Changes for page The Existence of Race

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25	25	=== Genetic Evidence and Interbreeding ===
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27		-Genomic analyses have established that non-African modern humans possess approximately 1–4% Neanderthal-derived DNA, indicating that interbreeding occurred after modern humans migrated out of Africa around 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.{{footnote}}Green, Richard E., et al., "A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome," *Science* 328(5979): 710–722 (2010). Available at: [[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1188021]]{{/footnote}} {{footnote}}Reich, David, et al., "Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania," *American Journal of Human Genetics* 89(4): 516–528 (2011). Available at: [[https://www.cell.com/ajhg/fulltext/S0002-9297(11)00364-2]]{{/footnote}} This gene flow indicates reproductive compatibility, producing fertile offspring, which aligns with the biological species concept where species boundaries are defined by reproductive isolation. Consequently, many researchers argue that Neanderthals may be more accurately considered a subspecies or regional population within a broader *Homo sapiens* species complex rather than a completely separate species.{{footnote}}Pääbo, Svante, "The human condition—a molecular approach," *Cell* 157(1): 216–226 (2014). Available at: [[https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(14)00267-2]]{{/footnote}} {{footnote}}Coyne, Jerry A. and H. Allen Orr, *Speciation*, Sinauer Associates, 2004.{{/footnote}}
	27	+Genomic analyses have established that non-African modern humans possess approximately 1–4% Neanderthal-derived DNA, indicating that interbreeding occurred after modern humans migrated out of Africa around 50,000 to 70,000 years ago.{{footnote}}Green, Richard E., et al., "A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome," *Science* 328(5979): 710–722 (2010). Available at: [[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1188021]]{{/footnote}} {{footnote}}Reich, David, et al., "Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania," *American Journal of Human Genetics* 89(4): 516–528 (2011). Available at: [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929711003958]]{{/footnote}} This gene flow indicates reproductive compatibility, producing fertile offspring, which aligns with the biological species concept where species boundaries are defined by reproductive isolation. Consequently, many researchers argue that Neanderthals may be more accurately considered a subspecies or regional population within a broader *Homo sapiens* species complex rather than a completely separate species.{{footnote}}Pääbo, Svante, "The human condition—a molecular approach," *Cell* 157(1): 216–226 (2014). Available at: [[https://www.cell.com/fulltext/S0092-8674(14)00267-2]]{{/footnote}} {{footnote}}Coyne, Jerry A. and H. Allen Orr, *Speciation*, Sinauer Associates, 2004.{{/footnote}}
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29	29	=== Implications for Racial Classification ===
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