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Changes for page Research at a Glance

Last modified by Ryan C on 2025/06/26 03:09

From 95.1 to 94.1 From 108.1 to 107.1

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edited by Ryan C
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@@ -1,1 +1,1 @@
--Main Categories.Science & Research.WebHome
++Main.Studies.WebHome

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@@ -1,17 +4,99 @@
--{{toc/}}
--
--
  = Research at a Glance =
--    Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various important Racial themes. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout. I wanted to make this for a couple of reasons. Number one is organization. There are a ton of useful studies out there that expose the truth, sometimes inadvertently. You'll notice that in this initial draft the summaries are often woke and reflect the bias of the AI writing them as well as the researchers politically correct conclusion in most cases. That's because I haven't gotten to going through and pointing out the reasons I put all of them in here.
++    Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various important Racial themes. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout. I wanted to make this for a couple of reasons. Number one is organization. There are a ton of useful studies out there that expose the truth, sometimes inadvertently. You'll notice that in this initial draft the summaries are often woke and reflect the bias of the AI writing them as well as the researchers politically correct conclusion in most cases. That's because I haven't gotten to going through and pointing out the reasons I put all of them in here.
      There is often an underlying hypocrisy or double standard, saying the quiet part out loud, or conclusions that are so much of an antithesis to what the data shows that made me want to include it. At least, thats the idea for once its polished. I have about 150 more studies to upload, so it will be a few weeks before I get through it all. Until such time, feel free to search for them yourself and edit in what you find, or add your own studies. If you like you can do it manually, or if you'd rather go the route I did, just rename the study to its doi number and feed the study into an AI and tell them to summarize the study using the following format:
++{{example}}
++~= Study: [Study Title] =
++~{~{expand title="Study: [Study Title] (Click to Expand)" expanded="false"}}
++~*~*Source:~*~* *[Journal/Institution Name]*
++~*~*Date of Publication:~*~* *[Publication Date]*
++~*~*Author(s):~*~* *[Author(s) Name(s)]*
++~*~*Title:~*~* *"[Study Title]"*
++~*~*DOI:~*~* [DOI or Link]
++~*~*Subject Matter:~*~* *[Broad Research Area, e.g., Social Psychology, Public Policy, Behavioral Economics]*
++~-~--
++
++~#~# ~*~*Key Statistics~*~*
++~1. ~*~*General Observations:~*~*
++   - [Statistical finding or observation]
++   - [Statistical finding or observation]
++
++2. ~*~*Subgroup Analysis:~*~*
++   - [Breakdown of findings by gender, race, or other subgroups]
++
++3. ~*~*Other Significant Data Points:~*~*
++   - [Any additional findings or significant statistics]
++
++~-~--
++
++~#~# ~*~*Findings~*~*
++~1. ~*~*Primary Observations:~*~*
++   - [High-level findings or trends in the study]
++
++2. ~*~*Subgroup Trends:~*~*
++   - [Disparities or differences highlighted in the study]
++
++3. ~*~*Specific Case Analysis:~*~*
++   - [Detailed explanation of any notable specific findings]
++
++~-~--
++
++~#~# ~*~*Critique and Observations~*~*
++~1. ~*~*Strengths of the Study:~*~*
++   - [Examples: strong methodology, large dataset, etc.]
++
++2. ~*~*Limitations of the Study:~*~*
++   - [Examples: data gaps, lack of upstream analysis, etc.]
++
++3. ~*~*Suggestions for Improvement:~*~*
++   - [Ideas for further research or addressing limitations]
++
++~-~--
++
++~#~# ~*~*Relevance to Subproject~*~*
++- [Explanation of how this study contributes to your subproject goals.]
++- [Any key arguments or findings that support or challenge your views.]
++
++~-~--
++
++~#~# ~*~*Suggestions for Further Exploration~*~*
++~1. [Research questions or areas to investigate further.]
++2. [Potential studies or sources to complement this analysis.]
++
++~-~--
++
++~#~# ~*~*Summary of Research Study~*~*
++This study examines ~*~*[core research question or focus]~*~*, providing insights into ~*~*[main subject area]~*~*. The research utilized ~*~*[sample size and methodology]~*~* to assess ~*~*[key variables or measured outcomes]~*~*.
++
++This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
++
++~-~--
++
++~#~# ~*~*📄 Download Full Study~*~*
++~{~{velocity}}
++#set($doi = "[Insert DOI Here]")
++#set($filename = "${doi}.pdf")
++#if($xwiki.exists("attach~:$filename"))
++~[~[Download Full Study>>attach~:$filename]]
++#else
++~{~{html}}<span style="color:red; font-weight:bold;">🚨 PDF Not Available 🚨</span>~{~{/html}}
++#end
++~{~{/velocity}}
++
++~{~{/expand}}
++
++
++{{/example}}
++
++
++
  - Click on a **category** in the **Table of Contents** to browse studies related to that topic.
  - Click on a **study title** to expand its details, including **key findings, critique, and relevance**.
  - Use the **search function** (Ctrl + F or XWiki's built-in search) to quickly find specific topics or authors.
@@ -19,13 +19,16 @@
  - You'll also find a download link to the original full study in pdf form at the bottom of the collapsible block.
++{{toc/}}
--= Genetics =
--{{expandable summary="
--Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
++
++= Genetics =
++
++
++{{expandable summary="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
  **Source:** *Nature*
  **Date of Publication:** *2009*
  **Author(s):** *David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price, Lalji Singh*
@@ -89,17 +89,22 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]
++##
++  ##
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
--**Source:** *Nature*
--**Date of Publication:** *2016*
--**Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
--**Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
--**DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
--**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
++**Source:** *Nature*
++**Date of Publication:** *2016*
++**Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
++**Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
++**DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
++**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **high-coverage genome sequences of 300 individuals from 142 populations**.
@@ -156,18 +156,21 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]
++##
++  ##
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
++
  Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"}}
--**Source:** *Nature Genetics*
--**Date of Publication:** *2015*
--**Author(s):** *Tinca J. C. Polderman, Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, Danielle Posthuma*
--**Title:** *"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"*
--**DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
++**Source:** *Nature Genetics*
++**Date of Publication:** *2015*
++**Author(s):** *Tinca J. C. Polderman, Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, Danielle Posthuma*
++**Title:** *"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"*
++**DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
++**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
@@ -228,8 +228,9 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
++
  Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"}}
  **Source:** *Nature Reviews Genetics*
  **Date of Publication:** *2002*
@@ -297,15 +297,16 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="
++{{expandable summary="
++
  Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA"}}
--**Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
--**Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
--**Author(s):** *Ali Akbari, Alison R. Barton, Steven Gazal, Zheng Li, Mohammadreza Kariminejad, et al.*
--**Title:** *"Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation"*
--**DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
++**Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
++**Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
++**Author(s):** *Ali Akbari, Alison R. Barton, Steven Gazal, Zheng Li, Mohammadreza Kariminejad, et al.*
++**Title:** *"Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation"*
++**DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
++**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
@@ -367,14 +367,17 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
--**Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2013*
--**Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
--**Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
--**DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
--**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
++**Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2013*
++**Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
++**Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
++**DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
++**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study documents how the **heritability of IQ increases with age**, reaching an asymptote at **0.80 by adulthood**.
@@ -434,14 +434,17 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
--**Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2010*
--**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
--**Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
--**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
++**Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2010*
++**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
++**Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
++**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study argues that **Homo sapiens is polytypic**, meaning it consists of multiple subspecies rather than a single monotypic species.
@@ -501,16 +501,17 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--= IQ =
++{{expandable summary="
--{{expandable summary="Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"}}
--**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2019*
--**Author(s):** *Heiner Rindermann, David Becker, Thomas R. Coyle*
--**Title:** *"Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
--**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
++Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"}}
++**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2019*
++**Author(s):** *Heiner Rindermann, David Becker, Thomas R. Coyle*
++**Title:** *"Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
++**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Survey of **102 experts** on intelligence research and public discourse.
@@ -570,14 +570,17 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"}}
--**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2015*
--**Author(s):** *Davide Piffer*
--**Title:** *"A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
--**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"}}
++**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2015*
++**Author(s):** *Davide Piffer*
++**Title:** *"A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
++**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **genome-wide association studies (GWAS) hits** linked to intelligence.
@@ -637,17 +637,18 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding"}}
--**Source:** Journal of Genetic Epidemiology
--**Date of Publication:** 2024-01-15
--**Author(s):** Smith et al.
--**Title:** "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"
--**DOI:** [https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235)
--**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
--{{/expandable}}
++{{expandable summary="
--= Dating =
++Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding"}}
++**Source:** Journal of Genetic Epidemiology
++**Date of Publication:** 2024-01-15
++**Author(s):** Smith et al.
++**Title:** "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"
++**DOI:** [https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235)
++**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
++{{/expandable}}
++
  {{expandable summary="Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018"}}
  **Source:** *JAMA Network Open*
  **Date of Publication:** *2020*
@@ -709,18 +709,30 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
--
++{{velocity}}
++
++#set($doi = "10.1001_jamanetworkopen.2020.3833")
++#set($filename = "${doi}.pdf")
++#if($xwiki.exists("attach:$filename"))
++[[Download>>attach:$filename]]
++#else
++{{html}}<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">🚨 PDF Not Available 🚨</span>{{/html}}
++#end
++{{/velocity}}
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"}}
--**Source:** *Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica*
--**Date of Publication:** *2012*
--**Author(s):** *Ravisha M. Srinivasjois, Shreya Shah, Prakesh S. Shah, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births*
--**Title:** *"Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"*
--**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
--**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"}}
++**Source:** *Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica*
++**Date of Publication:** *2012*
++**Author(s):** *Ravisha M. Srinivasjois, Shreya Shah, Prakesh S. Shah, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births*
++**Title:** *"Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"*
++**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
++**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Meta-analysis of **26,335,596 singleton births** from eight studies.
@@ -782,14 +782,17 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
--**Source:** *Current Psychology*
--**Date of Publication:** *2024*
--**Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
--**Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
--**DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
--**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
++**Source:** *Current Psychology*
++**Date of Publication:** *2024*
++**Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
++**Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
++**DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
++**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study analyzed **67 self-identified incels** and **103 non-incel men**.
@@ -847,18 +847,21 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
--{{/expandable}}
  = Crime and Substance Abuse =
++{{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
--**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
--**Date of Publication:** *2002*
--**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
--**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
--**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
--**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
++**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
++**Date of Publication:** *2002*
++**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
++**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
++**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
++**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
@@ -918,14 +918,17 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
--**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
--**Date of Publication:** *2003*
--**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
--**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
--**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
--**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
++**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
++**Date of Publication:** *2003*
++**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
++**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
++**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
++**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **how racial and cultural factors influence self-reported substance use data**.
@@ -945,25 +945,25 @@
     - Racial/ethnic disparities in **substance use reporting bias survey-based research**.
     - **Social desirability and cultural norms impact data reliability**.
--2. **Subgroup Trends:**
++2. **Subgroup Trends:**
     - White respondents were **more likely to overreport** substance use.
     - Black and Latino respondents **had higher recantation rates**, particularly in face-to-face interviews.
--3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
++3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
     - Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
     - **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
  {{/expandable}}
  {{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
--1. **Strengths of the Study:**
++1. **Strengths of the Study:**
     - **Comprehensive review of 36 studies** on measurement error in substance use reporting.
     - Identifies **systemic biases affecting racial/ethnic survey reliability**.
--2. **Limitations of the Study:**
++2. **Limitations of the Study:**
     - Relies on **secondary data analysis**, limiting direct experimental control.
     - Does not explore **how measurement error impacts policy decisions**.
--3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
++3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
     - Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
     - Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
  {{/expandable}}
@@ -985,14 +985,17 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
--**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
--**Date of Publication:** *2002*
--**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
--**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
--**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
--**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
++**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
++**Date of Publication:** *2002*
++**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
++**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
++**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
++**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
@@ -1055,14 +1055,18 @@
  {{expandable summary="
--Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
--**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2014*
--**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley, Jan te Nijenhuis, Raegan Murphy*
--**Title:** *"Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"*
--**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
--**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
++Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"}}
++
++{{/expandable}}
++{{expandable summary="Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
++**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2014*
++**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley, Jan te Nijenhuis, Raegan Murphy*
++**Title:** *"Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"*
++**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
++**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - The study examines reaction time data from **13 age-matched studies** spanning **1884–2004**.
@@ -1120,18 +1120,21 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]
  {{/expandable}}
--{{/expandable}}
  = Whiteness & White Guilt =
++{{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
--**Date of Publication:** *2019*
--**Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
--**Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
--**DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
--**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
++**Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
++**Date of Publication:** *2019*
++**Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
++**Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
++**DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
++**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **47 college athlete narratives** to explore racial disparities in non-revenue sports.
@@ -1191,13 +1191,16 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
--**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2016*
--**Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axta, M. Norman Oliver*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++
++Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
++**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2016*
++**Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axta, M. Norman Oliver*
  **Title:** *"Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs About Biological Differences Between Blacks and Whites"*
--**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
--**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
++**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
++**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
@@ -1258,14 +1258,17 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
--**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
--**Date of Publication:** *2015*
--**Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
--**Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
--**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
--**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
++**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
++**Date of Publication:** *2015*
++**Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
++**Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
++**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
++**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Mortality rates among **middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans (ages 45–54)** increased from 1999 to 2013.
@@ -1325,14 +1325,17 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies*
--**Date of Publication:** *2023*
--**Author(s):** *Maurice Crul, Frans Lelie, Elif Keskiner, Laure Michon, Ismintha Waldring*
--**Title:** *"How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"*
--**DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
--**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
++**Source:** *Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies*
++**Date of Publication:** *2023*
++**Author(s):** *Maurice Crul, Frans Lelie, Elif Keskiner, Laure Michon, Ismintha Waldring*
++**Title:** *"How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"*
++**DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
++**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Study examines the role of **people without migration background** in majority-minority cities.
@@ -1392,15 +1392,19 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  = Media =
++{{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication*
--**Date of Publication:** *2021*
--**Author(s):** *Zeynep Tufekci, Jesse Fox, Andrew Chadwick*
--**Title:** *"The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"*
--**DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
--**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic"}}
++**Source:** *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication*
++**Date of Publication:** *2021*
++**Author(s):** *Zeynep Tufekci, Jesse Fox, Andrew Chadwick*
++**Title:** *"The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"*
++**DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
++**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Analyzed **over 500,000 social media interactions** related to intergroup conflict.
@@ -1460,14 +1460,17 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"}}
--**Source:** *Politics & Policy*
--**Date of Publication:** *2007*
--**Author(s):** *Tyler Johnson*
--**Title:** *"Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing: Explaining Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"*
--**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
--**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"}}
++**Source:** *Politics & Policy*
++**Date of Publication:** *2007*
++**Author(s):** *Tyler Johnson*
++**Title:** *"Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing: Explaining Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"*
++**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
++**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Examines **media coverage of same-sex marriage and civil unions from 2004 to 2011**.
@@ -1527,14 +1527,17 @@
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{expandable summary="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
--**Source:** *Journal of Communication*
--**Date of Publication:** *2019*
--**Author(s):** *Natalie Stroud, Matthew Barnidge, Shannon McGregor*
--**Title:** *"The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion: Evidence from Experimental Studies"*
--**DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
--**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
++{{expandable summary="
++
++Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
++**Source:** *Journal of Communication*
++**Date of Publication:** *2019*
++**Author(s):** *Natalie Stroud, Matthew Barnidge, Shannon McGregor*
++**Title:** *"The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion: Evidence from Experimental Studies"*
++**DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
++**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
++
  {{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
 . **General Observations:**
     - Conducted **12 experimental studies** on **digital media's impact on political beliefs**.
@@ -1591,6 +1591,6 @@
  {{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
  [[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]
++##~{~{/expand}}##
  {{/expandable}}
  {{/expandable}}
--{{/expandable}}