Changes for page The Existence of Race

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116	116	In conclusion, \*\*race exists in the human species as a biological reality, albeit a complex and nuanced one. Humans are a genetically and phenotypically diverse species, and this diversity is not randomly distributed but rather clustered by lineage and geography. Major racial groups (whether we call them races, subspecies, or populations) exhibit significant differences in allele frequencies and in numerous anatomical and physiological traits – from blood antigens and disease susceptibilities to growth patterns, body proportions, and metabolic adaptations. These differences largely reflect thousands of years of evolutionary adaptation to different environments and genetic drift in separated gene pools.
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118		-Understanding the biological reality of race has important practical benefits. In medicine, it can literally save lives: being aware of racial differences in disease risk or drug response can improve diagnosis and treatment.{{footnote}} https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26756268_Is_Homo_sapiens_polytypic_Human_taxonomic_diversity_and_its_implications#:~:text=Finally%20the%20implications%20of%20this,save%20lives%20in%20the%20future{{/footnote}} For example, tailoring health screening (such as sickle-cell trait screening for African-descended populations){{footnote}} https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types/diversity/african-american-blood-donors.html#:~:text=More%20than%20100%2C000%20individuals%20in,blood%20transfusions%20throughout%20their%20lifetime{{/footnote}} or ensuring diverse blood donations{{footnote}} https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types/diversity/african-american-blood-donors.html#:~:text=More%20than%20100%2C000%20individuals%20in,blood%20transfusions%20throughout%20their%20lifetime{{/footnote}} are direct applications. In anthropology and human history, recognizing races (in the sense of lineage clusters) is essential for reconstructing human migratory events and evolutionary history.{{footnote}} https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26756268_Is_Homo_sapiens_polytypic_Human_taxonomic_diversity_and_its_implications#:~:text=indicating%20the%20existence%20of%20a,and%20treatment%20responsiveness%20will%20save{{/footnote}} It provides an accurate picture of how different human groups emerged and interacted over time./foot
	118	+Understanding the biological reality of race has important practical benefits. In medicine, it can literally save lives: being aware of racial differences in disease risk or drug response can improve diagnosis and treatment.{{footnote}} https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26756268_Is_Homo_sapiens_polytypic_Human_taxonomic_diversity_and_its_implications#:~:text=Finally%20the%20implications%20of%20this,save%20lives%20in%20the%20future{{/footnote}} For example, tailoring health screening (such as sickle-cell trait screening for African-descended populations){{footnote}} https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types/diversity/african-american-blood-donors.html#:~:text=More%20than%20100%2C000%20individuals%20in,blood%20transfusions%20throughout%20their%20lifetime{{/footnote}} or ensuring diverse blood donations{{footnote}} https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/blood-types/diversity/african-american-blood-donors.html#:~:text=More%20than%20100%2C000%20individuals%20in,blood%20transfusions%20throughout%20their%20lifetime{{/footnote}} are direct applications. In anthropology and human history, recognizing races (in the sense of lineage clusters) is essential for reconstructing human migratory events and evolutionary history.{{footnote}} https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26756268_Is_Homo_sapiens_polytypic_Human_taxonomic_diversity_and_its_implications#:~:text=indicating%20the%20existence%20of%20a,and%20treatment%20responsiveness%20will%20save{{/footnote}} It provides an accurate picture of how different human groups emerged and interacted over time.{{footnote}} https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26756268_Is_Homo_sapiens_polytypic_Human_taxonomic_diversity_and_its_implications#:~:text=indicating%20the%20existence%20of%20a,save%20lives%20in%20the%20future{{/footnote}}
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120		-None of this is to deny the *social* reality of race – of course, cultural notions of race have changed and often been misused. But biologically, race is not a myth. As one geneticist wrote, “the genome challenges the social construction of race” by showing that genetic clusters consistent with racial classifications do indeed exist. In the end, it’s more scientifically sound and beneficial to appreciate human racial diversity for what it is – an integral part of our species’ natural heritage. Embracing this understanding, while rejecting racist prejudices, leads to a more honest and useful discourse. The biological concept of race, properly defined and contextualized, remains a robust framework in human biology and medicine, supported by countless empirical findings. Far from being “disproven,” the existence of human races is continually reinforced by modern research across genetics, anthropology, and epidemiology.
	120	+None of this is to deny the *social* reality of race – of course, cultural notions of race have changed and often been misused. But biologically, race is not a myth. As one geneticist wrote, “the genome challenges the social construction of race” by showing that genetic clusters consistent with racial classifications do indeed exist.{{footnote}} https://someofmybestfriendsarewhite.tumblr.com/post/80846397928/race-is-biologically-non-existent-im-not-making#:~:text=The%20Genomic%20Challenge%20to%20the,Social%20Construction%20of%20Race{{/footnote}} {{footnote}} https://someofmybestfriendsarewhite.tumblr.com/post/80846397928/race-is-biologically-non-existent-im-not-making#:~:text=synthesis%20that%20accepts%20the%20existence,emerging%20model%20for%20understanding%20biosocial{{/footnote}} In the end, it’s more scientifically sound and beneficial to appreciate human racial diversity for what it is – an integral part of our species’ natural heritage. Embracing this understanding, while rejecting racist prejudices, leads to a more honest and useful discourse. The biological concept of race, properly defined and contextualized, remains a robust framework in human biology and medicine, supported by countless empirical findings. Far from being “disproven,” the existence of human races is continually reinforced by modern research across genetics, anthropology, and epidemiology.
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122	122	**Sources:**
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