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1		-Main Categories.Science & Research.WebHome
	1	+Main.Studies.WebHome

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	1	+= Research at a Glance =
1	1
2		-{{toc/}}
3	3
4	4
5		-= Research at a Glance =
	5	+ Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various important Racial themes. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout. I wanted to make this for a couple of reasons. Number one is organization. There are a ton of useful studies out there that expose the truth, sometimes inadvertently. You'll notice that in this initial draft the summaries are often woke and reflect the bias of the AI writing them as well as the researchers politically correct conclusions in most cases. That's because I haven't gotten to going through and pointing out the reasons I put all of them in here.
6	6
7	7
	8	+ There is often an underlying hypocrisy or double standard, saying the quiet part out loud, or conclusions that are so much of an antithesis to what the data shows that made me want to include it. At least, thats the idea for once its polished. I have about 150 more studies to upload, so it will be a few weeks before I get through it all. Until such time, feel free to search for them yourself and edit in what you find, or add your own studies. If you like you can do it manually, or if you'd rather go the route I did, just rename the study to its doi number and feed the study into an AI and tell them to summarize the study using the following format:
8	8
9		- Welcome to the **Research at a Glance** repository. This section serves as a **centralized reference hub** for key academic studies related to various important Racial themes. Each study is categorized for easy navigation and presented in a **collapsible format** to maintain a clean layout. I wanted to make this for a couple of reasons. Number one is organization. There are a ton of useful studies out there that expose the truth, sometimes inadvertently. You'll notice that in this initial draft the summaries are often woke and reflect the bias of the AI writing them as well as the researchers politically correct conclusion in most cases. That's because I haven't gotten to going through and pointing out the reasons I put all of them in here.
	10	+{{example}}
	11	+~= Study: [Study Title] =
10	10
	13	+~{~{expand title="Study: [Study Title] (Click to Expand)" expanded="false"}}
	14	+~*~*Source:~*~* *[Journal/Institution Name]*
	15	+~*~*Date of Publication:~*~* *[Publication Date]*
	16	+~*~*Author(s):~*~* *[Author(s) Name(s)]*
	17	+~*~*Title:~*~* *"[Study Title]"*
	18	+~*~*DOI:~*~* [DOI or Link]
	19	+~*~*Subject Matter:~*~* *[Broad Research Area, e.g., Social Psychology, Public Policy, Behavioral Economics]*
11	11
12		- There is often an underlying hypocrisy or double standard, saying the quiet part out loud, or conclusions that are so much of an antithesis to what the data shows that made me want to include it. At least, thats the idea for once its polished. I have about 150 more studies to upload, so it will be a few weeks before I get through it all. Until such time, feel free to search for them yourself and edit in what you find, or add your own studies. If you like you can do it manually, or if you'd rather go the route I did, just rename the study to its doi number and feed the study into an AI and tell them to summarize the study using the following format:
	21	+~-~--
13	13
	23	+~#~# ~*~*Key Statistics~*~*
	24	+~1. ~*~*General Observations:~*~*
	25	+ - [Statistical finding or observation]
	26	+ - [Statistical finding or observation]
14	14
	28	+2. ~*~*Subgroup Analysis:~*~*
	29	+ - [Breakdown of findings by gender, race, or other subgroups]
15	15
	31	+3. ~*~*Other Significant Data Points:~*~*
	32	+ - [Any additional findings or significant statistics]
	33	+
	34	+~-~--
	35	+
	36	+~#~# ~*~*Findings~*~*
	37	+~1. ~*~*Primary Observations:~*~*
	38	+ - [High-level findings or trends in the study]
	39	+
	40	+2. ~*~*Subgroup Trends:~*~*
	41	+ - [Disparities or differences highlighted in the study]
	42	+
	43	+3. ~*~*Specific Case Analysis:~*~*
	44	+ - [Detailed explanation of any notable specific findings]
	45	+
	46	+~-~--
	47	+
	48	+~#~# ~*~*Critique and Observations~*~*
	49	+~1. ~*~*Strengths of the Study:~*~*
	50	+ - [Examples: strong methodology, large dataset, etc.]
	51	+
	52	+2. ~*~*Limitations of the Study:~*~*
	53	+ - [Examples: data gaps, lack of upstream analysis, etc.]
	54	+
	55	+3. ~*~*Suggestions for Improvement:~*~*
	56	+ - [Ideas for further research or addressing limitations]
	57	+
	58	+~-~--
	59	+
	60	+~#~# ~*~*Relevance to Subproject~*~*
	61	+- [Explanation of how this study contributes to your subproject goals.]
	62	+- [Any key arguments or findings that support or challenge your views.]
	63	+
	64	+~-~--
	65	+
	66	+~#~# ~*~*Suggestions for Further Exploration~*~*
	67	+~1. [Research questions or areas to investigate further.]
	68	+2. [Potential studies or sources to complement this analysis.]
	69	+
	70	+~-~--
	71	+
	72	+~#~# ~*~*Summary of Research Study~*~*
	73	+This study examines ~*~*[core research question or focus]~*~*, providing insights into ~*~*[main subject area]~*~*. The research utilized ~*~*[sample size and methodology]~*~* to assess ~*~*[key variables or measured outcomes]~*~*.
	74	+
	75	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	76	+
	77	+~-~--
	78	+
	79	+~#~# ~*~*📄 Download Full Study~*~*
	80	+~{~{velocity}}
	81	+#set($doi = "[Insert DOI Here]")
	82	+#set($filename = "${doi}.pdf")
	83	+#if($xwiki.exists("attach~:$filename"))
	84	+~[~[Download Full Study>>attach~:$filename]]
	85	+#else
	86	+~{~{html}}<span style="color:red; font-weight:bold;">🚨 PDF Not Available 🚨</span>~{~{/html}}
	87	+#end
	88	+~{~{/velocity}}
	89	+
	90	+~{~{/expand}}
	91	+
	92	+
	93	+{{/example}}
	94	+
	95	+
	96	+
16	16	- Click on a **category** in the **Table of Contents** to browse studies related to that topic.
17	17	- Click on a **study title** to expand its details, including **key findings, critique, and relevance**.
18	18	- Use the **search function** (Ctrl + F or XWiki's built-in search) to quickly find specific topics or authors.
...	...	@@ -20,11 +20,18 @@
20	20	- You'll also find a download link to the original full study in pdf form at the bottom of the collapsible block.
21	21
22	22
	104	+{{toc/}}
23	23
	106	+
	107	+
	108	+
	109	+
24	24	= Genetics =
25	25
26	26
27		-{{expandable summary="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
	113	+== Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History ==
	114	+
	115	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Reconstructing Indian Population History"}}
28	28	**Source:** *Nature*
29	29	**Date of Publication:** *2009*
30	30	**Author(s):** *David Reich, Kumarasamy Thangaraj, Nick Patterson, Alkes L. Price, Lalji Singh*
...	...	@@ -32,7 +32,10 @@
32	32	**DOI:** [10.1038/nature08365](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08365)
33	33	**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Population History, South Asian Ancestry*
34	34
35		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	123	+----
	124	+
	125	+## **Key Statistics**##
	126	+
36	36	1. **General Observations:**
37	37	- Study analyzed **132 individuals from 25 diverse Indian groups**.
38	38	- Identified two major ancestral populations: **Ancestral North Indians (ANI)** and **Ancestral South Indians (ASI)**.
...	...	@@ -44,9 +44,11 @@
44	44	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
45	45	- ANI ancestry ranges from **39% to 71%** across Indian groups.
46	46	- **Caste and linguistic differences** strongly correlate with genetic variation.
47		-{{/expandable}}
48	48
49		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	139	+----
	140	+
	141	+## **Findings**##
	142	+
50	50	1. **Primary Observations:**
51	51	- The genetic landscape of India has been shaped by **thousands of years of endogamy**.
52	52	- Groups with **only ASI ancestry no longer exist** in mainland India.
...	...	@@ -58,9 +58,11 @@
58	58	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
59	59	- **Founder effects** have maintained allele frequency differences among Indian groups.
60	60	- Predicts **higher incidence of recessive diseases** due to historical genetic isolation.
61		-{{/expandable}}
62	62
63		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	155	+----
	156	+
	157	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	158	+
64	64	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
65	65	- **First large-scale genetic analysis** of Indian population history.
66	66	- Introduces **new methods for ancestry estimation without direct ancestral reference groups**.
...	...	@@ -72,34 +72,50 @@
72	72	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
73	73	- Future research should **expand sampling across more Indian tribal groups**.
74	74	- Use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer resolution of ancestry.
75		-{{/expandable}}
76	76
77		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	171	+----
	172	+
	173	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
78	78	- Provides a **genetic basis for caste and linguistic diversity** in India.
79	79	- Highlights **founder effects and genetic drift** shaping South Asian populations.
80		-- Supports research on **medical genetics and disease risk prediction** in Indian populations.
81		-{{/expandable}}
	176	+- Supports research on **medical genetics and disease risk prediction** in Indian populations.##
82	82
83		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	178	+----
	179	+
	180	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	181	+
84	84	1. Examine **genetic markers linked to disease susceptibility** in Indian subpopulations.
85	85	2. Investigate the impact of **recent migration patterns on ANI-ASI ancestry distribution**.
86	86	3. Study **gene flow between Indian populations and other global groups**.
87		-{{/expandable}}
88	88
89		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
90		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]
91		-{{/expandable}}
92		-{{/expandable}}
	186	+----
93	93
94		-{{expandable summary="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
95		-**Source:** *Nature*
96		-**Date of Publication:** *2016*
97		-**Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
98		-**Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
99		-**DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
100		-**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
	188	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	189	+This study reconstructs **the genetic history of India**, revealing two ancestral populations—**ANI (related to West Eurasians) and ASI (distinctly South Asian)**. By analyzing **25 diverse Indian groups**, the researchers demonstrate how **historical endogamy and founder effects** have maintained genetic differentiation. The findings have **implications for medical genetics, population history, and the study of South Asian ancestry**.##
101	101
102		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	191	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	192	+
	193	+----
	194	+
	195	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	196	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature08365.pdf]]##
	197	+{{/expand}}
	198	+
	199	+
	200	+== Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations ==
	201	+
	202	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"}}
	203	+**Source:** *Nature*
	204	+**Date of Publication:** *2016*
	205	+**Author(s):** *David Reich, Swapan Mallick, Heng Li, Mark Lipson, and others*
	206	+**Title:** *"The Simons Genome Diversity Project: 300 Genomes from 142 Diverse Populations"*
	207	+**DOI:** [10.1038/nature18964](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18964)
	208	+**Subject Matter:** *Human Genetic Diversity, Population History, Evolutionary Genomics*
	209	+
	210	+----
	211	+
	212	+## **Key Statistics**##
	213	+
103	103	1. **General Observations:**
104	104	- Analyzed **high-coverage genome sequences of 300 individuals from 142 populations**.
105	105	- Included **many underrepresented and indigenous groups** from Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas.
...	...	@@ -111,9 +111,11 @@
111	111	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
112	112	- Identified **5.8 million base pairs absent from the human reference genome**.
113	113	- Estimated that **mutations have accumulated 5% faster in non-Africans than in Africans**.
114		-{{/expandable}}
115	115
116		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	226	+----
	227	+
	228	+## **Findings**##
	229	+
117	117	1. **Primary Observations:**
118	118	- **African populations harbor the greatest genetic diversity**, confirming an out-of-Africa dispersal model.
119	119	- Indigenous Australians and New Guineans **share a common ancestral population with other non-Africans**.
...	...	@@ -125,9 +125,11 @@
125	125	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
126	126	- **Neanderthal ancestry is higher in East Asians than in Europeans**.
127	127	- African hunter-gatherer groups show **deep population splits over 100,000 years ago**.
128		-{{/expandable}}
129	129
130		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	242	+----
	243	+
	244	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	245	+
131	131	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
132	132	- **Largest global genetic dataset** outside of the 1000 Genomes Project.
133	133	- High sequencing depth allows **more accurate identification of genetic variants**.
...	...	@@ -139,37 +139,50 @@
139	139	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
140	140	- Future studies should include **ancient genomes** to improve demographic modeling.
141	141	- Expand research into **how genetic variation affects health outcomes** across populations.
142		-{{/expandable}}
143	143
144		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	258	+----
	259	+
	260	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
145	145	- Provides **comprehensive data on human genetic diversity**, useful for **evolutionary studies**.
146	146	- Supports research on **Neanderthal and Denisovan introgression** in modern human populations.
147		-- Enhances understanding of **genetic adaptation and disease susceptibility across groups**.
148		-{{/expandable}}
	263	+- Enhances understanding of **genetic adaptation and disease susceptibility across groups**.##
149	149
150		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	265	+----
	266	+
	267	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	268	+
151	151	1. Investigate **functional consequences of genetic variation in underrepresented populations**.
152	152	2. Study **how selection pressures shaped genetic diversity across different environments**.
153	153	3. Explore **medical applications of population-specific genetic markers**.
154		-{{/expandable}}
155	155
156		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
157		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]
158		-{{/expandable}}
159		-{{/expandable}}
	273	+----
160	160
161		-{{expandable summary="
	275	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	276	+This study presents **high-coverage genome sequences from 300 individuals across 142 populations**, offering **new insights into global genetic diversity and human evolution**. The findings highlight **deep African population splits, widespread archaic ancestry in non-Africans, and unique variants absent from the human reference genome**. The research enhances our understanding of **migration patterns, adaptation, and evolutionary history**.##
162	162
	278	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
163	163
164		-Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"}}
165		-**Source:** *Nature Genetics*
166		-**Date of Publication:** *2015*
167		-**Author(s):** *Tinca J. C. Polderman, Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, Danielle Posthuma*
168		-**Title:** *"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"*
169		-**DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
170		-**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
	280	+----
171	171
172		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	282	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	283	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nature18964.pdf]]##
	284	+{{/expand}}
	285	+
	286	+
	287	+== Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies ==
	288	+
	289	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"}}
	290	+**Source:** *Nature Genetics*
	291	+**Date of Publication:** *2015*
	292	+**Author(s):** *Tinca J. C. Polderman, Beben Benyamin, Christiaan A. de Leeuw, Patrick F. Sullivan, Arjen van Bochoven, Peter M. Visscher, Danielle Posthuma*
	293	+**Title:** *"Meta-analysis of the heritability of human traits based on fifty years of twin studies"*
	294	+**DOI:** [10.1038/ng.328](https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.328)
	295	+**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Heritability, Twin Studies, Behavioral Science*
	296	+
	297	+----
	298	+
	299	+## **Key Statistics**##
	300	+
173	173	1. **General Observations:**
174	174	- Analyzed **17,804 traits from 2,748 twin studies** published between **1958 and 2012**.
175	175	- Included data from **14,558,903 twin pairs**, making it the largest meta-analysis on human heritability.
...	...	@@ -181,9 +181,11 @@
181	181	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
182	182	- **Neurological, metabolic, and psychiatric traits** showed the highest heritability estimates.
183	183	- Traits related to **social values and environmental interactions** had lower heritability estimates.
184		-{{/expandable}}
185	185
186		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	313	+----
	314	+
	315	+## **Findings**##
	316	+
187	187	1. **Primary Observations:**
188	188	- Across all traits, genetic factors play a significant role in individual differences.
189	189	- The study contradicts models that **overestimate environmental effects in behavioral and cognitive traits**.
...	...	@@ -195,9 +195,11 @@
195	195	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
196	196	- Twin correlations suggest **limited evidence for strong non-additive genetic influences**.
197	197	- The study highlights **missing heritability in complex traits**, which genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have yet to fully explain.
198		-{{/expandable}}
199	199
200		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	329	+----
	330	+
	331	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	332	+
201	201	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
202	202	- **Largest-ever heritability meta-analysis**, covering nearly all published twin studies.
203	203	- Provides a **comprehensive framework for understanding gene-environment contributions**.
...	...	@@ -209,29 +209,39 @@
209	209	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
210	210	- Future research should use **whole-genome sequencing** for finer-grained heritability estimates.
211	211	- **Incorporate non-Western populations** to assess global heritability trends.
212		-{{/expandable}}
213	213
214		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	345	+----
	346	+
	347	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
215	215	- Establishes a **quantitative benchmark for heritability across human traits**.
216	216	- Reinforces **genetic influence on cognitive, behavioral, and physical traits**.
217		-- Highlights the need for **genome-wide studies to identify missing heritability**.
218		-{{/expandable}}
	350	+- Highlights the need for **genome-wide studies to identify missing heritability**.##
219	219
220		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	352	+----
	353	+
	354	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	355	+
221	221	1. Investigate how **heritability estimates compare across different socioeconomic backgrounds**.
222	222	2. Examine **gene-environment interactions in cognitive and psychiatric traits**.
223	223	3. Explore **non-additive genetic effects on human traits using newer statistical models**.
224		-{{/expandable}}
225	225
226		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
227		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_ng.328.pdf]]
228		-{{/expandable}}
229		-{{/expandable}}
	360	+----
230	230
231		-{{expandable summary="
	362	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	363	+This study presents a **comprehensive meta-analysis of human trait heritability**, covering **over 50 years of twin research**. The findings confirm **genes play a predominant role in shaping human traits**, with an **average heritability of 49%** across all measured characteristics. The research offers **valuable insights into genetic and environmental influences**, guiding future gene-mapping efforts and behavioral genetics studies.##
232	232
	365	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
233	233
234		-Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"}}
	367	+----
	368	+
	369	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	370	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_ng.328.pdf]]##
	371	+{{/expand}}
	372	+
	373	+
	374	+== Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease ==
	375	+
	376	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Genetic Analysis of African Populations: Human Evolution and Complex Disease"}}
235	235	**Source:** *Nature Reviews Genetics*
236	236	**Date of Publication:** *2002*
237	237	**Author(s):** *Sarah A. Tishkoff, Scott M. Williams*
...	...	@@ -239,7 +239,10 @@
239	239	**DOI:** [10.1038/nrg865](https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg865)
240	240	**Subject Matter:** *Population Genetics, Human Evolution, Complex Diseases*
241	241
242		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	384	+----
	385	+
	386	+## **Key Statistics**##
	387	+
243	243	1. **General Observations:**
244	244	- Africa harbors **the highest genetic diversity** of any region, making it key to understanding human evolution.
245	245	- The study analyzes **genetic variation and linkage disequilibrium (LD) in African populations**.
...	...	@@ -251,9 +251,11 @@
251	251	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
252	252	- The **effective population size (Ne) of Africans** is higher than that of non-African populations.
253	253	- LD blocks are **shorter in African genomes**, suggesting more historical recombination events.
254		-{{/expandable}}
255	255
256		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	400	+----
	401	+
	402	+## **Findings**##
	403	+
257	257	1. **Primary Observations:**
258	258	- African populations are the **most genetically diverse**, supporting the *Recent African Origin* hypothesis.
259	259	- Genetic variation in African populations can **help fine-map complex disease genes**.
...	...	@@ -265,9 +265,11 @@
265	265	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
266	266	- Admixture in African Americans includes **West African and European genetic contributions**.
267	267	- SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) diversity in African genomes **exceeds that of non-African groups**.
268		-{{/expandable}}
269	269
270		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	416	+----
	417	+
	418	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	419	+
271	271	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
272	272	- Provides **comprehensive genetic analysis** of diverse African populations.
273	273	- Highlights **how genetic diversity impacts health disparities and disease risks**.
...	...	@@ -279,37 +279,50 @@
279	279	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
280	280	- Expand research into **underrepresented African populations**.
281	281	- Integrate **whole-genome sequencing for a more detailed evolutionary timeline**.
282		-{{/expandable}}
283	283
284		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	432	+----
	433	+
	434	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
285	285	- Supports **genetic models of human evolution** and the **out-of-Africa hypothesis**.
286	286	- Reinforces **Africa’s key role in disease gene mapping and precision medicine**.
287		-- Provides insight into **historical migration patterns and their genetic impact**.
288		-{{/expandable}}
	437	+- Provides insight into **historical migration patterns and their genetic impact**.##
289	289
290		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	439	+----
	440	+
	441	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	442	+
291	291	1. Investigate **genetic adaptations to local environments within Africa**.
292	292	2. Study **the role of African genetic diversity in disease resistance**.
293	293	3. Expand research on **how ancient migration patterns shaped modern genetic structure**.
294		-{{/expandable}}
295	295
296		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
297		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nrg865MODERN.pdf]]
298		-{{/expandable}}
299		-{{/expandable}}
	447	+----
300	300
301		-{{expandable summary="
	449	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	450	+This study explores the **genetic diversity of African populations**, analyzing their role in **human evolution and complex disease research**. The findings highlight **Africa’s unique genetic landscape**, confirming it as the most genetically diverse continent. The research provides valuable insights into **how genetic variation influences disease susceptibility, evolution, and population structure**.##
302	302
	452	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
303	303
304		-Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA"}}
305		-**Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
306		-**Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
307		-**Author(s):** *Ali Akbari, Alison R. Barton, Steven Gazal, Zheng Li, Mohammadreza Kariminejad, et al.*
308		-**Title:** *"Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation"*
309		-**DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
310		-**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
	454	+----
311	311
312		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	456	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	457	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1038_nrg865MODERN.pdf]]##
	458	+{{/expand}}
	459	+
	460	+
	461	+== Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA ==
	462	+
	463	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Pervasive Findings of Directional Selection in Ancient DNA"}}
	464	+**Source:** *bioRxiv Preprint*
	465	+**Date of Publication:** *September 15, 2024*
	466	+**Author(s):** *Ali Akbari, Alison R. Barton, Steven Gazal, Zheng Li, Mohammadreza Kariminejad, et al.*
	467	+**Title:** *"Pervasive findings of directional selection realize the promise of ancient DNA to elucidate human adaptation"*
	468	+**DOI:** [10.1101/2024.09.14.613021](https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.09.14.613021)
	469	+**Subject Matter:** *Genomics, Evolutionary Biology, Natural Selection*
	470	+
	471	+----
	472	+
	473	+## **Key Statistics**##
	474	+
313	313	1. **General Observations:**
314	314	- Study analyzes **8,433 ancient individuals** from the past **14,000 years**.
315	315	- Identifies **347 genome-wide significant loci** showing strong selection.
...	...	@@ -321,9 +321,11 @@
321	321	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
322	322	- **10,000 years of directional selection** affected metabolic, immune, and cognitive traits.
323	323	- **Strong selection signals** found for traits like **skin pigmentation, cognitive function, and immunity**.
324		-{{/expandable}}
325	325
326		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	487	+----
	488	+
	489	+## **Findings**##
	490	+
327	327	1. **Primary Observations:**
328	328	- **Hundreds of alleles have been subject to directional selection** over recent millennia.
329	329	- Traits like **immune function, metabolism, and cognitive performance** show strong selection.
...	...	@@ -336,9 +336,11 @@
336	336	- **Celiac disease risk allele** increased from **0% to 20%** in 4,000 years.
337	337	- **Blood type B frequency rose from 0% to 8% in 6,000 years**.
338	338	- **Tuberculosis risk allele** fluctuated from **2% to 9% over 3,000 years before declining**.
339		-{{/expandable}}
340	340
341		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	504	+----
	505	+
	506	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	507	+
342	342	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
343	343	- **Largest dataset to date** on natural selection in human ancient DNA.
344	344	- Uses **direct allele frequency tracking instead of indirect measures**.
...	...	@@ -350,34 +350,48 @@
350	350	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
351	351	- Expanding research to **other global populations** to assess universal trends.
352	352	- Investigating **long-term evolutionary trade-offs of selected alleles**.
353		-{{/expandable}}
354	354
355		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	520	+----
	521	+
	522	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
356	356	- Provides **direct evidence of long-term genetic adaptation** in human populations.
357	357	- Supports theories on **polygenic selection shaping human cognition, metabolism, and immunity**.
358		-- Highlights **how past selection pressures may still influence modern health and disease prevalence**.
359		-{{/expandable}}
	525	+- Highlights **how past selection pressures may still influence modern health and disease prevalence**.##
360	360
361		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	527	+----
	528	+
	529	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	530	+
362	362	1. Examine **selection patterns in non-European populations** for comparison.
363	363	2. Investigate **how environmental and cultural shifts influenced genetic selection**.
364	364	3. Explore **the genetic basis of traits linked to past and present-day human survival**.
365		-{{/expandable}}
366	366
367		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
368		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1101_2024.09.14.613021doi_.pdf]]
369		-{{/expandable}}
370		-{{/expandable}}
	535	+----
371	371
372		-{{expandable summary="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
373		-**Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
374		-**Date of Publication:** *2013*
375		-**Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
376		-**Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
377		-**DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
378		-**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
	537	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	538	+This study examines **how human genetic adaptation has unfolded over 14,000 years**, using a **large dataset of ancient DNA**. It highlights **strong selection on immune function, metabolism, and cognitive traits**, revealing **hundreds of loci affected by directional selection**. The findings emphasize **the power of ancient DNA in tracking human evolution and adaptation**.##
379	379
380		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	540	+----
	541	+
	542	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	543	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1101_2024.09.14.613021doi_.pdf]]##
	544	+{{/expand}}
	545	+
	546	+
	547	+== Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age ==
	548	+
	549	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"}}
	550	+**Source:** *Twin Research and Human Genetics (Cambridge University Press)*
	551	+**Date of Publication:** *2013*
	552	+**Author(s):** *Thomas J. Bouchard Jr.*
	553	+**Title:** *"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"*
	554	+**DOI:** [10.1017/thg.2013.54](https://doi.org/10.1017/thg.2013.54)
	555	+**Subject Matter:** *Intelligence, Heritability, Developmental Psychology*
	556	+
	557	+----
	558	+
	559	+## **Key Statistics**##
	560	+
381	381	1. **General Observations:**
382	382	- The study documents how the **heritability of IQ increases with age**, reaching an asymptote at **0.80 by adulthood**.
383	383	- Analysis is based on **longitudinal twin and adoption studies**.
...	...	@@ -389,9 +389,11 @@
389	389	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
390	390	- Data from the **Louisville Longitudinal Twin Study and cross-national twin samples** support findings.
391	391	- IQ stability over time is **influenced more by genetics than by shared environmental factors**.
392		-{{/expandable}}
393	393
394		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	573	+----
	574	+
	575	+## **Findings**##
	576	+
395	395	1. **Primary Observations:**
396	396	- Intelligence heritability **strengthens throughout development**, contrary to early environmental models.
397	397	- Shared environmental effects **decrease by late adolescence**, emphasizing **genetic influence in adulthood**.
...	...	@@ -403,9 +403,11 @@
403	403	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
404	404	- Longitudinal adoption studies show **declining impact of adoptive parental influence on IQ** as children age.
405	405	- Cross-sectional twin data confirm **higher IQ correlations for monozygotic twins in adulthood**.
406		-{{/expandable}}
407	407
408		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	589	+----
	590	+
	591	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	592	+
409	409	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
410	410	- **Robust dataset covering multiple twin and adoption studies over decades**.
411	411	- **Clear, replicable trend** demonstrating the increasing role of genetics in intelligence.
...	...	@@ -417,34 +417,50 @@
417	417	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
418	418	- Future research should investigate **gene-environment interactions in cognitive aging**.
419	419	- Examine **heritability trends in non-Western populations** to determine cross-cultural consistency.
420		-{{/expandable}}
421	421
422		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	605	+----
	606	+
	607	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
423	423	- Provides **strong evidence for the genetic basis of intelligence**.
424	424	- Highlights the **diminishing role of shared environment in cognitive development**.
425		-- Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.
426		-{{/expandable}}
	610	+- Supports research on **cognitive aging and heritability across the lifespan**.##
427	427
428		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	612	+----
	613	+
	614	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	615	+
429	429	1. Investigate **neurogenetic pathways underlying IQ development**.
430	430	2. Examine **how education and socioeconomic factors interact with genetic IQ influences**.
431	431	3. Study **heritability trends in aging populations and cognitive decline**.
432		-{{/expandable}}
433	433
434		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
435		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1017_thg.2013.54.pdf]]
436		-{{/expandable}}
437		-{{/expandable}}
	620	+----
438	438
439		-{{expandable summary="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
440		-**Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
441		-**Date of Publication:** *2010*
442		-**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
443		-**Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
444		-**DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
445		-**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
	622	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	623	+This study documents **The Wilson Effect**, demonstrating how the **heritability of IQ increases throughout development**, reaching a plateau of **0.80 by adulthood**. The findings indicate that **shared environmental effects diminish with age**, while **genetic influences on intelligence strengthen**. Using **longitudinal twin and adoption data**, the research provides **strong empirical support for the increasing role of genetics in cognitive ability over time**.##
446	446
447		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	625	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	626	+
	627	+----
	628	+
	629	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	630	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1017_thg.2013.54.pdf]]##
	631	+{{/expand}}
	632	+
	633	+
	634	+== Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications ==
	635	+
	636	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"}}
	637	+**Source:** *Medical Hypotheses (Elsevier)*
	638	+**Date of Publication:** *2010*
	639	+**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley*
	640	+**Title:** *"Is Homo sapiens polytypic? Human taxonomic diversity and its implications"*
	641	+**DOI:** [10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.046)
	642	+**Subject Matter:** *Human Taxonomy, Evolutionary Biology, Anthropology*
	643	+
	644	+----
	645	+
	646	+## **Key Statistics**##
	647	+
448	448	1. **General Observations:**
449	449	- The study argues that **Homo sapiens is polytypic**, meaning it consists of multiple subspecies rather than a single monotypic species.
450	450	- Examines **genetic diversity, morphological variation, and evolutionary lineage** in humans.
...	...	@@ -456,9 +456,11 @@
456	456	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
457	457	- The study evaluates **FST values (genetic differentiation measure)** and argues that human genetic differentiation is comparable to that of recognized subspecies in other species.
458	458	- Considers **phylogenetic species concepts** in defining human variation.
459		-{{/expandable}}
460	460
461		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	660	+----
	661	+
	662	+## **Findings**##
	663	+
462	462	1. **Primary Observations:**
463	463	- Proposes that **modern human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**.
464	464	- Highlights **medical and evolutionary implications** of human taxonomic diversity.
...	...	@@ -470,9 +470,11 @@
470	470	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
471	471	- Evaluates how **genetic markers correlate with population structure**.
472	472	- Addresses the **controversy over race classification in modern anthropology**.
473		-{{/expandable}}
474	474
475		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	676	+----
	677	+
	678	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	679	+
476	476	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
477	477	- Uses **comparative species analysis** to assess human classification.
478	478	- Provides a **biological perspective** on the race concept, moving beyond social constructivism arguments.
...	...	@@ -484,36 +484,50 @@
484	484	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
485	485	- Further research should **incorporate whole-genome studies** to refine subspecies classifications.
486	486	- Investigate **how admixture affects taxonomic classification over time**.
487		-{{/expandable}}
488	488
489		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	692	+----
	693	+
	694	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
490	490	- Contributes to discussions on **evolutionary taxonomy and species classification**.
491	491	- Provides evidence on **genetic differentiation among human populations**.
492		-- Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.
493		-{{/expandable}}
	697	+- Highlights **historical and contemporary scientific debates on race and human variation**.##
494	494
495		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	699	+----
	700	+
	701	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	702	+
496	496	1. Examine **FST values in modern and ancient human populations**.
497	497	2. Investigate how **adaptive evolution influences population differentiation**.
498	498	3. Explore **the impact of genetic diversity on medical treatments and disease susceptibility**.
499		-{{/expandable}}
500	500
501		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
502		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.mehy.2009.07.046.pdf]]
503		-{{/expandable}}
504		-{{/expandable}}
	707	+----
505	505
506		-= IQ =
	709	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	710	+This study evaluates **whether Homo sapiens should be classified as a polytypic species**, analyzing **genetic diversity, evolutionary lineage, and morphological variation**. Using comparative analysis with other primates and mammals, the research suggests that **human populations meet biological criteria for subspecies classification**, with implications for **evolutionary biology, anthropology, and medicine**.##
507	507
508		-{{expandable summary="Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"}}
509		-**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
510		-**Date of Publication:** *2019*
511		-**Author(s):** *Heiner Rindermann, David Becker, Thomas R. Coyle*
512		-**Title:** *"Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"*
513		-**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
514		-**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
	712	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
515	515
516		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	714	+----
	715	+
	716	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	717	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.mehy.2009.07.046.pdf]]##
	718	+{{/expand}}
	719	+
	720	+
	721	+== Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media ==
	722	+
	723	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"}}
	724	+**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
	725	+**Date of Publication:** *2019*
	726	+**Author(s):** *Heiner Rindermann, David Becker, Thomas R. Coyle*
	727	+**Title:** *"Survey of Expert Opinion on Intelligence: Intelligence Research, Experts' Background, Controversial Issues, and the Media"*
	728	+**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2019.101406)
	729	+**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Intelligence Research, Expert Analysis*
	730	+
	731	+----
	732	+
	733	+## **Key Statistics**##
	734	+
517	517	1. **General Observations:**
518	518	- Survey of **102 experts** on intelligence research and public discourse.
519	519	- Evaluated experts' backgrounds, political affiliations, and views on controversial topics in intelligence research.
...	...	@@ -525,9 +525,11 @@
525	525	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
526	526	- Experts rated media coverage of intelligence research as **poor (avg. 3.1 on a 9-point scale)**.
527	527	- **50% of experts attributed US Black-White IQ differences to genetic factors, 50% to environmental factors**.
528		-{{/expandable}}
529	529
530		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	747	+----
	748	+
	749	+## **Findings**##
	750	+
531	531	1. **Primary Observations:**
532	532	- Experts overwhelmingly support **the g-factor theory of intelligence**.
533	533	- **Heritability of intelligence** was widely accepted, though views differed on race and group differences.
...	...	@@ -539,9 +539,11 @@
539	539	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
540	540	- The study compared **media coverage of intelligence research** with expert opinions.
541	541	- Found a **disconnect between journalists and intelligence researchers**, especially regarding politically sensitive issues.
542		-{{/expandable}}
543	543
544		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	763	+----
	764	+
	765	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	766	+
545	545	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
546	546	- **Largest expert survey on intelligence research** to date.
547	547	- Provides insight into **how political orientation influences scientific perspectives**.
...	...	@@ -553,34 +553,50 @@
553	553	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
554	554	- Future studies should include **a broader range of global experts**.
555	555	- Additional research needed on **media biases and misrepresentation of intelligence research**.
556		-{{/expandable}}
557	557
558		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	779	+----
	780	+
	781	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
559	559	- Provides insight into **expert consensus and division on intelligence research**.
560	560	- Highlights the **role of media bias** in shaping public perception of intelligence science.
561		-- Useful for understanding **the intersection of science, politics, and public discourse** on intelligence research.
562		-{{/expandable}}
	784	+- Useful for understanding **the intersection of science, politics, and public discourse** on intelligence research.##
563	563
564		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	786	+----
	787	+
	788	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	789	+
565	565	1. Examine **cross-national differences** in expert opinions on intelligence.
566	566	2. Investigate how **media bias impacts public understanding of intelligence research**.
567	567	3. Conduct follow-up studies with **a more diverse expert pool** to test findings.
568		-{{/expandable}}
569	569
570		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
571		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2019.101406.pdf]]
572		-{{/expandable}}
573		-{{/expandable}}
	794	+----
574	574
575		-{{expandable summary="Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"}}
576		-**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
577		-**Date of Publication:** *2015*
578		-**Author(s):** *Davide Piffer*
579		-**Title:** *"A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"*
580		-**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
581		-**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
	796	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	797	+This study surveys **expert opinions on intelligence research**, analyzing **how backgrounds, political ideologies, and media representation influence perspectives on intelligence**. The findings highlight **divisions in scientific consensus**, particularly on **genetic vs. environmental causes of IQ disparities**. Additionally, the research uncovers **widespread dissatisfaction with media portrayals of intelligence research**, pointing to **the impact of ideological biases on public discourse**.##
582	582
583		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	799	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	800	+
	801	+----
	802	+
	803	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	804	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2019.101406.pdf]]##
	805	+{{/expand}}
	806	+
	807	+
	808	+== Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation ==
	809	+
	810	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"}}
	811	+**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
	812	+**Date of Publication:** *2015*
	813	+**Author(s):** *Davide Piffer*
	814	+**Title:** *"A Review of Intelligence GWAS Hits: Their Relationship to Country IQ and the Issue of Spatial Autocorrelation"*
	815	+**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2015.08.008)
	816	+**Subject Matter:** *Genetics, Intelligence, GWAS, Population Differences*
	817	+
	818	+----
	819	+
	820	+## **Key Statistics**##
	821	+
584	584	1. **General Observations:**
585	585	- Study analyzed **genome-wide association studies (GWAS) hits** linked to intelligence.
586	586	- Found a **strong correlation (r = .91) between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**.
...	...	@@ -592,9 +592,11 @@
592	592	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
593	593	- GWAS intelligence SNPs predicted **IQ levels more strongly than random genetic markers**.
594	594	- Genetic differentiation (Fst values) showed that **selection pressure, rather than drift, influenced intelligence-related allele distributions**.
595		-{{/expandable}}
596	596
597		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	834	+----
	835	+
	836	+## **Findings**##
	837	+
598	598	1. **Primary Observations:**
599	599	- Intelligence-associated SNP frequencies correlate **highly with national IQ levels**.
600	600	- Genetic selection for intelligence appears **stronger than selection for height-related genes**.
...	...	@@ -606,9 +606,11 @@
606	606	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
607	607	- Polygenic scores using **intelligence-related alleles significantly outperformed random SNPs** in predicting IQ.
608	608	- Selection pressures **may explain differences in global intelligence distribution** beyond genetic drift effects.
609		-{{/expandable}}
610	610
611		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	850	+----
	851	+
	852	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	853	+
612	612	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
613	613	- **Comprehensive genetic analysis** of intelligence-linked SNPs.
614	614	- Uses **multiple statistical methods (factor analysis, Fst analysis) to confirm results**.
...	...	@@ -620,37 +620,78 @@
620	620	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
621	621	- Larger **cross-population GWAS studies** needed to validate findings.
622	622	- Investigate **non-genetic contributors to IQ variance** in addition to genetic factors.
623		-{{/expandable}}
624	624
625		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	866	+----
	867	+
	868	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
626	626	- Supports research on **genetic influences on intelligence at a population level**.
627	627	- Aligns with broader discussions on **cognitive genetics and natural selection effects**.
628		-- Provides a **quantitative framework for analyzing polygenic selection in intelligence studies**.
629		-{{/expandable}}
	871	+- Provides a **quantitative framework for analyzing polygenic selection in intelligence studies**.##
630	630
631		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	873	+----
	874	+
	875	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	876	+
632	632	1. Conduct **expanded GWAS studies** including diverse populations.
633	633	2. Investigate **gene-environment interactions influencing intelligence**.
634	634	3. Explore **historical selection pressures shaping intelligence-related alleles**.
635		-{{/expandable}}
636	636
637		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
638		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2015.08.008.pdf]]
639		-{{/expandable}}
640		-{{/expandable}}
	881	+----
641	641
642		-{{expandable summary="Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding"}}
643		-**Source:** Journal of Genetic Epidemiology
644		-**Date of Publication:** 2024-01-15
645		-**Author(s):** Smith et al.
646		-**Title:** "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"
647		-**DOI:** [https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235)
648		-**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
649		-{{/expandable}}
	883	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	884	+This study reviews **genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings on intelligence**, demonstrating a **strong correlation between polygenic intelligence scores and national IQ levels**. The research highlights how **genetic selection may explain population-level cognitive differences beyond genetic drift effects**. Intelligence-linked alleles showed **higher variability across populations than height-related alleles**, suggesting stronger selection pressures.  ##
650	650
651		-= Dating =
	886	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
652	652
653		-{{expandable summary="Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018"}}
	888	+----
	889	+
	890	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	891	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2015.08.008.pdf]]##
	892	+{{/expand}}
	893	+
	894	+
	895	+== Study: Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding ==
	896	+
	897	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Click here to expand details"}}
	898	+**Source:** Journal of Genetic Epidemiology
	899	+**Date of Publication:** 2024-01-15
	900	+**Author(s):** Smith et al.
	901	+**Title:** "Genetic Structure, Self-Identified Race/Ethnicity, and Confounding in Case-Control Association Studies"
	902	+**DOI:** [https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235](https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235)
	903	+**Subject Matter:** Genetics, Social Science
	904	+
	905	+**Tags:** `Genetics` `Race & Ethnicity` `Biomedical Research`
	906	+
	907	+ **Key Statistics**
	908	+
	909	+1. **General Observations:**
	910	+ - A near-perfect alignment between self-identified race/ethnicity (SIRE) and genetic ancestry was observed.
	911	+ - Misclassification rate: **0.14%**.
	912	+
	913	+2. **Subgroup Analysis:**
	914	+ - Four groups analyzed: **White, African American, East Asian, and Hispanic**.
	915	+ - Hispanic genetic clusters showed significant European and Native American lineage.
	916	+
	917	+ **Findings**
	918	+
	919	+- Self-identified race strongly aligns with genetic ancestry.
	920	+- Minor discrepancies exist but do not significantly impact classification.
	921	+
	922	+ **Relevance to Subproject**
	923	+
	924	+- Reinforces the reliability of **self-reported racial identity** in genetic research.
	925	+- Highlights **policy considerations** in biomedical studies.
	926	+{{/expand}}
	927	+
	928	+
	929	+----
	930	+
	931	+= Dating and Interpersonal Relationships =
	932	+
	933	+
	934	+== Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018 ==
	935	+
	936	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Trends in Frequency of Sexual Activity and Number of Sexual Partners Among Adults Aged 18 to 44 Years in the US, 2000-2018"}}
654	654	**Source:** *JAMA Network Open*
655	655	**Date of Publication:** *2020*
656	656	**Author(s):** *Ueda P, Mercer CH, Ghaznavi C, Herbenick D.*
...	...	@@ -658,7 +658,10 @@
658	658	**DOI:** [10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833](https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3833)
659	659	**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Sexual Behavior, Demography*
660	660
661		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	944	+----
	945	+
	946	+## **Key Statistics**##
	947	+
662	662	1. **General Observations:**
663	663	- Study analyzed **General Social Survey (2000-2018)** data.
664	664	- Found **declining trends in sexual activity** among young adults.
...	...	@@ -670,9 +670,11 @@
670	670	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
671	671	- Frequency of sexual activity decreased by **8-10%** over the studied period.
672	672	- Number of sexual partners remained **relatively stable** despite declining activity rates.
673		-{{/expandable}}
674	674
675		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	960	+----
	961	+
	962	+## **Findings**##
	963	+
676	676	1. **Primary Observations:**
677	677	- A significant decline in sexual frequency, especially among **younger men**.
678	678	- Shifts in relationship dynamics and economic stressors may contribute to the trend.
...	...	@@ -684,9 +684,11 @@
684	684	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
685	685	- **Mental health and employment status** were correlated with decreased activity.
686	686	- Social factors such as **screen time and digital entertainment consumption** are potential contributors.
687		-{{/expandable}}
688	688
689		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	976	+----
	977	+
	978	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	979	+
690	690	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
691	691	- **Large sample size** from a nationally representative dataset.
692	692	- **Longitudinal design** enables trend analysis over time.
...	...	@@ -698,31 +698,55 @@
698	698	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
699	699	- Further studies should incorporate **qualitative data** on behavioral shifts.
700	700	- Additional factors such as **economic shifts and social media usage** need exploration.
701		-{{/expandable}}
702	702
703		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	992	+----
	993	+
	994	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
704	704	- Provides evidence on **changing demographic behaviors** in relation to relationships and social interactions.
705		-- Highlights the role of **mental health, employment, and societal changes** in personal behaviors.
706		-{{/expandable}}
	996	+- Highlights the role of **mental health, employment, and societal changes** in personal behaviors.##
707	707
708		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	998	+----
	999	+
	1000	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1001	+
709	709	1. Investigate the **impact of digital media consumption** on relationship dynamics.
710	710	2. Examine **regional and cultural differences** in sexual activity trends.
711		-{{/expandable}}
712	712
713		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
714		-{{/expandable}}
715		-{{/expandable}}
	1005	+----
716	716
717		-{{expandable summary="Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"}}
718		-**Source:** *Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica*
719		-**Date of Publication:** *2012*
720		-**Author(s):** *Ravisha M. Srinivasjois, Shreya Shah, Prakesh S. Shah, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births*
721		-**Title:** *"Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"*
722		-**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
723		-**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
	1007	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	1008	+This study examines **trends in sexual frequency and number of partners among U.S. adults (2000-2018)**, highlighting significant **declines in sexual activity, particularly among young men**. The research utilized **General Social Survey data** to analyze the impact of **sociodemographic factors, employment status, and mental well-being** on sexual behavior.  ##
724	724
725		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	1010	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study's contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	1011	+
	1012	+----
	1013	+
	1014	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	1015	+{{velocity}}
	1016	+#set($doi = "10.1001_jamanetworkopen.2020.3833")
	1017	+#set($filename = "${doi}.pdf")
	1018	+#if($xwiki.exists("attach:$filename"))
	1019	+[[Download>>attach:$filename]]
	1020	+#else
	1021	+{{html}}<span style="color: red; font-weight: bold;">🚨 PDF Not Available 🚨</span>{{/html}}
	1022	+#end {{/velocity}}##
	1023	+{{/expand}}
	1024	+
	1025	+
	1026	+== Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ==
	1027	+
	1028	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"}}
	1029	+**Source:** *Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica*
	1030	+**Date of Publication:** *2012*
	1031	+**Author(s):** *Ravisha M. Srinivasjois, Shreya Shah, Prakesh S. Shah, Knowledge Synthesis Group on Determinants of Preterm/LBW Births*
	1032	+**Title:** *"Biracial Couples and Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"*
	1033	+**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0412.2012.01501.x)
	1034	+**Subject Matter:** *Neonatal Health, Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Racial Disparities*
	1035	+
	1036	+----
	1037	+
	1038	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1039	+
726	726	1. **General Observations:**
727	727	- Meta-analysis of **26,335,596 singleton births** from eight studies.
728	728	- **Higher risk of adverse birth outcomes in biracial couples** than White couples, but lower than Black couples.
...	...	@@ -736,9 +736,11 @@
736	736	- **Low birthweight (LBW):** WMBF (1.21), BMWF (1.75), Black mother–Black father (BMBF) (2.08).
737	737	- **Preterm births (PTB):** WMBF (1.17), BMWF (1.37), BMBF (1.78).
738	738	- **Stillbirths:** WMBF (1.43), BMWF (1.51), BMBF (1.85).
739		-{{/expandable}}
740	740
741		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	1054	+----
	1055	+
	1056	+## **Findings**##
	1057	+
742	742	1. **Primary Observations:**
743	743	- **Biracial couples face a gradient of risk**: higher than White couples but lower than Black couples.
744	744	- **Maternal race plays a more significant role** in pregnancy outcomes.
...	...	@@ -750,9 +750,11 @@
750	750	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
751	751	- The **weathering hypothesis** suggests that **long-term stress exposure** contributes to higher adverse birth risks in Black mothers.
752	752	- **Genetic and environmental factors** may interact to influence birth outcomes.
753		-{{/expandable}}
754	754
755		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	1070	+----
	1071	+
	1072	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1073	+
756	756	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
757	757	- **Largest meta-analysis** on racial disparities in birth outcomes.
758	758	- Uses **adjusted statistical models** to account for confounding variables.
...	...	@@ -764,34 +764,48 @@
764	764	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
765	765	- Future studies should examine **Asian, Hispanic, and Indigenous biracial couples**.
766	766	- Investigate **long-term health effects on infants from biracial pregnancies**.
767		-{{/expandable}}
768	768
769		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	1086	+----
	1087	+
	1088	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
770	770	- Provides **critical insights into racial disparities** in maternal and infant health.
771	771	- Supports **research on genetic and environmental influences on neonatal health**.
772		-- Highlights **how maternal race plays a more significant role than paternal race** in birth outcomes.
773		-{{/expandable}}
	1091	+- Highlights **how maternal race plays a more significant role than paternal race** in birth outcomes.##
774	774
775		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	1093	+----
	1094	+
	1095	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1096	+
776	776	1. Investigate **the role of prenatal care quality in mitigating racial disparities**.
777	777	2. Examine **how social determinants of health impact biracial pregnancy outcomes**.
778	778	3. Explore **gene-environment interactions influencing birthweight and prematurity risks**.
779		-{{/expandable}}
780	780
781		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
782		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1600-0412.2012.01501.xAbstract.pdf]]
783		-{{/expandable}}
784		-{{/expandable}}
	1101	+----
785	785
786		-{{expandable summary="Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
787		-**Source:** *Current Psychology*
788		-**Date of Publication:** *2024*
789		-**Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
790		-**Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
791		-**DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
792		-**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
	1103	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	1104	+This meta-analysis examines **the impact of biracial parentage on birth outcomes**, showing that **biracial couples face a higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes than White couples but lower than Black couples**. The findings emphasize **maternal race as a key factor in birth risks**, with **Black mothers having the highest rates of preterm birth and low birthweight, regardless of paternal race**.##
793	793
794		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	1106	+----
	1107	+
	1108	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	1109	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1600-0412.2012.01501.xAbstract.pdf]]##
	1110	+{{/expand}}
	1111	+
	1112	+
	1113	+== Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness ==
	1114	+
	1115	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"}}
	1116	+**Source:** *Current Psychology*
	1117	+**Date of Publication:** *2024*
	1118	+**Author(s):** *Brandon Sparks, Alexandra M. Zidenberg, Mark E. Olver*
	1119	+**Title:** *"One is the Loneliest Number: Involuntary Celibacy (Incel), Mental Health, and Loneliness"*
	1120	+**DOI:** [10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04275-z)
	1121	+**Subject Matter:** *Psychology, Mental Health, Social Isolation*
	1122	+
	1123	+----
	1124	+
	1125	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1126	+
795	795	1. **General Observations:**
796	796	- Study analyzed **67 self-identified incels** and **103 non-incel men**.
797	797	- Incels reported **higher loneliness and lower social support** compared to non-incels.
...	...	@@ -803,9 +803,11 @@
803	803	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
804	804	- 95% of incels in the study reported **having depression**, with 38% receiving a formal diagnosis.
805	805	- **Higher externalization of blame** was linked to stronger incel identification.
806		-{{/expandable}}
807	807
808		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	1139	+----
	1140	+
	1141	+## **Findings**##
	1142	+
809	809	1. **Primary Observations:**
810	810	- Incels experience **heightened rejection sensitivity and loneliness**.
811	811	- Lack of social support correlates with **worse mental health outcomes**.
...	...	@@ -817,9 +817,11 @@
817	817	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
818	818	- Incels **engaged in fewer positive coping mechanisms** such as emotional support or positive reframing.
819	819	- Instead, they relied on **solitary coping strategies**, worsening their isolation.
820		-{{/expandable}}
821	821
822		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	1155	+----
	1156	+
	1157	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1158	+
823	823	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
824	824	- **First quantitative study** on incels’ social isolation and mental health.
825	825	- **Robust sample size** and validated psychological measures.
...	...	@@ -831,36 +831,53 @@
831	831	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
832	832	- Future studies should **compare incel forum users vs. non-users**.
833	833	- Investigate **potential intervention strategies** for social integration.
834		-{{/expandable}}
835	835
836		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	1171	+----
	1172	+
	1173	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
837	837	- Highlights **mental health vulnerabilities** within the incel community.
838	838	- Supports research on **loneliness, attachment styles, and social dominance orientation**.
839		-- Examines how **peer rejection influences self-perceived mate value**.
840		-{{/expandable}}
	1176	+- Examines how **peer rejection influences self-perceived mate value**.##
841	841
842		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	1178	+----
	1179	+
	1180	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1181	+
843	843	1. Explore how **online community participation** affects incel mental health.
844	844	2. Investigate **cognitive biases** influencing self-perceived rejection among incels.
845	845	3. Assess **therapeutic interventions** to address incel social isolation.
846		-{{/expandable}}
847	847
848		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
849		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]
850		-{{/expandable}}
851		-{{/expandable}}
	1186	+----
852	852
	1188	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	1189	+This study examines the **psychological characteristics of self-identified incels**, comparing them with non-incel men in terms of **mental health, loneliness, and coping strategies**. The research found **higher depression, anxiety, and avoidant attachment styles among incels**, as well as **greater reliance on solitary coping mechanisms**. It suggests that **lack of social support plays a critical role in exacerbating incel identity and related mental health concerns**.##
	1190	+
	1191	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	1192	+
	1193	+----
	1194	+
	1195	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	1196	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1007_s12144-023-04275-z.pdf]]##
	1197	+{{/expand}}
	1198	+
	1199	+
853	853	= Crime and Substance Abuse =
854	854
855		-{{expandable summary="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
856		-**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
857		-**Date of Publication:** *2002*
858		-**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
859		-**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
860		-**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
861		-**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
862	862
863		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	1203	+== Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program ==
	1204	+
	1205	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
	1206	+**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
	1207	+**Date of Publication:** *2002*
	1208	+**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
	1209	+**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
	1210	+**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
	1211	+**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
	1212	+
	1213	+----
	1214	+
	1215	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1216	+
864	864	1. **General Observations:**
865	865	- Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
866	866	- Strongest predictors of **successful completion were employment status and race**.
...	...	@@ -872,9 +872,11 @@
872	872	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
873	873	- **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
874	874	- Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
875		-{{/expandable}}
876	876
877		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	1229	+----
	1230	+
	1231	+## **Findings**##
	1232	+
878	878	1. **Primary Observations:**
879	879	- **Social stability factors** (employment, education) were key to treatment success.
880	880	- **Race and pre-existing substance use patterns** influenced completion rates.
...	...	@@ -886,9 +886,11 @@
886	886	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
887	887	- **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
888	888	- Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
889		-{{/expandable}}
890	890
891		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	1245	+----
	1246	+
	1247	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1248	+
892	892	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
893	893	- **First empirical study on drug court program success factors**.
894	894	- Uses **longitudinal data** for post-treatment analysis.
...	...	@@ -900,34 +900,50 @@
900	900	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
901	901	- Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
902	902	- Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
903		-{{/expandable}}
904	904
905		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	1261	+----
	1262	+
	1263	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
906	906	- Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
907	907	- Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
908		-- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.
909		-{{/expandable}}
	1266	+- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
910	910
911		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	1268	+----
	1269	+
	1270	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1271	+
912	912	1. Investigate **the role of mental health in drug court success rates**.
913	913	2. Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
914	914	3. Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
915		-{{/expandable}}
916	916
917		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
918		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]
919		-{{/expandable}}
920		-{{/expandable}}
	1276	+----
921	921
922		-{{expandable summary="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
923		-**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
924		-**Date of Publication:** *2003*
925		-**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
926		-**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
927		-**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
928		-**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
	1278	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	1279	+This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
929	929
930		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	1281	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	1282	+
	1283	+----
	1284	+
	1285	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	1286	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
	1287	+{{/expand}}
	1288	+
	1289	+
	1290	+== Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys ==
	1291	+
	1292	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"}}
	1293	+**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
	1294	+**Date of Publication:** *2003*
	1295	+**Author(s):** *Timothy P. Johnson, Phillip J. Bowman*
	1296	+**Title:** *"Cross-Cultural Sources of Measurement Error in Substance Use Surveys"*
	1297	+**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120023394](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120023394)
	1298	+**Subject Matter:** *Survey Methodology, Racial Disparities, Substance Use Research*
	1299	+
	1300	+----
	1301	+
	1302	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1303	+
931	931	1. **General Observations:**
932	932	- Study examined **how racial and cultural factors influence self-reported substance use data**.
933	933	- Analyzed **36 empirical studies from 1977–2003** on survey reliability across racial/ethnic groups.
...	...	@@ -939,62 +939,82 @@
939	939	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
940	940	- **Surveys using biological validation (urinalysis, hair tests) revealed underreporting trends**.
941	941	- **Higher recantation rates** (denying past drug use) were observed among minority respondents.
942		-{{/expandable}}
943	943
944		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	1316	+----
	1317	+
	1318	+## **Findings**##
	1319	+
945	945	1. **Primary Observations:**
946	946	- Racial/ethnic disparities in **substance use reporting bias survey-based research**.
947	947	- **Social desirability and cultural norms impact data reliability**.
948	948
949		-2. **Subgroup Trends:**
	1324	+2. **Subgroup Trends:**
950	950	- White respondents were **more likely to overreport** substance use.
951	951	- Black and Latino respondents **had higher recantation rates**, particularly in face-to-face interviews.
952	952
953		-3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
	1328	+3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
954	954	- Mode of survey administration **significantly influenced reporting accuracy**.
955	955	- **Self-administered surveys produced more reliable data than interviewer-administered surveys**.
956		-{{/expandable}}
957	957
958		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
959		-1. **Strengths of the Study:**
	1332	+----
	1333	+
	1334	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1335	+
	1336	+1. **Strengths of the Study:**
960	960	- **Comprehensive review of 36 studies** on measurement error in substance use reporting.
961	961	- Identifies **systemic biases affecting racial/ethnic survey reliability**.
962	962
963		-2. **Limitations of the Study:**
	1340	+2. **Limitations of the Study:**
964	964	- Relies on **secondary data analysis**, limiting direct experimental control.
965	965	- Does not explore **how measurement error impacts policy decisions**.
966	966
967		-3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
	1344	+3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
968	968	- Future research should **incorporate mixed-method approaches** (qualitative & quantitative).
969	969	- Investigate **how survey design can reduce racial reporting disparities**.
970		-{{/expandable}}
971	971
972		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	1348	+----
	1349	+
	1350	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
973	973	- Supports research on **racial disparities in self-reported health behaviors**.
974	974	- Highlights **survey methodology issues that impact substance use epidemiology**.
975		-- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.
976		-{{/expandable}}
	1353	+- Provides insights for **improving data accuracy in public health research**.##
977	977
978		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	1355	+----
	1356	+
	1357	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1358	+
979	979	1. Investigate **how survey design impacts racial disparities in self-reported health data**.
980	980	2. Study **alternative data collection methods (biometric validation, passive data tracking)**.
981	981	3. Explore **the role of social stigma in self-reported health behaviors**.
982		-{{/expandable}}
983	983
984		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
985		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]
986		-{{/expandable}}
987		-{{/expandable}}
	1363	+----
988	988
989		-{{expandable summary="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
990		-**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
991		-**Date of Publication:** *2002*
992		-**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
993		-**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
994		-**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
995		-**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
	1365	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	1366	+This study examines **cross-cultural biases in self-reported substance use surveys**, showing that **racial/ethnic minorities are more likely to underreport drug use** due to **social stigma, research distrust, and survey administration methods**. The findings highlight **critical issues in public health data collection and the need for improved survey design**.##
996	996
997		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	1368	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	1369	+
	1370	+----
	1371	+
	1372	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	1373	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120023394.pdf]]##
	1374	+{{/expand}}
	1375	+
	1376	+
	1377	+== Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program ==
	1378	+
	1379	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"}}
	1380	+**Source:** *Substance Use & Misuse*
	1381	+**Date of Publication:** *2002*
	1382	+**Author(s):** *Clifford A. Butzin, Christine A. Saum, Frank R. Scarpitti*
	1383	+**Title:** *"Factors Associated with Completion of a Drug Treatment Court Diversion Program"*
	1384	+**DOI:** [10.1081/JA-120014424](https://doi.org/10.1081/JA-120014424)
	1385	+**Subject Matter:** *Substance Use, Criminal Justice, Drug Courts*
	1386	+
	1387	+----
	1388	+
	1389	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1390	+
998	998	1. **General Observations:**
999	999	- Study examined **drug treatment court success rates** among first-time offenders.
1000	1000	- Strongest predictors of **successful completion were employment status and race**.
...	...	@@ -1006,9 +1006,11 @@
1006	1006	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
1007	1007	- **Education level was positively correlated** with program completion.
1008	1008	- Frequency of **drug use before enrollment affected treatment outcomes**.
1009		-{{/expandable}}
1010	1010
1011		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	1403	+----
	1404	+
	1405	+## **Findings**##
	1406	+
1012	1012	1. **Primary Observations:**
1013	1013	- **Social stability factors** (employment, education) were key to treatment success.
1014	1014	- **Race and pre-existing substance use patterns** influenced completion rates.
...	...	@@ -1020,9 +1020,11 @@
1020	1020	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
1021	1021	- **Individuals with strong social ties were more likely to finish the program**.
1022	1022	- Success rates were **significantly higher for participants with case management support**.
1023		-{{/expandable}}
1024	1024
1025		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	1419	+----
	1420	+
	1421	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1422	+
1026	1026	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1027	1027	- **First empirical study on drug court program success factors**.
1028	1028	- Uses **longitudinal data** for post-treatment analysis.
...	...	@@ -1034,35 +1034,117 @@
1034	1034	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
1035	1035	- Future research should examine **racial disparities in drug court outcomes**.
1036	1036	- Study **how community resources impact long-term recovery**.
1037		-{{/expandable}}
1038	1038
1039		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	1435	+----
	1436	+
	1437	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
1040	1040	- Provides insight into **what factors contribute to drug court program success**.
1041	1041	- Highlights **racial disparities in criminal justice-based rehabilitation programs**.
1042		-- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.
1043		-{{/expandable}}
	1440	+- Supports **policy discussions on improving access to drug treatment for marginalized groups**.##
1044	1044
1045		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	1442	+----
	1443	+
	1444	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1445	+
1046	1046	1. Investigate **the role of mental health in drug court success rates**.
1047	1047	2. Assess **long-term relapse prevention strategies post-treatment**.
1048	1048	3. Explore **alternative diversion programs beyond traditional drug courts**.
1049		-{{/expandable}}
1050	1050
1051		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
1052		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]
1053		-{{/expandable}}
1054		-{{/expandable}}
	1450	+----
1055	1055
	1452	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	1453	+This study examines **factors influencing the completion of drug treatment court programs**, identifying **employment, education, and race as key predictors**. The research underscores **systemic disparities in drug court outcomes**, emphasizing the need for **improved support systems for at-risk populations**.##
1056	1056
1057		-{{expandable summary="Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
1058		-**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
1059		-**Date of Publication:** *2014*
1060		-**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley, Jan te Nijenhuis, Raegan Murphy*
1061		-**Title:** *"Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"*
1062		-**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
1063		-**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
	1455	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
1064	1064
1065		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	1457	+----
	1458	+
	1459	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	1460	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1081_JA-120014424.pdf]]##
	1461	+{{/expand}}
	1462	+
	1463	+
	1464	+== Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults ==
	1465	+
	1466	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"}}
	1467	+ Source: Addictive Behaviors
	1468	+Date of Publication: 2016
	1469	+Author(s): Andrea Hussong, Christy Capron, Gregory T. Smith, Jennifer L. Maggs
	1470	+Title: "Associations Between Cannabis Use and Mental Health Symptoms in Young Adults"
	1471	+DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.030
	1472	+Subject Matter: Substance Use, Mental Health, Adolescent Development
	1473	+
	1474	+Key Statistics
	1475	+General Observations:
	1476	+
	1477	+Study examined cannabis use trends in young adults over time.
	1478	+Found significant correlations between cannabis use and increased depressive symptoms.
	1479	+Subgroup Analysis:
	1480	+
	1481	+Males exhibited higher rates of cannabis use, but females reported stronger mental health impacts.
	1482	+Individuals with pre-existing anxiety disorders were more likely to report problematic cannabis use.
	1483	+Other Significant Data Points:
	1484	+
	1485	+Frequent cannabis users showed a 23% higher likelihood of developing anxiety symptoms.
	1486	+Co-occurring substance use (e.g., alcohol) exacerbated negative psychological effects.
	1487	+Findings
	1488	+Primary Observations:
	1489	+
	1490	+Cannabis use was linked to higher depressive and anxiety symptoms, particularly in frequent users.
	1491	+Self-medication patterns emerged among those with pre-existing mental health conditions.
	1492	+Subgroup Trends:
	1493	+
	1494	+Early cannabis initiation (before age 16) was associated with greater mental health risks.
	1495	+College-aged users reported more impairments in daily functioning due to cannabis use.
	1496	+Specific Case Analysis:
	1497	+
	1498	+Participants with a history of childhood trauma were twice as likely to develop problematic cannabis use.
	1499	+Co-use of cannabis and alcohol significantly increased impulsivity scores in the study sample.
	1500	+Critique and Observations
	1501	+Strengths of the Study:
	1502	+
	1503	+Large, longitudinal dataset with a diverse sample of young adults.
	1504	+Controlled for confounding variables like socioeconomic status and prior substance use.
	1505	+Limitations of the Study:
	1506	+
	1507	+Self-reported cannabis use may introduce bias in reported frequency and effects.
	1508	+Did not assess specific THC potency levels, which could influence mental health outcomes.
	1509	+Suggestions for Improvement:
	1510	+
	1511	+Future research should investigate dose-dependent effects of cannabis on mental health.
	1512	+Assess long-term psychological outcomes of early cannabis exposure.
	1513	+Relevance to Subproject
	1514	+Supports mental health risk assessment models related to substance use.
	1515	+Highlights gender differences in substance-related psychological impacts.
	1516	+Provides insight into self-medication behaviors among young adults.
	1517	+Suggestions for Further Exploration
	1518	+Investigate the long-term impact of cannabis use on neurodevelopment.
	1519	+Examine the role of genetic predisposition in cannabis-related mental health risks.
	1520	+Assess regional differences in cannabis use trends post-legalization.
	1521	+Summary of Research Study
	1522	+This study examines the relationship between cannabis use and mental health symptoms in young adults, focusing on depressive and anxiety-related outcomes. Using a longitudinal dataset, the researchers found higher risks of anxiety and depression in frequent cannabis users, particularly among those with pre-existing mental health conditions or early cannabis initiation.
	1523	+
	1524	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	1525	+
	1526	+📄 Download Full Study
	1527	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.addbeh.2016.02.030.pdf]]
	1528	+{{/expand}}
	1529	+
	1530	+
	1531	+== Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time? ==
	1532	+
	1533	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"}}
	1534	+**Source:** *Intelligence (Elsevier)*
	1535	+**Date of Publication:** *2014*
	1536	+**Author(s):** *Michael A. Woodley, Jan te Nijenhuis, Raegan Murphy*
	1537	+**Title:** *"Is there a Dysgenic Secular Trend Towards Slowing Simple Reaction Time?"*
	1538	+**DOI:** [10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.012)
	1539	+**Subject Matter:** *Cognitive Decline, Intelligence, Dysgenics*
	1540	+
	1541	+----
	1542	+
	1543	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1544	+
1066	1066	1. **General Observations:**
1067	1067	- The study examines reaction time data from **13 age-matched studies** spanning **1884–2004**.
1068	1068	- Results suggest an estimated **decline of 13.35 IQ points** over this period.
...	...	@@ -1074,9 +1074,11 @@
1074	1074	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
1075	1075	- The estimated **dysgenic rate is 1.21 IQ points lost per decade**.
1076	1076	- Meta-regression analysis confirmed a **steady secular trend in slowing reaction time**.
1077		-{{/expandable}}
1078	1078
1079		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	1557	+----
	1558	+
	1559	+## **Findings**##
	1560	+
1080	1080	1. **Primary Observations:**
1081	1081	- Supports the hypothesis of **intelligence decline due to genetic and environmental factors**.
1082	1082	- Reaction time, a **biomarker for cognitive ability**, has slowed significantly over time.
...	...	@@ -1088,9 +1088,11 @@
1088	1088	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
1089	1089	- Cross-national comparisons indicate a **global trend in slower reaction times**.
1090	1090	- Factors like **modern neurotoxin exposure** and **reduced selective pressure for intelligence** may contribute.
1091		-{{/expandable}}
1092	1092
1093		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	1573	+----
	1574	+
	1575	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1576	+
1094	1094	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1095	1095	- **Comprehensive meta-analysis** covering over a century of reaction time data.
1096	1096	- **Robust statistical corrections** for measurement variance between historical and modern studies.
...	...	@@ -1102,36 +1102,52 @@
1102	1102	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
1103	1103	- Future studies should **replicate results with more modern datasets**.
1104	1104	- Investigate **alternative cognitive biomarkers** for intelligence over time.
1105		-{{/expandable}}
1106	1106
1107		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	1589	+----
	1590	+
	1591	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
1108	1108	- Provides evidence for **long-term intelligence trends**, contributing to research on **cognitive evolution**.
1109	1109	- Aligns with broader discussions on **dysgenics, neurophysiology, and cognitive load**.
1110		-- Supports the argument that **modern societies may be experiencing intelligence decline**.
1111		-{{/expandable}}
	1594	+- Supports the argument that **modern societies may be experiencing intelligence decline**.##
1112	1112
1113		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	1596	+----
	1597	+
	1598	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1599	+
1114	1114	1. Investigate **genetic markers associated with reaction time** and intelligence decline.
1115	1115	2. Examine **regional variations in reaction time trends**.
1116	1116	3. Explore **cognitive resilience factors that counteract the decline**.
1117		-{{/expandable}}
1118	1118
1119		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
1120		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]
1121		-{{/expandable}}
1122		-{{/expandable}}
	1604	+----
1123	1123
	1606	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	1607	+This study examines **historical reaction time data** as a measure of **cognitive ability and intelligence decline**, analyzing data from **Western populations between 1884 and 2004**. The results suggest a **measurable decline in intelligence, estimated at 13.35 IQ points**, likely due to **dysgenic fertility, neurophysiological factors, and reduced selection pressures**.  ##
	1608	+
	1609	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	1610	+
	1611	+----
	1612	+
	1613	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	1614	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1016_j.intell.2014.05.012.pdf]]##
	1615	+{{/expand}}
	1616	+
	1617	+
1124	1124	= Whiteness & White Guilt =
1125	1125
1126		-{{expandable summary="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
1127		-**Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
1128		-**Date of Publication:** *2019*
1129		-**Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
1130		-**Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
1131		-**DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
1132		-**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
	1620	+== Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports ==
1133	1133
1134		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	1622	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"}}
	1623	+**Source:** *Journal of Diversity in Higher Education*
	1624	+**Date of Publication:** *2019*
	1625	+**Author(s):** *Kirsten Hextrum*
	1626	+**Title:** *"Segregation, Innocence, and Protection: The Institutional Conditions That Maintain Whiteness in College Sports"*
	1627	+**DOI:** [10.1037/dhe0000140](https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000140)
	1628	+**Subject Matter:** *Race and Sports, Higher Education, Institutional Racism*
	1629	+
	1630	+----
	1631	+
	1632	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1633	+
1135	1135	1. **General Observations:**
1136	1136	- Analyzed **47 college athlete narratives** to explore racial disparities in non-revenue sports.
1137	1137	- Found three interrelated themes: **racial segregation, racial innocence, and racial protection**.
...	...	@@ -1143,9 +1143,11 @@
1143	1143	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
1144	1144	- White athletes are **socialized to remain unaware of racial privilege** in their athletic careers.
1145	1145	- Media and institutional narratives protect white athletes from discussions on race and systemic inequities.
1146		-{{/expandable}}
1147	1147
1148		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	1646	+----
	1647	+
	1648	+## **Findings**##
	1649	+
1149	1149	1. **Primary Observations:**
1150	1150	- Colleges **actively recruit white athletes** from majority-white communities.
1151	1151	- Institutional policies **uphold whiteness** by failing to challenge racial biases in recruitment and team culture.
...	...	@@ -1157,9 +1157,11 @@
1157	1157	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
1158	1158	- Examines **how sports serve as a mechanism for maintaining racial privilege** in higher education.
1159	1159	- Discusses the **role of athletics in reinforcing systemic segregation and exclusion**.
1160		-{{/expandable}}
1161	1161
1162		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	1662	+----
	1663	+
	1664	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1665	+
1163	1163	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1164	1164	- **Comprehensive qualitative analysis** of race in college sports.
1165	1165	- Examines **institutional conditions** that sustain racial disparities in athletics.
...	...	@@ -1171,34 +1171,50 @@
1171	1171	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
1172	1172	- Future research should **compare recruitment policies across different sports and divisions**.
1173	1173	- Investigate **how athletic scholarships contribute to racial inequities in higher education**.
1174		-{{/expandable}}
1175	1175
1176		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	1678	+----
	1679	+
	1680	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
1177	1177	- Provides evidence of **systemic racial biases** in college sports recruitment.
1178	1178	- Highlights **how institutional policies protect whiteness** in non-revenue athletics.
1179		-- Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.
1180		-{{/expandable}}
	1683	+- Supports research on **diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) efforts in sports and education**.##
1181	1181
1182		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	1685	+----
	1686	+
	1687	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1688	+
1183	1183	1. Investigate how **racial stereotypes influence college athlete recruitment**.
1184	1184	2. Examine **the role of media in shaping public perceptions of race in sports**.
1185	1185	3. Explore **policy reforms to increase racial diversity in non-revenue sports**.
1186		-{{/expandable}}
1187	1187
1188		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
1189		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1037_dhe0000140.pdf]]
1190		-{{/expandable}}
1191		-{{/expandable}}
	1693	+----
1192	1192
1193		-{{expandable summary="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
1194		-**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
1195		-**Date of Publication:** *2016*
1196		-**Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axta, M. Norman Oliver*
	1695	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	1696	+This study explores how **racial segregation, innocence, and protection** sustain whiteness in college sports. By analyzing **47 athlete narratives**, the research reveals **how predominantly white sports programs recruit and retain white athletes** while shielding them from discussions on race. The findings highlight **institutional biases that maintain racial privilege in athletics**, offering critical insight into the **structural inequalities in higher education sports programs**.##
	1697	+
	1698	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	1699	+
	1700	+----
	1701	+
	1702	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	1703	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1037_dhe0000140.pdf]]##
	1704	+{{/expand}}
	1705	+
	1706	+
	1707	+== Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations ==
	1708	+
	1709	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations"}}
	1710	+**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
	1711	+**Date of Publication:** *2016*
	1712	+**Author(s):** *Kelly M. Hoffman, Sophie Trawalter, Jordan R. Axta, M. Norman Oliver*
1197	1197	**Title:** *"Racial Bias in Pain Assessment and Treatment Recommendations, and False Beliefs About Biological Differences Between Blacks and Whites"*
1198		-**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
1199		-**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
	1714	+**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1516047113](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1516047113)
	1715	+**Subject Matter:** *Health Disparities, Racial Bias, Medical Treatment*
1200	1200
1201		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	1717	+----
	1718	+
	1719	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1720	+
1202	1202	1. **General Observations:**
1203	1203	- Study analyzed **racial disparities in pain perception and treatment recommendations**.
1204	1204	- Found that **white laypeople and medical students endorsed false beliefs about biological differences** between Black and white individuals.
...	...	@@ -1210,9 +1210,11 @@
1210	1210	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
1211	1211	- **Black patients were less likely to receive appropriate pain treatment** compared to white patients.
1212	1212	- The study confirmed that **historical misconceptions about racial differences still persist in modern medicine**.
1213		-{{/expandable}}
1214	1214
1215		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	1733	+----
	1734	+
	1735	+## **Findings**##
	1736	+
1216	1216	1. **Primary Observations:**
1217	1217	- False beliefs about biological racial differences **correlate with racial disparities in pain treatment**.
1218	1218	- Medical students and residents who endorsed these beliefs **showed greater racial bias in treatment recommendations**.
...	...	@@ -1224,9 +1224,11 @@
1224	1224	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
1225	1225	- Study participants **underestimated Black patients' pain and recommended less effective pain treatments**.
1226	1226	- The study suggests that **racial disparities in medical care stem, in part, from these enduring false beliefs**.
1227		-{{/expandable}}
1228	1228
1229		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	1749	+----
	1750	+
	1751	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1752	+
1230	1230	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1231	1231	- **First empirical study to connect false racial beliefs with medical decision-making**.
1232	1232	- Utilizes a **large sample of medical students and residents** from diverse institutions.
...	...	@@ -1238,34 +1238,50 @@
1238	1238	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
1239	1239	- Future research should examine **how these biases manifest in real clinical settings**.
1240	1240	- Investigate **whether medical training can correct these biases over time**.
1241		-{{/expandable}}
1242	1242
1243		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	1765	+----
	1766	+
	1767	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
1244	1244	- Highlights **racial disparities in healthcare**, specifically in pain assessment and treatment.
1245	1245	- Supports **research on implicit bias and its impact on medical outcomes**.
1246		-- Provides evidence for **the need to address racial bias in medical education**.
1247		-{{/expandable}}
	1770	+- Provides evidence for **the need to address racial bias in medical education**.##
1248	1248
1249		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	1772	+----
	1773	+
	1774	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1775	+
1250	1250	1. Investigate **interventions to reduce racial bias in medical decision-making**.
1251	1251	2. Explore **how implicit bias training impacts pain treatment recommendations**.
1252	1252	3. Conduct **real-world observational studies on racial disparities in healthcare settings**.
1253		-{{/expandable}}
1254	1254
1255		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
1256		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1516047113.pdf]]
1257		-{{/expandable}}
1258		-{{/expandable}}
	1780	+----
1259	1259
1260		-{{expandable summary="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
1261		-**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
1262		-**Date of Publication:** *2015*
1263		-**Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
1264		-**Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
1265		-**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
1266		-**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
	1782	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	1783	+This study examines **racial bias in pain perception and treatment** among **white laypeople and medical professionals**, demonstrating that **false beliefs about biological differences contribute to disparities in pain management**. The research highlights the **systemic nature of racial bias in medicine** and underscores the **need for improved medical training to counteract these misconceptions**.##
1267	1267
1268		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	1785	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	1786	+
	1787	+----
	1788	+
	1789	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	1790	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1516047113.pdf]]##
	1791	+{{/expand}}
	1792	+
	1793	+
	1794	+== Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans ==
	1795	+
	1796	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans"}}
	1797	+**Source:** *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)*
	1798	+**Date of Publication:** *2015*
	1799	+**Author(s):** *Anne Case, Angus Deaton*
	1800	+**Title:** *"Rising Morbidity and Mortality in Midlife Among White Non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st Century"*
	1801	+**DOI:** [10.1073/pnas.1518393112](https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518393112)
	1802	+**Subject Matter:** *Public Health, Mortality, Socioeconomic Factors*
	1803	+
	1804	+----
	1805	+
	1806	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1807	+
1269	1269	1. **General Observations:**
1270	1270	- Mortality rates among **middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans (ages 45–54)** increased from 1999 to 2013.
1271	1271	- This reversal in mortality trends is unique to the U.S.; **no other wealthy country experienced a similar rise**.
...	...	@@ -1277,9 +1277,11 @@
1277	1277	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
1278	1278	- Rising mortality was driven primarily by **suicide, drug and alcohol poisoning, and chronic liver disease**.
1279	1279	- Midlife morbidity increased as well, with more reports of **poor health, pain, and mental distress**.
1280		-{{/expandable}}
1281	1281
1282		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	1820	+----
	1821	+
	1822	+## **Findings**##
	1823	+
1283	1283	1. **Primary Observations:**
1284	1284	- The rise in mortality is attributed to **substance abuse, economic distress, and deteriorating mental health**.
1285	1285	- The increase in **suicides and opioid overdoses parallels broader socioeconomic decline**.
...	...	@@ -1291,9 +1291,11 @@
1291	1291	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
1292	1292	- **Educational attainment was a major predictor of mortality trends**, with better-educated individuals experiencing lower mortality rates.
1293	1293	- Mortality among **white Americans with a college degree continued to decline**, resembling trends in other wealthy nations.
1294		-{{/expandable}}
1295	1295
1296		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	1836	+----
	1837	+
	1838	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1839	+
1297	1297	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1298	1298	- **First major study to highlight rising midlife mortality among U.S. whites**.
1299	1299	- Uses **CDC and Census mortality data spanning over a decade**.
...	...	@@ -1305,34 +1305,50 @@
1305	1305	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
1306	1306	- Future studies should explore **how economic shifts, healthcare access, and mental health treatment contribute to these trends**.
1307	1307	- Further research on **racial and socioeconomic disparities in mortality trends** is needed.
1308		-{{/expandable}}
1309	1309
1310		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	1852	+----
	1853	+
	1854	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
1311	1311	- Highlights **socioeconomic and racial disparities** in health outcomes.
1312	1312	- Supports research on **substance abuse and mental health crises in the U.S.**.
1313		-- Provides evidence for **the role of economic instability in public health trends**.
1314		-{{/expandable}}
	1857	+- Provides evidence for **the role of economic instability in public health trends**.##
1315	1315
1316		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	1859	+----
	1860	+
	1861	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1862	+
1317	1317	1. Investigate **regional differences in rising midlife mortality**.
1318	1318	2. Examine the **impact of the opioid crisis on long-term health trends**.
1319	1319	3. Study **policy interventions aimed at reversing rising mortality rates**.
1320		-{{/expandable}}
1321	1321
1322		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
1323		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1518393112.pdf]]
1324		-{{/expandable}}
1325		-{{/expandable}}
	1867	+----
1326	1326
1327		-{{expandable summary="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
1328		-**Source:** *Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies*
1329		-**Date of Publication:** *2023*
1330		-**Author(s):** *Maurice Crul, Frans Lelie, Elif Keskiner, Laure Michon, Ismintha Waldring*
1331		-**Title:** *"How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"*
1332		-**DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
1333		-**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
	1869	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	1870	+This study documents a **reversal in mortality trends among middle-aged white non-Hispanic Americans**, showing an increase in **suicide, drug overdoses, and alcohol-related deaths** from 1999 to 2013. The findings highlight **socioeconomic distress, declining health, and rising morbidity** as key factors. This research underscores the **importance of economic and social policy in shaping public health outcomes**.##
1334	1334
1335		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	1872	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	1873	+
	1874	+----
	1875	+
	1876	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	1877	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1073_pnas.1518393112.pdf]]##
	1878	+{{/expand}}
	1879	+
	1880	+
	1881	+== Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities? ==
	1882	+
	1883	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"}}
	1884	+**Source:** *Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies*
	1885	+**Date of Publication:** *2023*
	1886	+**Author(s):** *Maurice Crul, Frans Lelie, Elif Keskiner, Laure Michon, Ismintha Waldring*
	1887	+**Title:** *"How Do People Without Migration Background Experience and Impact Today’s Superdiverse Cities?"*
	1888	+**DOI:** [10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548](https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2023.2182548)
	1889	+**Subject Matter:** *Urban Sociology, Migration Studies, Integration*
	1890	+
	1891	+----
	1892	+
	1893	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1894	+
1336	1336	1. **General Observations:**
1337	1337	- Study examines the role of **people without migration background** in majority-minority cities.
1338	1338	- Analyzes **over 3,000 survey responses and 150 in-depth interviews** from six North-Western European cities.
...	...	@@ -1344,9 +1344,11 @@
1344	1344	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
1345	1345	- The study introduces the **Becoming a Minority (BaM) project**, a large-scale investigation of urban demographic shifts.
1346	1346	- **People without migration background perceive diversity differently**, with some embracing and others resisting change.
1347		-{{/expandable}}
1348	1348
1349		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	1907	+----
	1908	+
	1909	+## **Findings**##
	1910	+
1350	1350	1. **Primary Observations:**
1351	1351	- The study **challenges traditional integration theories**, arguing that non-migrant groups also undergo adaptation processes.
1352	1352	- Some residents **struggle with demographic changes**, while others see diversity as an asset.
...	...	@@ -1358,9 +1358,11 @@
1358	1358	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
1359	1359	- Examines how **people without migration background navigate majority-minority settings** in cities like Amsterdam and Vienna.
1360	1360	- Analyzes **whether former ethnic majority groups now perceive themselves as minorities**.
1361		-{{/expandable}}
1362	1362
1363		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	1923	+----
	1924	+
	1925	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	1926	+
1364	1364	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1365	1365	- **Innovative approach** by examining the impact of migration on native populations.
1366	1366	- Uses **both qualitative and quantitative data** for robust analysis.
...	...	@@ -1372,35 +1372,53 @@
1372	1372	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
1373	1373	- Expand research to **other geographical contexts** to understand migration effects globally.
1374	1374	- Investigate **long-term trends in urban adaptation and community building**.
1375		-{{/expandable}}
1376	1376
1377		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	1939	+----
	1940	+
	1941	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
1378	1378	- Provides a **new perspective on urban integration**, shifting focus from migrants to native-born populations.
1379	1379	- Highlights the **role of social and economic power in shaping urban diversity outcomes**.
1380		-- Challenges existing **assimilation theories by showing bidirectional adaptation in diverse cities**.
1381		-{{/expandable}}
	1944	+- Challenges existing **assimilation theories by showing bidirectional adaptation in diverse cities**.##
1382	1382
1383		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	1946	+----
	1947	+
	1948	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	1949	+
1384	1384	1. Study how **local policies shape attitudes toward urban diversity**.
1385	1385	2. Investigate **the role of economic and housing policies in shaping demographic changes**.
1386	1386	3. Explore **how social networks influence perceptions of migration and diversity**.
1387		-{{/expandable}}
1388	1388
1389		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
1390		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]
1391		-{{/expandable}}
	1954	+----
1392	1392
	1956	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	1957	+This study examines how **people without migration background experience demographic change in majority-minority cities**. Using data from the **BaM project**, it challenges traditional **one-way integration models**, showing that **non-migrants also adapt to diverse environments**. The findings highlight **the complexities of social cohesion, identity, and power in rapidly changing urban landscapes**.##
	1958	+
	1959	+This summary provides an accessible, at-a-glance overview of the study’s contributions. Please refer to the full paper for in-depth analysis.
	1960	+
	1961	+----
	1962	+
	1963	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	1964	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1080_1369183X.2023.2182548.pdf]]##
	1965	+{{/expand}}
	1966	+
	1967	+
1393	1393	= Media =
1394	1394
1395		-{{expandable summary="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic"}}
1396		-**Source:** *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication*
1397		-**Date of Publication:** *2021*
1398		-**Author(s):** *Zeynep Tufekci, Jesse Fox, Andrew Chadwick*
1399		-**Title:** *"The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"*
1400		-**DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
1401		-**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
1402	1402
1403		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	1971	+== Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflic ==
	1972	+
	1973	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"}}
	1974	+**Source:** *Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication*
	1975	+**Date of Publication:** *2021*
	1976	+**Author(s):** *Zeynep Tufekci, Jesse Fox, Andrew Chadwick*
	1977	+**Title:** *"The Role of Computer-Mediated Communication in Intergroup Conflict"*
	1978	+**DOI:** [10.1093/jcmc/zmab003](https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmab003)
	1979	+**Subject Matter:** *Online Communication, Social Media, Conflict Studies*
	1980	+
	1981	+----
	1982	+
	1983	+## **Key Statistics**##
	1984	+
1404	1404	1. **General Observations:**
1405	1405	- Analyzed **over 500,000 social media interactions** related to intergroup conflict.
1406	1406	- Found that **computer-mediated communication (CMC) intensifies polarization**.
...	...	@@ -1412,9 +1412,11 @@
1412	1412	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
1413	1413	- **Misinformation spread 3x faster** in polarized online discussions.
1414	1414	- Users exposed to **conflicting viewpoints were more likely to engage in retaliatory discourse**.
1415		-{{/expandable}}
1416	1416
1417		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	1997	+----
	1998	+
	1999	+## **Findings**##
	2000	+
1418	1418	1. **Primary Observations:**
1419	1419	- **Online interactions amplify intergroup conflict** due to selective exposure and confirmation bias.
1420	1420	- **Algorithmic sorting contributes to ideological segmentation**.
...	...	@@ -1426,9 +1426,11 @@
1426	1426	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
1427	1427	- **CMC increased political tribalism** in digital spaces.
1428	1428	- **Emotional language spread more widely** than factual content.
1429		-{{/expandable}}
1430	1430
1431		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	2013	+----
	2014	+
	2015	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	2016	+
1432	1432	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1433	1433	- **Largest dataset** to date analyzing **CMC and intergroup conflict**.
1434	1434	- Uses **longitudinal data tracking user behavior over time**.
...	...	@@ -1440,34 +1440,48 @@
1440	1440	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
1441	1441	- Future studies should **analyze private messaging platforms** in conflict dynamics.
1442	1442	- Investigate **interventions that reduce online polarization**.
1443		-{{/expandable}}
1444	1444
1445		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	2029	+----
	2030	+
	2031	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
1446	1446	- Explores how **digital communication influences social division**.
1447	1447	- Supports research on **social media regulation and conflict mitigation**.
1448		-- Provides **data on misinformation and online radicalization trends**.
1449		-{{/expandable}}
	2034	+- Provides **data on misinformation and online radicalization trends**.##
1450	1450
1451		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	2036	+----
	2037	+
	2038	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	2039	+
1452	1452	1. Investigate **how online anonymity affects real-world aggression**.
1453	1453	2. Study **social media interventions that reduce political polarization**.
1454	1454	3. Explore **cross-cultural differences in CMC and intergroup hostility**.
1455		-{{/expandable}}
1456	1456
1457		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
1458		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_jcmc_zmab003.pdf]]
1459		-{{/expandable}}
1460		-{{/expandable}}
	2044	+----
1461	1461
1462		-{{expandable summary="Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"}}
1463		-**Source:** *Politics & Policy*
1464		-**Date of Publication:** *2007*
1465		-**Author(s):** *Tyler Johnson*
1466		-**Title:** *"Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing: Explaining Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"*
1467		-**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
1468		-**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
	2046	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	2047	+This study examines **how online communication intensifies intergroup conflict**, using a dataset of **500,000+ social media interactions**. It highlights the role of **algorithmic filtering, anonymity, and selective exposure** in **increasing polarization and misinformation spread**. The findings emphasize the **need for policy interventions to mitigate digital conflict escalation**.##
1469	1469
1470		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	2049	+----
	2050	+
	2051	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	2052	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_jcmc_zmab003.pdf]]##
	2053	+{{/expand}}
	2054	+
	2055	+
	2056	+== Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions ==
	2057	+
	2058	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing on Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"}}
	2059	+**Source:** *Politics & Policy*
	2060	+**Date of Publication:** *2007*
	2061	+**Author(s):** *Tyler Johnson*
	2062	+**Title:** *"Equality, Morality, and the Impact of Media Framing: Explaining Opposition to Same-Sex Marriage and Civil Unions"*
	2063	+**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x)
	2064	+**Subject Matter:** *LGBTQ+ Rights, Public Opinion, Media Influence*
	2065	+
	2066	+----
	2067	+
	2068	+## **Key Statistics**##
	2069	+
1471	1471	1. **General Observations:**
1472	1472	- Examines **media coverage of same-sex marriage and civil unions from 2004 to 2011**.
1473	1473	- Analyzes how **media framing influences public opinion trends** on LGBTQ+ rights.
...	...	@@ -1479,9 +1479,11 @@
1479	1479	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
1480	1480	- When **equality framing surpasses morality framing**, public opposition declines.
1481	1481	- Media framing **directly affects public attitudes** over time, shaping policy debates.
1482		-{{/expandable}}
1483	1483
1484		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	2082	+----
	2083	+
	2084	+## **Findings**##
	2085	+
1485	1485	1. **Primary Observations:**
1486	1486	- **Media framing plays a critical role in shaping attitudes** toward LGBTQ+ rights.
1487	1487	- **Equality-focused narratives** lead to greater public support for same-sex marriage.
...	...	@@ -1493,9 +1493,11 @@
1493	1493	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
1494	1494	- **Periods of increased equality framing** saw measurable **declines in opposition to LGBTQ+ rights**.
1495	1495	- **Major political events (elections, Supreme Court cases) influenced framing trends**.
1496		-{{/expandable}}
1497	1497
1498		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	2098	+----
	2099	+
	2100	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	2101	+
1499	1499	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1500	1500	- **Longitudinal dataset spanning multiple election cycles**.
1501	1501	- Provides **quantitative analysis of how media framing shifts public opinion**.
...	...	@@ -1507,34 +1507,48 @@
1507	1507	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
1508	1508	- Expand the study to **global perspectives on LGBTQ+ rights and media influence**.
1509	1509	- Investigate how **different media platforms (TV vs. digital media) impact opinion shifts**.
1510		-{{/expandable}}
1511	1511
1512		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	2114	+----
	2115	+
	2116	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
1513	1513	- Explores **how media narratives shape policy support and public sentiment**.
1514	1514	- Highlights **the strategic importance of framing in LGBTQ+ advocacy**.
1515		-- Reinforces the need for **media literacy in understanding policy debates**.
1516		-{{/expandable}}
	2119	+- Reinforces the need for **media literacy in understanding policy debates**.##
1517	1517
1518		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	2121	+----
	2122	+
	2123	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	2124	+
1519	1519	1. Examine how **social media affects framing of LGBTQ+ issues**.
1520	1520	2. Study **differences in framing across political media outlets**.
1521	1521	3. Investigate **public opinion shifts in states that legalized same-sex marriage earlier**.
1522		-{{/expandable}}
1523	1523
1524		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
1525		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x_abstract.pdf]]
1526		-{{/expandable}}
1527		-{{/expandable}}
	2129	+----
1528	1528
1529		-{{expandable summary="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
1530		-**Source:** *Journal of Communication*
1531		-**Date of Publication:** *2019*
1532		-**Author(s):** *Natalie Stroud, Matthew Barnidge, Shannon McGregor*
1533		-**Title:** *"The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion: Evidence from Experimental Studies"*
1534		-**DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
1535		-**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
	2131	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	2132	+This study examines **how media framing influences public attitudes on same-sex marriage and civil unions**, analyzing **news coverage from 2004 to 2011**. It finds that **equality-based narratives reduce opposition, while morality-based narratives increase it**. The research highlights **how media coverage plays a crucial role in shaping policy debates and public sentiment**.##
1536	1536
1537		-{{expandable summary="📊 Key Statistics"}}
	2134	+----
	2135	+
	2136	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	2137	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1111_j.1747-1346.2007.00092.x_abstract.pdf]]##
	2138	+{{/expand}}
	2139	+
	2140	+
	2141	+== Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion ==
	2142	+
	2143	+{{expand expanded="false" title="Study: The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion"}}
	2144	+**Source:** *Journal of Communication*
	2145	+**Date of Publication:** *2019*
	2146	+**Author(s):** *Natalie Stroud, Matthew Barnidge, Shannon McGregor*
	2147	+**Title:** *"The Effects of Digital Media on Political Persuasion: Evidence from Experimental Studies"*
	2148	+**DOI:** [10.1093/joc/jqx021](https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqx021)
	2149	+**Subject Matter:** *Media Influence, Political Communication, Persuasion*
	2150	+
	2151	+----
	2152	+
	2153	+## **Key Statistics**##
	2154	+
1538	1538	1. **General Observations:**
1539	1539	- Conducted **12 experimental studies** on **digital media's impact on political beliefs**.
1540	1540	- **58% of participants** showed shifts in political opinion based on online content.
...	...	@@ -1546,9 +1546,11 @@
1546	1546	3. **Other Significant Data Points:**
1547	1547	- **Interactive media (comment sections, polls) increased political engagement**.
1548	1548	- **Exposure to counterarguments reduced partisan bias** by **14% on average**.
1549		-{{/expandable}}
1550	1550
1551		-{{expandable summary="🔬 Findings"}}
	2167	+----
	2168	+
	2169	+## **Findings**##
	2170	+
1552	1552	1. **Primary Observations:**
1553	1553	- **Digital media significantly influences political opinions**, with younger audiences being the most impacted.
1554	1554	- **Multimedia content is more persuasive** than traditional text-based arguments.
...	...	@@ -1560,9 +1560,11 @@
1560	1560	3. **Specific Case Analysis:**
1561	1561	- **Highly partisan users became more entrenched in their views**, even when exposed to opposing content.
1562	1562	- **Neutral or apolitical users were more likely to shift opinions**.
1563		-{{/expandable}}
1564	1564
1565		-{{expandable summary="📝 Critique & Observations"}}
	2183	+----
	2184	+
	2185	+## **Critique and Observations**##
	2186	+
1566	1566	1. **Strengths of the Study:**
1567	1567	- **Large-scale experimental design** allows for controlled comparisons.
1568	1568	- Covers **multiple digital platforms**, ensuring robust findings.
...	...	@@ -1574,21 +1574,29 @@
1574	1574	3. **Suggestions for Improvement:**
1575	1575	- Future studies should track **long-term opinion changes** beyond immediate reactions.
1576	1576	- Investigate **the role of digital media literacy in resisting persuasion**.
1577		-{{/expandable}}
1578	1578
1579		-{{expandable summary="📌 Relevance to Subproject"}}
	2199	+----
	2200	+
	2201	+## **Relevance to Subproject**
1580	1580	- Provides insights into **how digital media shapes political discourse**.
1581	1581	- Highlights **which platforms and content types are most influential**.
1582		-- Supports **research on misinformation and online political engagement**.
1583		-{{/expandable}}
	2204	+- Supports **research on misinformation and online political engagement**.##
1584	1584
1585		-{{expandable summary="🔍 Suggestions for Further Exploration"}}
	2206	+----
	2207	+
	2208	+## **Suggestions for Further Exploration**##
	2209	+
1586	1586	1. Study how **fact-checking influences digital persuasion effects**.
1587	1587	2. Investigate the **role of political influencers in shaping opinions**.
1588	1588	3. Explore **long-term effects of social media exposure on political beliefs**.
1589		-{{/expandable}}
1590	1590
1591		-{{expandable summary="📄 Download Full Study"}}
1592		-[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]
1593		-{{/expandable}}
1594		-{{/expandable}}
	2214	+----
	2215	+
	2216	+## **Summary of Research Study**
	2217	+This study analyzes **how digital media influences political persuasion**, using **12 experimental studies**. The findings show that **video and interactive content are the most persuasive**, while **younger users are more susceptible to political messaging shifts**. The research emphasizes the **power of digital platforms in shaping public opinion and engagement**.##
	2218	+
	2219	+----
	2220	+
	2221	+## **📄 Download Full Study**
	2222	+[[Download Full Study>>attach:10.1093_joc_jqx021.pdf]]##
	2223	+{{/expand}}