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1		-= Jewish Origins =
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3		-== Overview ==
4		-The Jewish people trace their origins to the ancient Israelites, a Semitic people who emerged in the central highlands of Canaan around 1200 BCE. These tribes eventually formed two kingdoms: Israel in the north and Judah in the south. Despite some shared ancestry and traditions, the kingdoms developed distinct political paths.
	5	+~== Overview ==
	6	+The Jewish people trace their origins to the ancient Israelites, a Semitic people who emerged in the central highlands of Canaan around 1200 BCE. These tribes later formed two kingdoms: Israel in the north and Judah in the south. Despite periods of unity, the kingdoms developed distinct political paths.
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6		-Judaism, as an organized religious identity, took form after the destruction of the First Temple and the Babylonian exile. This period marked the transformation from tribal Yahwism to a covenant-based monotheistic system, which later evolved into Rabbinic Judaism.
	8	+Judaism, as an organized religious identity, took form after the destruction of the First Temple and the Babylonian exile. This period marked the transformation from tribal Yahwism to a covenant-based monotheistic system, which would later evolve into Rabbinic Judaism.
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8		-== Ethnic Lineage ==
9		-Archaeological and genetic studies suggest that modern Jewish groups—Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Mizrahi—share a core Middle Eastern ancestry. These lineages reflect an ancient Levantine origin but also include admixture from local populations across Europe, North Africa, and the broader Middle East.
	10	+~== Ethnic Lineage ==
	11	+Archaeological and genetic studies suggest that Jews today share a Middle Eastern ancestral core, with centuries of migration, isolation, and intermarriage producing distinct subgroups such as Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews. These lineages maintain ethnic continuity with the ancient Levant but show varying levels of admixture with local populations in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East.
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11		-== Tribal Identity ==
12		-Judaism was historically structured around patrilineal tribes such as Judah, Levi, and Benjamin. After the Babylonian exile, rabbinic Judaism emphasized **matrilineal descent** as the defining line of Jewish identity. This shift may have been influenced by Roman legal codes or the need to preserve group identity under foreign rule and social instability.
	13	+~== Tribal Identity ==
	14	+Judaism was historically organized by patrilineal tribal descent (e.g., Tribe of Judah, Levi, Benjamin). After the Babylonian exile, this structure gave way to rabbinic definitions of Jewishness—eventually shifting to ~*~*matrilineal descent~*~*. This shift likely reflected both practical and cultural pressures, including Roman legal influence and efforts to preserve identity during diaspora and persecution.
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14		-== Historical Milestones ==
15		-* Merneptah Stele (~1200 BCE) – First non-biblical reference to "Israel"
16		-* Babylonian exile (~587 BCE) – Formation of post-tribal Jewish religious identity
17		-* Second Temple period – Rise of key sects, including Pharisees
18		-* Roman conquest – Massive dispersion and the emergence of the Jewish Diaspora
	16	+~== Historical Markers ==
	17	+~* ~*~*Merneptah Stele (1200 BCE)~*~* – First non-Biblical mention of "Israel"
	18	+~* ~*~*Babylonian Exile (587 BCE)~*~* – Catalyzed the formation of Jewish religious identity
	19	+~* ~*~*Second Temple Period~*~* – Rise of sects like the Pharisees and Sadducees, laying groundwork for Rabbinic Judaism
	20	+~* ~*~*Roman Conquest~*~* – Mass dispersion and the beginning of the formal Jewish Diaspora
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20		-== Commentary ==
21		-Jewish communities throughout history have shown a strong capacity to retain distinct identity markers—language, religion, endogamy—across centuries of migration. This persistence is unique among ancient ethnic groups and contributes to modern debates over ethnicity, religion, and assimilation.
	22	+~== Commentary ==
	23	+~*~*Ethnic preservation~*~* has been a constant theme in Jewish history. Even after centuries in foreign lands, Jewish communities retained self-conception as distinct from their host populations. While many nations absorbed their diaspora, Jews typically maintained separate customs, laws, and group identity—suggesting that assimilation was structurally and religiously discouraged.
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23		-== See Also ==
24		-* [[Diaspora>>path:/bin/view/Main%20Categories/Jews/Diaspora/]]
25		-* [[Zionism>>path:/bin/view/Main%20Categories/Jews/Zionism/]]
26		-* [[History of Ancient Israel and Judah>>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah]]
	25	+~== See Also ==
	26	+~* ~[~[Jewish Diaspora>>path:/bin/view/Main%20Categories/Jews/Diaspora/]]
	27	+~* ~[~[Zionism>>path:/bin/view/Main%20Categories/Jews/Zionism/]]
	28	+~* ~[~[Israel and Judah>>url:https:~/~/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah]]
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