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Last modified by Ryan C on 2025/04/05 14:43
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edited by Ryan C
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18 -**Jews** ([[Hebrew>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language]]: יְהוּדִים‎, [[ISO 259-2>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_259#ISO_259-2]]: //Yehudim//, [[Israeli pronunciation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew]]: [[~[jehuˈdim~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew]]), or the **Jewish people**, are an [[ethnoreligious group>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group]]^^[[~[14~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group-15]]^^ and [[nation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation]]^^[[~[15~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-16]]^^ originating from the [[Israelites>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]] of [[ancient Israel and Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah]]^^[[~[16~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-17]]^^ and traditionally adhering to [[Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism]].^^[[~[17~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Britannica-18]][[~[18~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-19]]^^ Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated,^^[[~[19~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Lederhendler20012-20]][[~[20~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Yee20052-21]]^^ as Judaism is their [[ethnic religion>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_religion]],^^[[~[21~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Nicholson20022-22]][[~[22~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Dowty19982-23]]^^ though it is not practiced by all ethnic Jews.^^[[~[23~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-KrauszTulea2-24]][[~[24~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-25]][[~[25~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-26]]^^ Despite this, religious Jews regard [[converts to Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerim]] as members of the Jewish nation, pursuant to the [[long-standing conversion process>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism]].^^[[~[23~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-KrauszTulea2-24]][[~[26~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-27]]^^
18 +**Jews** ([[Hebrew>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language]]: יְהוּדִים‎, [[ISO 259-2>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_259#ISO_259-2]]: //Yehudim//, [[Israeli pronunciation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Hebrew]]: [[~[jehuˈdim~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew]]), or the **Jewish people**, are an [[ethnoreligious group>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group]]^^[[~[14~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Jews-are-ethnoreligious-group-15]]^^ and [[nation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation]]^^[[~[15~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-16]]^^ originating from the [[Israelites>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]] of [[ancient Israel and Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah]]^^[[~[16~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-17]]^^ and traditionally adhering to [[Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism]].^^[[~[17~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Britannica-18]][[~[18~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-19]]^^ Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated,^^[[~[19~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Lederhendler20012-20]][[~[20~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Yee20052-21]]^^ as Judaism is their [[ethnic religion>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_religion]],^^[[~[21~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Nicholson20022-22]][[~[22~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Dowty19982-23]]^^ though it is not practiced by many ethnic Jews.^^[[~[23~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-KrauszTulea2-24]][[~[24~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-25]][[~[25~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-26]]^^ Despite this, religious Jews regard [[converts to Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerim]] as members of the Jewish nation, pursuant to the [[long-standing conversion process>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism]].^^[[~[23~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-KrauszTulea2-24]][[~[26~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-27]]^^
19 19  
20 -The Israelites emerged from within the [[Canaanite peoples>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_peoples]] to establish [[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)]] and [[Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]] in the [[Southern Levant>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Levant]] during the [[Iron Age>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age]].^^[[~[27~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-John_Day_pp._47-28]]^^ By the late 6th century BCE, Judaism had evolved from the Israelite religion, dubbed [[Yahwism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism]] (for [[Yahweh>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh]]) by modern scholars,^^[[~[28~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-MINDELL2009-29]]^^ having a theology that religious Jews believe to be the expression of the [[Mosaic covenant>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_covenant]] between their ancestors and [[God>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaism]].^^[[~[29~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Knowledge_Resources:_Judaism-30]]^^ The [[Babylonian captivity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity]] of the people of Judah following [[their kingdom's destruction>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)]],^^[[~[30~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-31]]^^ the movement of Jewish groups around the [[Mediterranean>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_basin]] during the [[Hellenistic period>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period]], and subsequent periods of conflict and violent dispersion, such as the [[Jewish–Roman wars>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars]], gave rise to the [[Jewish diaspora>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora]], which is a worldwide dispersion of Jewish communities that have maintained their sense of [[Jewish history>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history]], [[identity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_identity]], and [[culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture]].^^[[~[31~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-32]]^^
20 +(% class="box warningmessage" %)
21 +(((
22 +**^^It should be noted that converting to Judaism is not only difficult and not accepted by many Jews without significant efforts undertaken to prove ones loyalty and commitment to the Tribe, converting Gentiles is also discouraged in Judaism itself. {{footnote}}https://www.jpost.com/blogs/torah-commentaries/can-a-person-convert-to-judaism-409549
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25 +​{{/footnote}} This makes it one of the only religions with a barrier to entry, preventing most people from ever joining it's ranks. This is one of the reasons Jewish ethnicity and Judaism are so closely linked, because being born into it is the primary means of achieving Jewishness.^^**
26 +)))
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28 +The Israelites emerged from within the [[Canaanite peoples>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_peoples]] to  establish [[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)]] and [[Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]] in the [[Southern Levant>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Levant]] during the [[Iron Age>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age]].^^[[~[27~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-John_Day_pp._47-28]]^^ By the late 6th century BCE, Judaism had evolved from the Israelite religion, dubbed [[Yahwism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism]] (for [[Yahweh>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh]]) by modern scholars,^^[[~[28~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-MINDELL2009-29]]^^ having a theology that religious Jews believe to be the expression of the [[Mosaic covenant>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_covenant]] between their ancestors and [[God>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Judaism]].^^[[~[29~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Knowledge_Resources:_Judaism-30]]^^ The [[Babylonian captivity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity]] of the people of Judah following [[their kingdom's destruction>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)]],^^[[~[30~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-31]]^^ the movement of Jewish groups around the [[Mediterranean>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_basin]] during the [[Hellenistic period>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period]], and subsequent periods of conflict and violent dispersion, such as the [[Jewish–Roman wars>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars]], gave rise to the [[Jewish diaspora>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora]], which is a worldwide dispersion of Jewish communities that have maintained their sense of [[Jewish history>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history]], [[identity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_identity]], and [[culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture]].^^[[~[31~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-32]]^^
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22 22  In the following millennia, Jewish diaspora communities [[coalesced>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescent_theory]] into three major [[ethnic subdivisions>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the //[[Ashkenazim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews]]// ([[Central>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe]]), the //[[Sephardim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews]]// ([[Iberian Peninsula>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula]]), and the //[[Mizrahim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews]]// ([[Middle East>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East]] and [[North Africa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa]]).^^[[~[32~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-33]][[~[33~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Dosick-34]]^^ While these three major divisions account for most of the world's Jews, there are other smaller Jewish groups outside of the three.^^[[~[34~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-35]]^^ Prior to [[World War II>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II]], the [[global Jewish population>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country]] reached a peak of 16.7 million,^^[[~[35~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-JVIL2010-36]]^^ representing around 0.7% of the world's population at that time. During World War II, approximately six million Jews throughout [[Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe]] were supposedly systematically murdered by [[Nazi Germany>>The Third Reich]] in a genocide known as [[the Holocaust>>The Holocaust]]. Since then, the population has slowly risen again, and as of 2021, was estimated to be at 15.2 million by the demographer [[Sergio Della Pergola>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Della_Pergola]]^^[[~[2~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-JDB-3]]^^ or less than 0.2% of the total world population in 2012.^^[[~[38~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-39]][[~[b~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-41]]^^ Today, over 85% of Jews live in [[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel]] or the [[United States>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States]]. Israel, whose population is 73.9% Jewish, is the only country where Jews comprise more than 2.5% of the population.^^[[~[2~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-JDB-3]]^^
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24 24  Jews have significantly influenced and contributed to the development and growth of human progress in many fields, both historically and in modern times, including in [[science and technology>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Science_and_technology]],^^[[~[40~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Daly2013-42]]^^ [[philosophy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_philosophy]],^^[[~[41~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-43]]^^ [[ethics>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethics]],^^[[~[42~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-44]]^^ [[literature>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_literature]],^^[[~[40~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Daly2013-42]]^^ [[governance>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements]],^^[[~[40~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Daly2013-42]]^^ [[business>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Economic_activity]],^^[[~[40~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Daly2013-42]]^^ [[art>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_art]], [[music>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_music]], [[comedy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_humor]], [[theatre>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_theatre]],^^[[~[43~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-45]]^^ [[cinema>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Cinema]], [[architecture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel]],^^[[~[40~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Daly2013-42]]^^ [[food>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine]], [[medicine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_medicine]],^^[[~[44~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Rabin-46]][[~[45~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Shatzmiller,_Joseph_1995-47]]^^ and [[religion>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements]]. Jews founded [[Christianity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christianity]]^^[[~[46~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-BarclaySweet1996-48]]^^ and had [[an indirect but profound influence on Islam>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations]].^^[[~[47~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Paterson2009-49]]^^ In these ways and others, Jews have played a significant role in the development of [[Western culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture]].^^[[~[48~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Cambridge_University_Historical_Series-50]][[~[49~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-britannica.com-51]]^^
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28 28  Main article: [[Jew (word)>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew_(word)]]
29 29  
30 -
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32 32  For a more comprehensive list, see [[List of Jewish ethnonyms>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_ethnonyms]].
33 33  
34 34  The term "Jew" is derived from the [[Hebrew>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language]] word יְהוּדִי //Yehudi//, with the [[plural>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plural]] יְהוּדִים //Yehudim//.^^[[~[50~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-EJ253-52]]^^ [[Endonyms>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endonym]] in other [[Jewish languages>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_language]] include the [[Ladino>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladino_language]] ג׳ודיו //Djudio// (plural ג׳ודיוס, //Djudios//) and the [[Yiddish>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_language]] ייִד //Yid// (plural ייִדן //Yidn//). Originally, in ancient times, //Yehudi// (Jew)^^[[~[51~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-ReferenceB-53]]^^ was used to describe the inhabitants of the Israelite [[kingdom of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]].^^[[~[52~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-54]]^^ It is also used to distinguish their descendants from the [[gentiles>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile]] and the [[Samaritans>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans]].^^[[~[53~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:4-55]]^^ According to the [[Hebrew Bible>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Bible]], these inhabitants predominately descend from the [[tribe of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah]] from [[Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_(Bible)]], the fourth son of [[Jacob>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob]].^^[[~[54~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:0-56]]^^ Together the tribe of Judah and the [[tribe of Benjamin>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin]] made up the Kingdom of Judah.^^[[~[51~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-ReferenceB-53]]^^
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36 -Though Genesis 29:35 and 49:8 connect "Judah" with the verb //yada//, meaning "praise", scholars generally agree that "Judah" most likely derives from the name of a [[Levantine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levant]] geographic region dominated by gorges and ravines.^^[[~[55~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-57]][[~[56~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-58]]^^ In ancient times, Jewish people as a whole were called Hebrews or Israelites until the [[Babylonian Exile>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity]]. After the Exile, the term //Yehudi// (Jew) was used for all followers of Judaism because the survivors of the Exile (who were the former residents of the Kingdom of Judah) were the only Israelites that had kept their distinct identity as the [[ten tribes>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Lost_Tribes]] from the [[northern Kingdom of Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)]] had [[been scattered>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_captivity]] and assimilated into other populations.^^[[~[51~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-ReferenceB-53]]^^ The gradual [[ethnonymic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnonym]] shift from "[[Israelites>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]]" to "Jews", regardless of their descent from Judah, although not contained in the [[Torah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah]], is made explicit in the [[Book of Esther>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Esther]] (4th century BCE) of the [[Tanakh>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh]].^^[[~[57~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-59]]^^ Some modern scholars disagree with the conflation, based on the works of [[Josephus>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus]], [[Philo>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo]] and [[Apostle Paul>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostle_Paul]].^^[[~[58~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-60]]^^
37 -
38 -The English word "Jew" is a derivation of [[Middle English>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English]] //Gyw, Iewe//. The latter was loaned from the [[Old French>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French]] //giu//, which itself evolved from the earlier //juieu//, which in turn derived from //judieu/iudieu// which through [[elision>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elision]] had dropped the letter "d" from the [[Medieval Latin>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Latin]] //Iudaeus//, which, like the New Testament [[Greek>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek]] term //[[Ioudaios>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioudaios]]//, meant both "Jew" and "[[Judean>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judean]]" / "of [[Judea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea]]".^^[[~[59~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-61]]^^ The Greek term was a loan from [[Aramaic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Aramaic]] //*yahūdāy//, corresponding to Hebrew יְהוּדִי //Yehudi//.^^[[~[54~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:0-56]]^^
39 -
40 -Some scholars prefer translating //Ioudaios// as "Judean" in the Bible since it is more precise, denotes the community's origins and prevents readers from engaging in antisemitic [[eisegesis>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisegesis]].^^[[~[60~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-62]][[~[61~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-63]]^^ Others disagree, believing that it erases the Jewish identity of Biblical characters such as [[Jesus>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus]].^^[[~[53~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:4-55]]^^ Daniel R. Schwartz distinguishes "Judean" and "Jew". Here, "Judean" refers to the inhabitants of Judea, which encompassed southern [[Palestine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)]]. Meanwhile, "Jew" refers to the descendants of Israelites that adhere to [[Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism]]. Converts are included in the definition.^^[[~[62~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-64]]^^ But [[Shaye J.D. Cohen>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen]] argues that "Judean" should include believers of the Judean God and allies of the Judean state.^^[[~[63~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-65]]^^ Troy W. Martin similarly argues that biblical Jewishness is [[not dependent on ancestry>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws]] but instead, is based on adherence to 'covenantal circumcision' ([[Genesis 17:9–14>>url:https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%2017:9%E2%80%9314&version=nrsv]]).^^[[~[64~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:14-66]]^^
41 -
42 -The etymological equivalent is in use in other languages, e.g., يَهُودِيّ //yahūdī// (sg.), //al-yahūd// (pl.), in [[Arabic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic]], "Jude" in [[German>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language]], "judeu" in [[Portuguese>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language]], "Juif" (m.)/"Juive" (f.) in [[French>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language]], "jøde" in [[Danish>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language]] and [[Norwegian>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language]], "judío/a" in [[Spanish>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language]], "jood" in [[Dutch>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language]], "żyd" in [[Polish>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language]] etc., but derivations of the word "Hebrew" are also in use to describe a Jew, e.g., in [[Italian>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language]] (//Ebreo//), in [[Persian>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language]] ("Ebri/Ebrani" ([[Persian>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language]]: عبری/عبرانی)) and [[Russian>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language]] (//Еврей, Yevrey//).^^[[~[65~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-67]]^^ The German word "Jude" is pronounced [[~[ˈjuːdə~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German]], the corresponding [[adjective>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective]] "jüdisch" [[~[ˈjyːdɪʃ~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German]] (Jewish) is the origin of the word "Yiddish".^^[[~[66~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-68]]^^
43 -
44 44  According to //[[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language]]//, fourth edition (2000),
45 45  
46 46  >It is widely recognized that the attributive use of the noun //Jew//, in phrases such as //Jew lawyer// or //Jew ethics//, is both vulgar and highly offensive. In such contexts //Jewish// is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of //Jew// as a noun, a practice that carries risks of its own. In a sentence such as //There are now several Jews on the council//, which is unobjectionable, the substitution of a circumlocution like //Jewish people// or //persons of Jewish background// may in itself cause offense for seeming to imply that Jew has a negative connotation when used as a noun.^^[[~[67~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-69]]^^
... ... @@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
47 47  
48 48  == Identity ==
49 49  
50 -Main articles: [[Who is a Jew?>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F]] and [[Jewish identity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_identity]][[image:250px-A_map_of_Canaan_%288343807206%29.jpg]]
48 +Main articles: [[Who is a Jew?>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F]] and [[Jewish identity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_identity]]
51 51  
52 52  Map of [[Canaan>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan]]
53 53  
... ... @@ -57,53 +57,34 @@
57 57  
58 58  According to historian [[Shaye J. D. Cohen>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen]], the status of the offspring of mixed marriages was determined [[patrilineally>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality]] in the Bible. He brings two likely explanations for the change in [[Mishnaic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah]] times: first, the Mishnah may have been applying the same logic to mixed marriages as it had applied to other mixtures (//[[Kil'ayim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kil%27ayim_(prohibition)]]//). Thus, a mixed marriage is forbidden as is the union of a [[horse>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse]] and a [[donkey>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey]], and in both unions the offspring are judged matrilineally.^^[[~[84~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-J.D._Cohen-86]]^^ Second, the [[Tannaim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannaim]] may have been influenced by [[Roman law>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_law]], which dictated that when a parent could not contract a legal marriage, [[offspring would follow the mother>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mater_semper_certa_est]].^^[[~[84~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-J.D._Cohen-86]]^^ Rabbi Rivon Krygier follows a similar reasoning, arguing that Jewish descent had formerly passed through the patrilineal descent and the law of matrilineal descent had its roots in the Roman legal system.^^[[~[81~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Klein2016-83]]^^
59 59  
60 -== Origins ==
61 61  
62 -Further information: [[Canaan>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan]], [[Israelites>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]], [[Yahwism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism]], [[Origins of Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism]], and [[History of ancient Israel and Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah]][[image:500px-Procession_of_the_Aamu%2C_Tomb_of_Khnumhotep_II_%28composite%29.jpg]]
59 +(% class="box infomessage" %)
60 +(((
61 +**Yes, Jews are against interracial marriage. This excerpt from the wiki touches on this, but is conveniently obscure about the fact that it is practiced to this very day in Israel **
63 63  
64 -Egyptian depiction of the visit of Western Asiatics in colorful garments, labeled as //[[Aamu>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamu]]//. The painting is from the tomb of a 12th dynasty official [[Khnumhotep II>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khnumhotep_II]] at [[Beni Hasan>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Hasan]], and dated to c. 1900 BCE. Their nearest Biblical contemporaries were the earliest of Hebrews, such as [[Abraham>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham]] and [[Joseph>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)]].^^[[~[85~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-87]][[~[86~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-88]][[~[87~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-archaeology.org-89]][[~[88~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-90]]^^[[image:250px-Jehu_on_the_Black_Obelisk_of_Shalmaneser_III.jpg]]
63 +{{footnote}}
64 + https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel
65 +{{/footnote}}
65 65  
66 -Depiction of King [[Jehu>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehu]], tenth [[king>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King]] of the [[northern Kingdom of Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)]], on the [[Black Obelisk>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Obelisk]] of [[Shalmaneser III>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalmaneser_III]], 841–840 BCE.^^[[~[89~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-91]]^^ This is "the only portrayal we have in ancient Near Eastern art of an Israelite or Judaean monarch".^^[[~[90~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-92]]^^
67 +Furthermore, even if you get married outside of Israel to circumvent this, the state of Israel wont even recognize it depending on which country you're from.
67 67  
68 -The prehistory and ethnogenesis of the Jews are closely intertwined with archaeology, biology, historical textual records, mythology, and religious literature. The ethnic stock to which Jews originally trace their ancestry was a confederation of Iron Age [[Semitic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semitic_languages]]-speaking tribes known as the [[Israelites>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]] that inhabited a part of [[Canaan>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan]] during the [[tribal and monarchic periods>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah]].^^[[~[91~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-93]]^^ Modern Jews are named after and also descended from the southern Israelite [[Kingdom of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]].^^[[~[92~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-94]][[~[93~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Schama2014-95]][[~[94~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-96]][[~[95~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Ostrer2012-97]][[~[96~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Brenner2010-98]][[~[97~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Adams1840-99]]^^ [[Gary A. Rendsburg>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_A._Rendsburg]] links the early Canaanite [[nomadic pastoralists>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism]] confederation to the [[Shasu>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu]] known to the Egyptians around the 15th century BCE.^^[[~[98~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-100]]^^
69 +{{footnote}}
70 + https://electronicintifada.net/blogs/ali-abunimah/israel-renews-racist-marriage-law
71 +{{/footnote}}
69 69  
70 -According to the [[Hebrew Bible>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanakh]] narrative, Jewish ancestry is traced back to the [[Biblical patriarchs>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)]] such as [[Abraham>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham]], his son [[Isaac>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac]], Isaac's son [[Jacob>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob]], and the Biblical matriarchs [[Sarah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah]], [[Rebecca>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca]], [[Leah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leah]], and [[Rachel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel]], who lived in [[Canaan>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan]]. The [[Twelve Tribes>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tribes]] are described as descending from the twelve sons of Jacob. Jacob and his family migrated to [[Ancient Egypt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt]] after being invited to live with Jacob's son [[Joseph>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_(son_of_Jacob)]] by the [[Pharaoh>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaohs_in_the_Bible]] himself. The patriarchs' descendants were later enslaved until the [[Exodus>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exodus]] led by [[Moses>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses]], after which the Israelites conquered Canaan under Moses' successor [[Joshua>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua]], went through the period of the [[Biblical judges>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_judges]] after the death of Joshua, then through the mediation of [[Samuel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel]] became subject to a king, [[Saul>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul]], who was succeeded by [[David>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David]] and then [[Solomon>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon]], after whom the [[United Monarchy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)]] ended and was split into a separate [[Kingdom of Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)]] and a [[Kingdom of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]]. The Kingdom of Judah is described as comprising the tribes of [[Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Judah]], [[Benjamin>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin]], partially [[Levi>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_of_Levi]], and later adding remnants of other tribes who migrated there from the northern Kingdom of Israel.^^[[~[99~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Broshi_2001_174-101]][[~[100~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-102]][[~[101~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-103]]^^
73 + When taken with the context of the near impossibility of conversion to Judaism, the full scope of Israel's stance against interracial marriage becomes evident. It's not merely a quirk of outdated religious tradition, its a full scale ban on interracial marriage.
74 +)))
71 71  
72 -In the extra-biblical record, the Israelites become visible as a people between 1200 and 1000 BCE.^^[[~[102~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-104]]^^ There is well accepted archeological evidence referring to "Israel" in the [[Merneptah Stele>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah_Stele]], which dates to about 1200 BCE,^^[[~[103~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-NollMerneptah-105]][[~[104~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-ThompsonMerneptah-106]]^^ and in the Mesha stele from 840 BCE. It is debated whether a period like that of the [[Biblical judges>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_judges]] occurred^^[[~[105~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Yoder2015-107]][[~[106~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Brettler2002-108]][[~[107~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Thompson2000-109]][[~[108~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-HjelmThompson2016-110]][[~[109~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Davies1995-111]]^^ and if there ever was a [[United Monarchy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)]].^^[[~[110~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-lipschits-112]][[~[111~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Finkelstein-113]][[~[112~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Kuhrtp438-114]][[~[113~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Wright-115]]^^ There is further disagreement about the earliest existence of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah and their extent and power. Historians agree that a [[Kingdom of Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)]] existed by c. 900 BCE,^^[[~[111~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Finkelstein-113]]: 169–95 [[~[112~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Kuhrtp438-114]][[~[113~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Wright-115]]^^ there is a consensus that a [[Kingdom of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]] existed by c. 700 BCE at least,^^[[~[114~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Pitcher-116]]^^ and recent excavations in [[Khirbet Qeiyafa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa]] have provided strong evidence for dating the Kingdom of Judah to the 10th century BCE.^^[[~[115~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-117]]^^ In 587 BCE, [[Nebuchadnezzar II>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II]], King of the [[Neo-Babylonian Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire]], [[besieged Jerusalem>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)]], destroyed the [[First Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple]] and deported parts of the Judahite population.^^[[~[116~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-us-israel-archaeology-118]]^^
76 +== ==
73 73  
74 -Scholars disagree regarding the extent to which the Bible should be accepted as a historical source for early Israelite history. [[Rendsburg>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_A._Rendsburg]] states that there are two approximately equal groups of scholars who debate the [[historicity of the biblical narrative>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible]], the [[minimalists>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_minimalism]] who largely reject it, and the maximalists who largely accept it, with the minimalists being the more vocal of the two.^^[[~[117~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-119]]^^
78 +== Origins ==
75 75  
76 -Some of the leading minimalists reframe the biblical account as constituting the [[Israelites>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]]' inspiring [[national myth>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_myth]] narrative, suggesting that according to the modern archaeological and historical account, the Israelites and their culture did not overtake the region by force, but instead branched out of the [[Canaanite peoples>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_languages]] and culture through the development of a distinct [[monolatristic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolatrism]]—and later [[monotheistic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotheism]]—religion of [[Yahwism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism]] centered on [[Yahweh>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh]], one of the gods of the Canaanite pantheon. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of cultic practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite [[ethnic group>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group]], setting them apart from other Canaanites.^^[[~[118~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-120]][[~[119~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-121]][[~[120~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-122]]^^ According to [[Dever>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_G._Dever]], modern [[archaeologists>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology]] have largely discarded the search for evidence of the biblical narrative surrounding the patriarchs and the exodus.^^[[~[121~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-123]]^^
77 -
78 -According to the maximalist position, the modern archaeological record independently points to a narrative which largely agrees with the biblical account. This narrative provides a testimony of the Israelites as a [[nomadic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomad]] people known to the [[Egyptians>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt]] as belonging to the [[Shasu>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFApiru]]. Over time these nomads left the desert and settled on the central mountain range of the land of Canaan, in simple semi-nomadic settlements in which pig bones are notably absent. This population gradually shifted from a [[tribal>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe]] lifestyle to a monarchy. While the archaeological record of the ninth century BCE provides evidence for two monarchies, one in the south under a dynasty founded by a figure named David with its capital in [[Jerusalem>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem]], and one in the north under a dynasty founded by a figure named [[Omri>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omri]] with its capital in [[Samaria>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)]]. It also points to an early monarchic period in which these regions shared [[material culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culture]] and religion, suggesting a common origin. Archaeological finds also provide evidence for the later cooperation of these two kingdoms in their coalition against [[Aram>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram-Damascus]], and for their destructions by the [[Assyrians>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria]] and later by the Babylonians.^^[[~[122~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-124]]^^
79 -
80 80  [[Genetic studies on Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews]] show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the [[Middle East>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East]], and that they share certain genetic traits with other Gentile peoples of the [[Fertile Crescent>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent]].^^[[~[123~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-WhoAreTheJews-125]][[~[124~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-126]][[~[125~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-127]]^^ The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common gene pool dating back four millennia, as a marker of their common ancestral origin.^^[[~[126~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-128]]^^ Despite their long-term separation, Jewish communities maintained their unique commonalities, propensities, and sensibilities in culture, tradition, and language.^^[[~[127~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-129]]^^
81 81  
82 -== History ==
82 +**^^That Jews have maintained their ethnic unity and separation from other peoples despite their integration in various societies shows that true assimilation into non Jewish countries is largely not possible. Ashkenazi Jews, despite being in Europe for a millenia, still see themselves as Jewish not European. ^^**
83 83  
84 -Main article: [[Jewish history>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history]]
84 +== Israel and Judah ==
85 85  
86 -For a chronological guide, see [[Timeline of Jewish history>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history]].
87 -
88 -|=[[Tribes of Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel]]
89 -|[[image:120px-1695_Eretz_Israel_map_in_Amsterdam_Haggada_by_Abraham_Bar-Jacob.jpg]]
90 -|show(((
91 -The Tribes of Israel
92 -)))
93 -|show(((
94 -Other tribes
95 -)))
96 -|show(((
97 -Related topics
98 -)))
99 -|(((
100 -* [[v>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tribes_of_Israel]]
101 -* [[t>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Tribes_of_Israel]]
102 -* [[e>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tribes_of_Israel]]
103 -)))
104 -
105 -=== Israel and Judah ===
106 -
107 107  Further information: [[History of ancient Israel and Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah]]
108 108  
109 109  The earliest recorded evidence of a people by the name of Israel appears in the [[Merneptah Stele>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah_Stele]], which dates to around 1200 BCE. The majority of scholars agree that this text refers to the [[Israelites>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]], a group that inhabited the central highlands of [[Canaan>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan]], where archaeological evidence shows that hundreds of small [[settlements were constructed>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_highland_settlement]] between the 12th and 10th centuries BCE.^^[[~[128~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager199891-130]][[~[129~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-131]]^^ The Israelites differentiated themselves from neighboring peoples through various distinct characteristics including [[religious practices>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism]], [[prohibition on intermarriage>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogamy]], and an emphasis on genealogy and family history.^^[[~[130~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199935-132]][[~[131~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2003206-133]][[~[131~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2003206-133]]^^
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388 388  )))
389 389  )))
390 390  )))
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