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Changes for page Jews

Last modified by Ryan C on 2025/04/05 14:43

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@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
--**Jews** ([[Hebrew>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language]]: יְהוּדִים‎, [[ISO 259-2>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_259#ISO_259-2]]: //Yehudim//, [[Israeli pronunciation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew]]: [[~[jehuˈdim~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew]]), or the **Jewish people**, are an [[ethnoreligious group>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group]]^^[[~[14~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group-15]]^^ and [[nation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation]]^^[[~[15~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-16]]^^ originating from the [[Israelites>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]] of [[ancient Israel and Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah]]^^[[~[16~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-17]]^^ and traditionally adhering to [[Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism]].^^[[~[17~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Britannica-18]][[~[18~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-19]]^^ Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated,^^[[~[19~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Lederhendler20012-20]][[~[20~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Yee20052-21]]^^ as Judaism is their [[ethnic religion>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_religion]],^^[[~[21~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Nicholson20022-22]][[~[22~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Dowty19982-23]]^^ though it is not practiced by many ethnic Jews.^^[[~[23~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-KrauszTulea2-24]][[~[24~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-25]][[~[25~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-26]]^^ Despite this, religious Jews regard [[converts to Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerim]] as members of the Jewish nation, pursuant to the [[long-standing conversion process>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism]].^^[[~[23~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-KrauszTulea2-24]][[~[26~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-27]]^^
++**Jews** ([[Hebrew>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language]]: יְהוּדִים‎, [[ISO 259-2>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_259#ISO_259-2]]: //Yehudim//, [[Israeli pronunciation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew]]: [[~[jehuˈdim~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew]]), or the **Jewish people**, are an [[ethnoreligious group>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group]] and [[nation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation]] originating from the [[Israelites>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]] of [[ancient Israel and Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah]] and traditionally adhering to [[Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism]]. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated, as Judaism is their [[ethnic religion>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_religion]], though it is not practiced by many ethnic Jews. Despite this, religious Jews regard [[converts to Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerim]] as members of the Jewish nation, pursuant to the [[long-standing conversion process>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism]].
  **^^It should be noted that converting to Judaism is not only difficult and not accepted by many Jews without significant efforts undertaken to prove ones loyalty and commitment to the Tribe, converting Gentiles is also discouraged in Judaism itself. {{footnote}}https://www.jpost.com/blogs/torah-commentaries/can-a-person-convert-to-judaism-409549
@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@
  {{/footnote}} This makes it one of the only religions with a barrier to entry, preventing most people from ever joining it's ranks. This is one of the reasons Jewish ethnicity and Judaism are so closely linked, because being born into it is the primary means of achieving Jewishness.^^**
--The Israelites emerged from within the [[Canaanite peoples>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_peoples]] to  establish [[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)]] and [[Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]] in the [[Southern Levant>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Levant]] during the [[Iron Age>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age]].^^[[~[27~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-John_Day_pp._47-28]]^^ By the late 6th century BCE, Judaism had evolved from the Israelite religion, dubbed [[Yahwism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism]] (for [[Yahweh>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh]]) by modern scholars,^^[[~[28~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-MINDELL2009-29]]^^ having a theology that religious Jews believe to be the expression of the [[Mosaic covenant>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_covenant]] between their ancestors and [[God>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaism]].^^[[~[29~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Knowledge_Resources:_Judaism-30]]^^ The [[Babylonian captivity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity]] of the people of Judah following [[their kingdom's destruction>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)]],^^[[~[30~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-31]]^^ the movement of Jewish groups around the [[Mediterranean>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_basin]] during the [[Hellenistic period>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period]], and subsequent periods of conflict and violent dispersion, such as the [[Jewish–Roman wars>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars]], gave rise to the [[Jewish diaspora>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora]], which is a worldwide dispersion of Jewish communities that have maintained their sense of [[Jewish history>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history]], [[identity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_identity]], and [[culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture]].^^[[~[31~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-32]]^^
++The Israelites emerged from within the [[Canaanite peoples>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_peoples]] to  establish [[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)]] and [[Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]] in the [[Southern Levant>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Levant]] during the [[Iron Age>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age]]. By the late 6th century BCE, Judaism had evolved from the Israelite religion, dubbed [[Yahwism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism]] (for [[Yahweh>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh]]) by modern scholars, having a theology that religious Jews believe to be the expression of the [[Mosaic covenant>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_covenant]] between their ancestors and [[God>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaism]]. The [[Babylonian captivity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity]] of the people of Judah following [[their kingdom's destruction>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)]], the movement of Jewish groups around the [[Mediterranean>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_basin]] during the [[Hellenistic period>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period]], and subsequent periods of conflict and violent dispersion, such as the [[Jewish–Roman wars>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars]], gave rise to the [[Jewish diaspora>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora]], which is a worldwide dispersion of Jewish communities that have maintained their sense of [[Jewish history>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history]], [[identity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_identity]], and [[culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture]].
--In the following millennia, Jewish diaspora communities [[coalesced>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescent_theory]] into three major [[ethnic subdivisions>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the //[[Ashkenazim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews]]// ([[Central>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe]]), the //[[Sephardim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews]]// ([[Iberian Peninsula>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula]]), and the //[[Mizrahim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews]]// ([[Middle East>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East]] and [[North Africa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa]]).^^[[~[32~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-33]][[~[33~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Dosick-34]]^^ While these three major divisions account for most of the world's Jews, there are other smaller Jewish groups outside of the three.^^[[~[34~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-35]]^^ Prior to [[World War II>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II]], the [[global Jewish population>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country]] reached a peak of 16.7 million,^^[[~[35~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-JVIL2010-36]]^^ representing around 0.7% of the world's population at that time. During World War II, approximately six million Jews throughout [[Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe]] were supposedly systematically murdered by [[Nazi Germany>>The Third Reich]] in a genocide known as [[the Holocaust>>The Holocaust]]. Since then, the population has slowly risen again, and as of 2021, was estimated to be at 15.2 million by the demographer [[Sergio Della Pergola>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Della_Pergola]]^^[[~[2~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-JDB-3]]^^ or less than 0.2% of the total world population in 2012.^^[[~[38~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-39]][[~[b~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-41]]^^ Today, over 85% of Jews live in [[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel]] or the [[United States>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States]]. Israel, whose population is 73.9% Jewish, is the only country where Jews comprise more than 2.5% of the population.^^[[~[2~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-JDB-3]]^^
++In the following millennia, Jewish diaspora communities [[coalesced>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescent_theory]] into three major [[ethnic subdivisions>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the //[[Ashkenazim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews]]// ([[Central>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe]]), the //[[Sephardim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews]]// ([[Iberian Peninsula>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula]]), and the //[[Mizrahim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews]]// ([[Middle East>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East]] and [[North Africa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa]]). While these three major divisions account for most of the world's Jews, there are other smaller Jewish groups outside of the three. Prior to [[World War II>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II]], the [[global Jewish population>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country]] reached a peak of 16.7 million, representing around 0.7% of the world's population at that time. During World War II, approximately six million Jews throughout [[Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe]] were supposedly systematically murdered by [[Nazi Germany>>The Third Reich]] in a genocide known as [[the Holocaust>>The Holocaust]]. Since then, the population has slowly risen again, and as of 2021, was estimated to be at 15.2 million by the demographer [[Sergio Della Pergola>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Della_Pergola]] or less than 0.2% of the total world population in 2012. Today, over 85% of Jews live in [[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel]] or the [[United States>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States]]. Israel, whose population is 73.9% Jewish, is the only country where Jews comprise more than 2.5% of the population.
--Jews have significantly influenced and contributed to the development and growth of human progress in many fields, both historically and in modern times, including in [[science and technology>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Science_and_technology]],^^[[~[40~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Daly2013-42]]^^ [[philosophy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_philosophy]],^^[[~[41~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-43]]^^ [[ethics>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethics]],^^[[~[42~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-44]]^^ [[literature>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_literature]],^^[[~[40~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Daly2013-42]]^^ [[governance>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements]],^^[[~[40~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Daly2013-42]]^^ [[business>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Economic_activity]],^^[[~[40~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Daly2013-42]]^^ [[art>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_art]], [[music>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_music]], [[comedy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_humor]], [[theatre>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_theatre]],^^[[~[43~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-45]]^^ [[cinema>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Cinema]], [[architecture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel]],^^[[~[40~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Daly2013-42]]^^ [[food>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine]], [[medicine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_medicine]],^^[[~[44~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Rabin-46]][[~[45~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Shatzmiller,_Joseph_1995-47]]^^ and [[religion>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements]]. Jews founded [[Christianity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christianity]]^^[[~[46~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-BarclaySweet1996-48]]^^ and had [[an indirect but profound influence on Islam>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations]].^^[[~[47~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Paterson2009-49]]^^ In these ways and others, Jews have played a significant role in the development of [[Western culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture]].^^[[~[48~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Historical_Series-50]][[~[49~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-britannica.com-51]]^^
++Jews have significantly influenced and contributed to the development and growth of human progress in many fields, both historically and in modern times, including in [[science and technology>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Science_and_technology]], [[philosophy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_philosophy]], [[ethics>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethics]], [[literature>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_literature]], [[governance>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements]], [[business>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Economic_activity]], [[art>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_art]], [[music>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_music]], [[comedy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_humor]], [[theatre>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_theatre]], [[cinema>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Cinema]], [[architecture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel]], [[food>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine]], [[medicine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_medicine]], and [[religion>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements]]. Jews founded [[Christianity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christianity]] and had [[an indirect but profound influence on Islam>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations]]. In these ways and others, Jews have played a significant role in the development of [[Western culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture]].
  == Name and etymology ==
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@
  For a more comprehensive list, see [[List of Jewish ethnonyms>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_ethnonyms]].
--The term "Jew" is derived from the [[Hebrew>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language]] word יְהוּדִי //Yehudi//, with the [[plural>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural]] יְהוּדִים //Yehudim//.^^[[~[50~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-EJ253-52]]^^ [[Endonyms>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym]] in other [[Jewish languages>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_language]] include the [[Ladino>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_language]] ג׳ודיו //Djudio// (plural ג׳ודיוס, //Djudios//) and the [[Yiddish>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language]] ייִד //Yid// (plural ייִדן //Yidn//). Originally, in ancient times, //Yehudi// (Jew)^^[[~[51~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-ReferenceB-53]]^^ was used to describe the inhabitants of the Israelite [[kingdom of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]].^^[[~[52~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-54]]^^ It is also used to distinguish their descendants from the [[gentiles>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile]] and the [[Samaritans>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans]].^^[[~[53~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:4-55]]^^ According to the [[Hebrew Bible>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible]], these inhabitants predominately descend from the [[tribe of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah]] from [[Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(Bible)]], the fourth son of [[Jacob>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob]].^^[[~[54~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:0-56]]^^ Together the tribe of Judah and the [[tribe of Benjamin>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin]] made up the Kingdom of Judah.^^[[~[51~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-ReferenceB-53]]^^
++The term "Jew" is derived from the [[Hebrew>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language]] word יְהוּדִי //Yehudi//, with the [[plural>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural]] יְהוּדִים //Yehudim//. [[Endonyms>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym]] in other [[Jewish languages>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_language]] include the [[Ladino>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_language]] ג׳ודיו //Djudio// (plural ג׳ודיוס, //Djudios//) and the [[Yiddish>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language]] ייִד //Yid// (plural ייִדן //Yidn//). Originally, in ancient times, //Yehudi// (Jew)(% style="font-size:15.75px" %) (%%)was used to describe the inhabitants of the Israelite [[kingdom of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]] It is also used to distinguish their descendants from the [[gentiles>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile]] and the [[Samaritans>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans]].According to the [[Hebrew Bible>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible]], these inhabitants predominately descend from the [[tribe of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah]] from [[Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(Bible)]], the fourth son of [[Jacob>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob]]
  According to //[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language]]//, fourth edition (2000),
-->It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the noun //Jew//, in phrases such as //Jew lawyer// or //Jew ethics//, is both vulgar and highly offensive. In such contexts //Jewish// is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of //Jew// as a noun, a practice that carries risks of its own. In a sentence such as //There are now several Jews on the council//, which is unobjectionable, the substitution of a circumlocution like //Jewish people// or //persons of Jewish background// may in itself cause offense for seeming to imply that Jew has a negative connotation when used as a noun.^^[[~[67~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-69]]^^
++>It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the noun //Jew//, in phrases such as //Jew lawyer// or //Jew ethics//, is both vulgar and highly offensive. In such contexts //Jewish// is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of //Jew// as a noun, a practice that carries risks of its own. In a sentence such as //There are now several Jews on the council//, which is unobjectionable, the substitution of a circumlocution like //Jewish people// or //persons of Jewish background// may in itself cause offense for seeming to imply that Jew has a negative connotation when used as a noun.
  == Identity ==
@@ -48,30 +48,18 @@
  Map of [[Canaan>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan]]
--[[Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism]] shares some of the characteristics of a [[nation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation]],^^[[~[68~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Nicholson2002-70]][[~[69~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Neusner1991-71]][[~[70~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Dowty1998-72]][[~[71~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:2-73]][[~[72~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:3-74]][[~[73~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-75]]^^ an [[ethnicity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity]],^^[[~[14~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group-15]]^^ a [[religion>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion]], and a [[culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture]],^^[[~[74~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-GordisHeller2012-76]][[~[75~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Kunin2000-77]][[~[76~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Mendes-Flohr1991-78]]^^ making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used.^^[[~[77~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-79]][//[[better source needed>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS]]//]^^ Generally, in modern secular usage, Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly [[matrilineal descent>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism]]), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally [[converted to Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism]] and therefore are followers of the religion.^^[[~[78~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-80]]^^
++[[Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism]] shares some of the characteristics of a [[nation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation]]an [[ethnicity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity]], a [[religion>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion]], and a [[culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture]],making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. Generally, in modern secular usage, Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly [[matrilineal descent>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism]]), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally [[converted to Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism]] and therefore are followers of the religion.
--Historical definitions of [[Jewish identity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_identity]] have traditionally been based on //[[halakhic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha]]// definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. These definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the [[Oral Torah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_Torah]] into the [[Babylonian Talmud>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud]], around 200 [[CE>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era]]. Interpretations by Jewish sages of sections of the Tanakh – such as [[Deuteronomy 7:1–5>>url:https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%207:1%E2%80%935&version=nrsv]], which forbade intermarriage between their [[Israelite ancestors>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]] and seven non-Israelite nations: "for that [i.e. giving your daughters to their sons or taking their daughters for your sons,] would turn away your children from following me, to serve other gods"^^[[~[27~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-John_Day_pp._47-28]][//[[failed verification>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability]]//]^^ – are used as a warning against [[intermarriage>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism]] between Jews and gentiles. [[Leviticus 24:10>>url:https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2024:10&version=nrsv]] says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by [[Ezra 10:2–3>>url:https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%2010:2%E2%80%933&version=nrsv]], where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their [[gentile>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile]] wives and their children.^^[[~[79~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-81]][[~[80~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-82]]^^ A popular theory is that the rape of Jewish women in captivity brought about the law of Jewish identity being inherited through the maternal line, although scholars challenge this theory citing the Talmudic establishment of the law from the pre-exile period.^^[[~[81~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Klein2016-83]]^^ Another argument is that the rabbis changed the law of patrilineal descent to matrilineal descent due to the widespread rape of Jewish women by Roman soldiers.^^[[~[82~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Schott2010-84]]^^ Since the anti-religious //[[Haskalah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalah]]// movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, //halakhic// interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.^^[[~[83~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-85]]^^
++Historical definitions of [[Jewish identity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_identity]] have traditionally been based on //[[halakhic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halakha]]// definitions of matrilineal descent, and halakhic conversions. These definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the [[Oral Torah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_Torah]] into the [[Babylonian Talmud>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmud]], around 200 [[CE>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Era]]. Interpretations by Jewish sages of sections of the Tanakh – such as [[Deuteronomy 7:1–5>>url:https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%207:1%E2%80%935&version=nrsv]], which forbade intermarriage between their [[Israelite ancestors>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]] and seven non-Israelite nations: "for that [i.e. giving your daughters to their sons or taking their daughters for your sons,] would turn away your children from following me, to serve other gods" are used as a warning against [[intermarriage>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaith_marriage_in_Judaism]] between Jews and gentiles. [[Leviticus 24:10>>url:https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2024:10&version=nrsv]] says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is "of the community of Israel." This is complemented by [[Ezra 10:2–3>>url:https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezra%2010:2%E2%80%933&version=nrsv]], where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their [[gentile>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile]] wives and their children. A popular theory is that the rape of Jewish women in captivity brought about the law of Jewish identity being inherited through the maternal line, although scholars challenge this theory citing the Talmudic establishment of the law from the pre-exile period. Another argument is that the rabbis changed the law of patrilineal descent to matrilineal descent due to the widespread rape of Jewish women by Roman soldiers. Since the anti-religious //[[Haskalah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskalah]]// movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries, //halakhic// interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged.
--According to historian [[Shaye J. D. Cohen>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen]], the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined [[patrilineally>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality]] in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in [[Mishnaic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah]] times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (//[[Kil'ayim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(prohibition)]]//). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a [[horse>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse]] and a [[donkey>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey]], and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally.^^[[~[84~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-J.D._Cohen-86]]^^ Second, the [[Tannaim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannaim]] may have been influenced by [[Roman law>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law]], which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, [[offspring would follow the mother>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_semper_certa_est]].^^[[~[84~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-J.D._Cohen-86]]^^ Rabbi Rivon Krygier follows a similar reasoning, arguing that Jewish descent had formerly passed through the patrilineal descent and the law of matrilineal descent had its roots in the Roman legal system.^^[[~[81~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Klein2016-83]]^^
++According to historian [[Shaye J. D. Cohen>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen]], the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined [[patrilineally>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality]] in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in [[Mishnaic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah]] times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (//[[Kil'ayim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(prohibition)]]//). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a [[horse>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse]] and a [[donkey>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey]], and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally. Second, the [[Tannaim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannaim]] may have been influenced by [[Roman law>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law]], which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, [[offspring would follow the mother>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_semper_certa_est]]. Rabbi Rivon Krygier follows a similar reasoning, arguing that Jewish descent had formerly passed through the patrilineal descent and the law of matrilineal descent had its roots in the Roman legal system.
--**Yes, Jews are against interracial marriage. This excerpt from the wiki touches on this, but is conveniently obscure about the fact that it is practiced to this very day in Israel **
++Yes, Jews are against interracial marriage. This excerpt from the wiki touches on this, but is conveniently obscure about the fact that it is practiced to this very day in Israel {{footnote}}https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel
++{{/footnote}}(% style="color:inherit" %)Furthermore, even if you get married outside of Israel to circumvent this, the state of Israel wont even recognize it depending on which country you're from. {{footnote}} https://electronicintifada.net/blogs/ali-abunimah/israel-renews-racist-marriage-law
++{{/footnote}} When taken with the context of the near impossibility of conversion to Judaism, the full scope of Israel's stance against interracial marriage becomes evident. It's not merely a quirk of outdated religious tradition, its a full scale ban on interracial marriage.
--{{footnote}}
-- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel
--{{/footnote}}
--Furthermore, even if you get married outside of Israel to circumvent this, the state of Israel wont even recognize it depending on which country you're from.
--
--{{footnote}}
-- https://electronicintifada.net/blogs/ali-abunimah/israel-renews-racist-marriage-law
--{{/footnote}}
--
-- When taken with the context of the near impossibility of conversion to Judaism, the full scope of Israel's stance against interracial marriage becomes evident. It's not merely a quirk of outdated religious tradition, its a full scale ban on interracial marriage.
--
--
--==   ==
--
  == Origins ==
  [[Genetic studies on Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews]] show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the [[Middle East>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East]], and that they share certain genetic traits with other Gentile peoples of the [[Fertile Crescent>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent]].^^[[~[123~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-WhoAreTheJews-125]][[~[124~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-126]][[~[125~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-127]]^^ The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common gene pool dating back four millennia, as a marker of their common ancestral origin.^^[[~[126~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-128]]^^ Despite their long-term separation, Jewish communities maintained their unique commonalities, propensities, and sensibilities in culture, tradition, and language.^^[[~[127~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-129]]^^

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