, White viewers began showing a positive (though small) preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Moderator Effects:
++
++Low anti-Black prejudice and low White ethnic identification correlate with greater White preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Economic hardship (e.g., high unemployment) slightly reduces White preference for Black endorsers.
++
++Identification Model:
++
++Preference changes are stronger when outcomes measure identification with endorsers (e.g., similarity, attractiveness).
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
++
++Strengths of the Study:
++
++Longest-running meta-analysis on interracial preferences in advertising.
++
++Includes multilevel modeling and 21 meta-analytic covariates.
++
++Accounts for both perceiver and societal context, and controls for publication bias.
++
++Limitations:
++
++Only examines Black and White racial dynamics—doesn’t cover Hispanic, Asian, or multiracial groups.
++
++72% of effect sizes are from student samples (not fully generalizable).
++
++Social desirability bias may affect lab-based responses.
++
++Suggestions for Improvement:
++
++Include field experiments and more representative samples (age, class, ideology).
++
++Examine how Black models are portrayed, not just if they are shown.
++
++Extend research to other racial groups and multiracial representations.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
++
++Provides empirical support for the dynamic shift in White American attitudes over time.
++
++Directly informs discussions about media representation, consumer behavior, and racial identity.
++
++Supports policy and commercial arguments for including more diverse models in advertising.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
++
++Expand analysis to Latino, Asian, and multiracial models in media.
++
++Study real-world (non-lab) consumer reactions to racial diversity in advertising.
++
++Investigate how economic anxiety influences racial preferences in other domains (e.g., hiring, education).
++
++Explore how virtual influencers or AI-generated models affect racial perceptions.
++{{/expandable}}
++
++{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
++[[Download Full Study>>attach:lenk-et-al-white-americans-preference-for-black-people-in-advertising-has-increased-in-the-past-66-years-a-meta-analysis.pdf]]
++{{/expandable}}
++{{/expandable}}

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