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@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
  In the following millennia, Jewish diaspora communities [[coalesced>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescent_theory]] into three major [[ethnic subdivisions>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the //[[Ashkenazim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews]]// ([[Central>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe]]), the //[[Sephardim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews]]// ([[Iberian Peninsula>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula]]), and the //[[Mizrahim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews]]// ([[Middle East>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East]] and [[North Africa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa]]). While these three major divisions account for most of the world's Jews, there are other smaller Jewish groups outside of the three. Prior to [[World War II>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II]], the [[global Jewish population>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country]] reached a peak of 16.7 million, representing around 0.7% of the world's population at that time. During World War II, approximately six million Jews throughout [[Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe]] were supposedly systematically murdered by [[Nazi Germany>>The Third Reich]] in a genocide known as [[the Holocaust>>The Holocaust]]. Since then, the population has slowly risen again, and as of 2021, was estimated to be at 15.2 million by the demographer [[Sergio Della Pergola>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Della_Pergola]] or less than 0.2% of the total world population in 2012. Today, over 85% of Jews live in [[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel]] or the [[United States>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States]]. Israel, whose population is 73.9% Jewish, is the only country where Jews comprise more than 2.5% of the population.
--Jews have significantly influenced and contributed to the development and growth of human progress in many fields, both historically and in modern times, including in [[science and technology>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Science_and_technology]], [[philosophy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_philosophy]], [[ethics>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethics]], [[literature>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_literature]], [[governance>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements]], [[business>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Economic_activity]], [[art>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_art]], [[music>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_music]], comedy, [[theatre>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_theatre]], [[cinema>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Cinema]], [[architecture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel]], [[food>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine]], [[medicine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_medicine]], and [[religion>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements]]. Jews founded [[Christianity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christianity]] and had [[an indirect but profound influence on Islam>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations]]. In these ways and others, Jews have played a significant role in the development of [[Western culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture]].
++Jews have significantly influenced and contributed to the development and growth of human progress in many fields, both historically and in modern times, including in [[science and technology>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Science_and_technology]], [[philosophy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_philosophy]], [[ethics>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethics]], [[literature>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_literature]], [[governance>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_political_movements]], [[business>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Economic_activity]], [[art>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_art]], [[music>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_music]], [[comedy>>Jewish comedy]], [[theatre>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_theatre]], [[cinema>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture#Cinema]], [[architecture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel]], [[food>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_cuisine]], [[medicine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_medicine]], and [[religion>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements]]. Jews founded [[Christianity>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Christianity]] and had [[an indirect but profound influence on Islam>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations]]. In these ways and others, Jews have played a significant role in the development of [[Western culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_culture]].
  == Name and etymology ==
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
  == Origins ==
--[[Genetic studies on Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews]] show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the [[Middle East>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East]], and that they share certain genetic traits with other Gentile peoples of the [[Fertile Crescent>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent]].^^[[~[123~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-WhoAreTheJews-125]][[~[124~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-126]][[~[125~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-127]]^^ The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common gene pool dating back four millennia, as a marker of their common ancestral origin.^^[[~[126~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-128]]^^ Despite their long-term separation, Jewish communities maintained their unique commonalities, propensities, and sensibilities in culture, tradition, and language.^^[[~[127~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-129]]^^
++[[Genetic studies on Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews]] show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the [[Middle East>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East]], and that they share certain genetic traits with other Gentile peoples of the [[Fertile Crescent>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertile_Crescent]].The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common gene pool dating back four millennia, as a marker of their common ancestral origin. Despite their long-term separation, Jewish communities maintained their unique commonalities, propensities, and sensibilities in culture, tradition, and language.
  **^^That Jews have maintained their ethnic unity and separation from other peoples despite their integration in various societies shows that true assimilation into non Jewish countries is largely not possible. Ashkenazi Jews, despite being in Europe for a millenia, still see themselves as Jewish not European. ^^**
@@ -69,55 +69,55 @@
  Further information: [[History of ancient Israel and Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah]]
--The earliest recorded evidence of a people by the name of Israel appears in the [[Merneptah Stele>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah_Stele]], which dates to around 1200 BCE. The majority of scholars agree that this text refers to the [[Israelites>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]], a group that inhabited the central highlands of [[Canaan>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan]], where archaeological evidence shows that hundreds of small [[settlements were constructed>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_highland_settlement]] between the 12th and 10th centuries BCE.^^[[~[128~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager199891-130]][[~[129~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-131]]^^ The Israelites differentiated themselves from neighboring peoples through various distinct characteristics including [[religious practices>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism]], [[prohibition on intermarriage>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogamy]], and an emphasis on genealogy and family history.^^[[~[130~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNutt199935-132]][[~[131~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2003206-133]][[~[131~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDever2003206-133]]^^
++The earliest recorded evidence of a people by the name of Israel appears in the [[Merneptah Stele>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah_Stele]], which dates to around 1200 BCE. The majority of scholars agree that this text refers to the [[Israelites>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites]], a group that inhabited the central highlands of [[Canaan>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan]], where archaeological evidence shows that hundreds of small [[settlements were constructed>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelite_highland_settlement]] between the 12th and 10th centuries BCE.(% style="font-size:15.75px" %) (%%)The Israelites differentiated themselves from neighboring peoples through various distinct characteristics including [[religious practices>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism]], [[prohibition on intermarriage>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endogamy]], and an emphasis on genealogy and family history.
--In the 10th century BCE, two neighboring Israelite kingdoms—the northern [[Kingdom of Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)]] and the southern [[Kingdom of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]]—emerged. Since their inception, they shared ethnic, cultural, [[linguistic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew]] and [[religious>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism]] characteristics despite a complicated relationship. Israel, with its capital mostly in [[Samaria>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)]], was larger and wealthier, and soon developed into a regional power.^^[[~[132~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelsteinSilberman2002146%E2%80%937-134]]^^ In contrast, Judah, with its capital in [[Jerusalem>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem]], was less prosperous and covered a smaller, mostly mountainous territory. However, while in Israel the royal succession was often decided by a military coup d'état, resulting in several dynasty changes, political stability in Judah was much greater, as it was ruled by the [[House of David>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidic_line]] for the whole four centuries of its existence.^^[[~[133~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-135]]^^
++In the 10th century BCE, two neighboring Israelite kingdoms—the northern [[Kingdom of Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)]] and the southern [[Kingdom of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]]—emerged. Since their inception, they shared ethnic, cultural, [[linguistic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew]] and [[religious>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahwism]] characteristics despite a complicated relationship. Israel, with its capital mostly in [[Samaria>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)]], was larger and wealthier, and soon developed into a regional power. In contrast, Judah, with its capital in [[Jerusalem>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem]], was less prosperous and covered a smaller, mostly mountainous territory. However, while in Israel the royal succession was often decided by a military coup d'état, resulting in several dynasty changes, political stability in Judah was much greater, as it was ruled by the [[House of David>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidic_line]] for the whole four centuries of its existence.
--Around 720 BCE, Kingdom of Israel was destroyed when it was conquered by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire]], which came to dominate the ancient Near East.^^[[~[99~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Broshi_2001_174-101]]^^ Under the [[Assyrian resettlement policy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resettlement_policy_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire]], a significant portion of the northern Israelite population was [[exiled to Mesopotamia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_captivity]] and replaced by immigrants from the same region.^^[[~[134~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobolowsky202269%E2%80%9370,_73%E2%80%9375-136]]^^ During the same period, and throughout the 7th century BCE, the Kingdom of Judah, now under Assyrian [[vassalage>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_state]], experienced a period of prosperity and witnessed a significant population growth.^^[[~[135~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-137]]^^ This prosperity continued until the Neo-Assyrian king [[Sennacherib>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib]] [[devastated the region of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_campaign_in_the_Levant]] in response to a rebellion in the area, ultimately halting at [[Jerusalem>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem]].^^[[~[136~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-138]]^^ Later in the same century, the Assyrians were defeated by the rising [[Neo-Babylonian Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire]], and Judah became its vassal. In 587 BCE, following a [[revolt in Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon]], the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II [[besieged and destroyed Jerusalem>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)]] and the [[First Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple]], putting an end to the kingdom. The majority of Jerusalem's residents, including the kingdom's elite, were [[exiled to Babylon>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity]].^^[[~[137~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipi%C5%84ski202094-139]][[~[138~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-140]]^^
++Around 720 BCE, Kingdom of Israel was destroyed when it was conquered by the [[Neo-Assyrian Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire]], which came to dominate the ancient Near East.Under the [[Assyrian resettlement policy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resettlement_policy_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire]], a significant portion of the northern Israelite population was [[exiled to Mesopotamia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_captivity]] and replaced by immigrants from the same region. During the same period, and throughout the 7th century BCE, the Kingdom of Judah, now under Assyrian [[vassalage>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_state]], experienced a period of prosperity and witnessed a significant population growth.^^[[~[135~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-137]]^^ This prosperity continued until the Neo-Assyrian king [[Sennacherib>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib]] [[devastated the region of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib%27s_campaign_in_the_Levant]] in response to a rebellion in the area, ultimately halting at [[Jerusalem>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem]].^^[[~[136~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-138]]^^ Later in the same century, the Assyrians were defeated by the rising [[Neo-Babylonian Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire]], and Judah became its vassal. In 587 BCE, following a [[revolt in Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon]], the Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II [[besieged and destroyed Jerusalem>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)]] and the [[First Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple]], putting an end to the kingdom. The majority of Jerusalem's residents, including the kingdom's elite, were [[exiled to Babylon>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivity]].^^[[~[137~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipi%C5%84ski202094-139]][[~[138~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-140]]^^
  === Second Temple period ===
  Further information: [[Second Temple period>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple_period]] and [[Jewish–Roman wars>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars]]
--According to the [[Book of Ezra>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra]], the Persian [[Cyrus the Great>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great]] ended the [[Babylonian exile>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_exile]] in 538 BCE,^^[[~[139~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-rennert-141]]^^ the year after he captured Babylon.^^[[~[140~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-142]]^^ The exile ended with the return under [[Zerubbabel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel]] the Prince (so called because he was a descendant of the royal line of [[David>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David]]) and Joshua the Priest (a descendant of the line of the former [[High Priests of the Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel]]) and their construction of the [[Second Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple]] circa 521–516 BCE.^^[[~[139~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-rennert-141]]^^ As part of the [[Persian Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire]], the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah (//[[Yehud Medinata>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata]]//),^^[[~[141~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-143]]^^ with a smaller territory^^[[~[142~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Grabbe355-144]]^^ and a reduced population.^^[[~[111~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Finkelstein-113]]^^
++According to the [[Book of Ezra>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezra]], the Persian [[Cyrus the Great>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great]] ended the [[Babylonian exile>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_exile]] in 538 BCE,(% style="font-size:15.75px" %) (%%)the year after he captured Babylon. The exile ended with the return under [[Zerubbabel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerubbabel]] the Prince (so called because he was a descendant of the royal line of [[David>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David]]) and Joshua the Priest (a descendant of the line of the former [[High Priests of the Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel]]) and their construction of the [[Second Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple]] circa 521–516 BCE. As part of the [[Persian Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire]], the former Kingdom of Judah became the province of Judah (//[[Yehud Medinata>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehud_Medinata]]//), with a smaller territory and a reduced population.
--Judea was under control of the [[Achaemenids>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire]] until the fall of their empire in c. 333 BCE to [[Alexander the Great>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great]]. After several centuries under foreign imperial rule, the [[Maccabean Revolt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt]] against the [[Seleucid Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire]] resulted in an independent [[Hasmonean kingdom>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty]], under which the Jews once again enjoyed political independence for a period spanning from 110 to 63 BCE.^^[[~[143~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-BangScheidel2013-145]]^^ Under Hasmonean rule the boundaries of their kingdom were expanded to include not only the land of the historical [[kingdom of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]], but also the [[Galilee>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee]] and [[Transjordan>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transjordan_(region)]].^^[[~[144~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-146]]^^ In the beginning of this process the [[Idumeans>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idumeans]], who had infiltrated southern Judea after the destruction of the [[First Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple]], were converted en masse.^^[[~[145~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:22-147]][[~[146~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-148]]^^ In 63 BCE, Judea was conquered by the Romans. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Romans allowed the Jews to maintain some degree of independence by installing the [[Herodian dynasty>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_dynasty]] as [[vassal kings>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_state]]. However, Judea eventually came directly under Roman control and was incorporated into the [[Roman Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire]] as the [[province of Judaea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)]].^^[[~[147~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-149]][[~[148~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Malamat1976-150]]^^
++Judea was under control of the [[Achaemenids>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire]] until the fall of their empire in c. 333 BCE to [[Alexander the Great>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great]]. After several centuries under foreign imperial rule, the [[Maccabean Revolt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt]] against the [[Seleucid Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_Empire]] resulted in an independent [[Hasmonean kingdom>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty]], under which the Jews once again enjoyed political independence for a period spanning from 110 to 63 BCE. Under Hasmonean rule the boundaries of their kingdom were expanded to include not only the land of the historical [[kingdom of Judah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah]], but also the [[Galilee>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee]] and [[Transjordan>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transjordan_(region)]]. In the beginning of this process the [[Idumeans>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idumeans]], who had infiltrated southern Judea after the destruction of the [[First Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple]], were converted en masse.^^[[~[145~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:22-147]][[~[146~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-148]]^^ In 63 BCE, Judea was conquered by the Romans. From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the Romans allowed the Jews to maintain some degree of independence by installing the [[Herodian dynasty>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_dynasty]] as [[vassal kings>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_state]]. However, Judea eventually came directly under Roman control and was incorporated into the [[Roman Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire]] as the [[province of Judaea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)]].
--The [[Jewish–Roman wars>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars]], a series of unsuccessful revolts against Roman rule during the first and second centuries CE, had significant and disastrous consequences for the Jewish population of [[Judaea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)]].^^[[~[149~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:1-151]][[~[150~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-FahlbuschBromiley2005-152]]^^ The [[First Jewish-Roman War>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War]] (66–73 CE) culminated in the [[destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)]]. The severely reduced Jewish population of Judaea was denied any kind of political self-government.^^[[~[151~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-AHJ-GM-153]]^^ A few generations later, the [[Bar Kokhba revolt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt]] (132–136 CE) erupted, and its brutal suppression by the Romans led to the depopulation of [[Judea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea]]. Following the revolt, Jews were forbidden from residing in the vicinity of Jerusalem, and the Jewish demographic center in [[Judaea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)]] shifted to [[Galilee>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee]].^^[[~[152~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Mor,_M._2016._P471-154]][[~[153~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-raviv2021-155]][[~[154~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-156]]^^ Similar upheavals impacted the Jewish communities in the empire's eastern provinces during the [[Diaspora Revolt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt]] (115–117 CE), leading to the near-total destruction of Jewish diaspora communities in [[Libya>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Libya]], [[Cyprus>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Cyprus]] and [[Egypt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt]],^^[[~[155~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:52-157]][[~[156~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Zeev-2006-158]]^^ including the highly influential community in [[Alexandria>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria]].^^[[~[151~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-AHJ-GM-153]][[~[155~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:52-157]]^^[[image:250px-Iudaea_capta_reverse_of_Vespasian_sestertius.jpg]]
++The [[Jewish–Roman wars>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars]], a series of unsuccessful revolts against Roman rule during the first and second centuries CE, had significant and disastrous consequences for the Jewish population of [[Judaea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)]]. The [[First Jewish-Roman War>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War]] (66–73 CE) culminated in the [[destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)]]. The severely reduced Jewish population of Judaea was denied any kind of political self-government.A few generations later, the [[Bar Kokhba revolt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt]] (132–136 CE) erupted, and its brutal suppression by the Romans led to the depopulation of [[Judea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judea]]. Following the revolt, Jews were forbidden from residing in the vicinity of Jerusalem, and the Jewish demographic center in [[Judaea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)]] shifted to [[Galilee>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee]], Similar upheavals impacted the Jewish communities in the empire's eastern provinces during the [[Diaspora Revolt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt]] (115–117 CE), leading to the near-total destruction of Jewish diaspora communities in [[Libya>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Libya]], [[Cyprus>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Cyprus]] and [[Egypt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Egypt]], including the highly influential community in [[Alexandria>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria]].[[image:250px-Iudaea_capta_reverse_of_Vespasian_sestertius.jpg]]
  A Roman coin inscribed //[[Ivdaea Capta>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_Capta_coinage]],// or "captive Judea" (71 CE), representing Judea as a seated mourning woman (right), and a Jewish captive with hands tied (left)
--The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE brought profound changes to Judaism. With the Temple's central place in Jewish worship gone, religious practices shifted towards [[prayer>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_prayer]], [[Torah study>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_study]] (including [[Oral Torah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_Torah]]), and communal gatherings in [[synagogues>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue]]. Judaism also lost much of its [[sectarian>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarian]] nature.^^[[~[157~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Magness-159]]: 69 ^^ Two of the three main sects that flourished during the late Second Temple period, namely the [[Sadducees>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadducees]] and [[Essenes>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenes]], eventually disappeared, while [[Pharisaic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisees]] beliefs became the foundational, liturgical, and ritualistic basis of [[Rabbinic Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism]], which emerged as the prevailing form of Judaism since late antiquity.^^[[~[158~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:5-160]]^^
++The destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE brought profound changes to Judaism. With the Temple's central place in Jewish worship gone, religious practices shifted towards [[prayer>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_prayer]], [[Torah study>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_study]] (including [[Oral Torah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_Torah]]), and communal gatherings in [[synagogues>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue]]. Judaism also lost much of its [[sectarian>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectarian]] nature. ^^ ^^ Two of the three main sects that flourished during the late Second Temple period, namely the [[Sadducees>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadducees]] and [[Essenes>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essenes]], eventually disappeared, while [[Pharisaic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharisees]] beliefs became the foundational, liturgical, and ritualistic basis of [[Rabbinic Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism]], which emerged as the prevailing form of Judaism since late antiquity.^^[[~[158~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:5-160]]^^
  === Babylon and Rome ===
  Further information: [[History of the Jews in the Roman Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire]] and [[Talmudic academies in Babylonia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia]]
--The [[Jewish diaspora>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora]] existed well before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and had been ongoing for centuries, with the dispersal driven by both forced expulsions and voluntary migrations.^^[[~[159~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-161]][[~[151~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-AHJ-GM-153]]^^ In Mesopotamia, a testimony to the beginnings of the Jewish community can be found in [[Joachin's ration tablets>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin%27s_Rations_Tablets]], listing provisions allotted to the exiled Judean king and his family by [[Nebuchadnezzar II>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II]], and further evidence are the [[Al-Yahudu tablets>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Yahudu_Tablets]], dated to the 6th–5th centuries BCE and related to the exiles from Judea arriving after the destruction of the [[First Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple]],^^[[~[116~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-us-israel-archaeology-118]]^^ though there is ample evidence for the presence of Jews in Babylonia even from 626 BCE.^^[[~[160~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-162]]^^ In Egypt, the [[documents from Elephantine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantine_papyri_and_ostraca]] reveal the trials of a community founded by a Persian Jewish garrison at two fortresses on the frontier during the 5th–4th centuries BCE, and according to [[Josephus>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus]] the Jewish community in Alexandria existed since the founding of the city in the 4th century BCE by [[Alexander the Great>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great]].^^[[~[161~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-163]]^^ By 200 BCE, there were well established Jewish communities both in [[Egypt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia]] ("[[Babylonia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq]]" in Jewish sources) and in the two centuries that followed, Jewish populations were also present in [[Asia Minor>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia]], [[Greece>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece]], [[Macedonia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)]], [[Cyrene>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya]], and, beginning in the middle of the first century BCE, in the city of [[Rome>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome]].^^[[~[162~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Smallwood-164]][[~[151~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-AHJ-GM-153]]^^ Later, in the first centuries CE, as a result of the [[Jewish-Roman Wars>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars]], a large number of Jews were taken as captives, sold into slavery, or compelled to flee from the regions affected by the wars, contributing to the formation and expansion of Jewish communities across the [[Roman Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire]] as well as in [[Arabia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula]]^^[[~[163~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-165]]^^ and Mesopotamia.
++The [[Jewish diaspora>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora]] existed well before the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE and had been ongoing for centuries, with the dispersal driven by both forced expulsions and voluntary migrations.(% style="font-size:15.75px" %) (%%)In Mesopotamia, a testimony to the beginnings of the Jewish community can be found in [[Joachin's ration tablets>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin%27s_Rations_Tablets]], listing provisions allotted to the exiled Judean king and his family by [[Nebuchadnezzar II>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II]], and further evidence are the [[Al-Yahudu tablets>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Yahudu_Tablets]], dated to the 6th–5th centuries BCE and related to the exiles from Judea arriving after the destruction of the [[First Temple>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple]], though there is ample evidence for the presence of Jews in Babylonia even from 626 BCE. In Egypt, the [[documents from Elephantine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantine_papyri_and_ostraca]] reveal the trials of a community founded by a Persian Jewish garrison at two fortresses on the frontier during the 5th–4th centuries BCE, and according to [[Josephus>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus]] the Jewish community in Alexandria existed since the founding of the city in the 4th century BCE by [[Alexander the Great>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great]]. By 200 BCE, there were well established Jewish communities both in [[Egypt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt]] and [[Mesopotamia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia]] ("[[Babylonia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq]]" in Jewish sources) and in the two centuries that followed, Jewish populations were also present in [[Asia Minor>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia]], [[Greece>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece]], [[Macedonia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)]], [[Cyrene>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya]], and, beginning in the middle of the first century BCE, in the city of [[Rome>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome]]. Later, in the first centuries CE, as a result of the [[Jewish-Roman Wars>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars]], a large number of Jews were taken as captives, sold into slavery, or compelled to flee from the regions affected by the wars, contributing to the formation and expansion of Jewish communities across the [[Roman Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire]] as well as in [[Arabia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula]]and Mesopotamia.
--After the [[Bar Kokhba revolt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt]], the Jewish population in [[Judaea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)]], now significantly reduced in size, made efforts to recover from the revolt's devastating effects, but never fully regained its previous strength.^^[[~[164~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:12-166]][[~[165~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-167]]^^ In the second to fourth centuries CE, the region of [[Galilee>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee]] emerged as the new center of Jewish life in [[Syria Palaestina>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina]], experiencing a cultural and demographic flourishing. It was in this period that two central rabbinic texts, the [[Mishnah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah]] and the [[Jerusalem Talmud>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud]], were composed.^^[[~[166~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:03-168]]^^ However, as the Roman Empire was replaced by the [[Christianized>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire]] Byzantine Empire under [[Constantine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great]], Jews came to be persecuted by the church and the authorities, and many immigrated to communities in the diaspora. In the fourth century CE, Jews are believed to have lost their position as the majority in [[Syria Palaestina>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina]].^^[[~[167~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Kessler20102-169]][[~[164~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:12-166]]^^
++After the [[Bar Kokhba revolt>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt]], the Jewish population in [[Judaea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)]], now significantly reduced in size, made efforts to recover from the revolt's devastating effects, but never fully regained its previous strength. In the second to fourth centuries CE, the region of [[Galilee>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee]] emerged as the new center of Jewish life in [[Syria Palaestina>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina]], experiencing a cultural and demographic flourishing. It was in this period that two central rabbinic texts, the [[Mishnah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnah]] and the [[Jerusalem Talmud>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud]], were composed. However, as the Roman Empire was replaced by the [[Christianized>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire]] Byzantine Empire under [[Constantine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great]], Jews came to be persecuted by the church and the authorities, and many immigrated to communities in the diaspora. In the fourth century CE, Jews are believed to have lost their position as the majority in [[Syria Palaestina>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina]].
--The long-established Jewish community of Mesopotamia, which had been living under [[Parthian>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire]] and later [[Sasanian>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire]] rule, beyond the confines of the Roman Empire, became an important center of [[Jewish study>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_studies]] as Judea's Jewish population declined.^^[[~[167~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Kessler20102-169]][[~[164~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:12-166]]^^ Estimates often place the Babylonian Jewish community of the 3rd to 7th centuries at around one million, making it the largest Jewish diaspora community of that period.^^[[~[168~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:53-170]]^^ Under the political leadership of the [[exilarch>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilarch]], who was regarded as a royal heir of the House of David, this community had an autonomous status and served as a place of refuge for the Jews of [[Syria Palaestina>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina]]. A number of significant [[Talmudic academies>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia]], such as the [[Nehardea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehardea_Academy]], [[Pumbedita>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumbedita_Academy]], and [[Sura>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura_Academy]] academies, were established in Mesopotamia, and many important //[[Amoraim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoraim]]// were active there. The [[Babylonian Talmud>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud]], a centerpiece of Jewish religious law, was compiled in Babylonia in the 3rd to 6th centuries.^^[[~[169~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-171]]^^
++The long-established Jewish community of Mesopotamia, which had been living under [[Parthian>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire]] and later [[Sasanian>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasanian_Empire]] rule, beyond the confines of the Roman Empire, became an important center of [[Jewish study>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_studies]] as Judea's Jewish population declined. Estimates often place the Babylonian Jewish community of the 3rd to 7th centuries at around one million, making it the largest Jewish diaspora community of that period.^^[[~[168~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:53-170]]^^ Under the political leadership of the [[exilarch>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilarch]], who was regarded as a royal heir of the House of David, this community had an autonomous status and served as a place of refuge for the Jews of [[Syria Palaestina>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria_Palaestina]]. A number of significant [[Talmudic academies>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia]], such as the [[Nehardea>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehardea_Academy]], [[Pumbedita>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumbedita_Academy]], and [[Sura>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura_Academy]] academies, were established in Mesopotamia, and many important //[[Amoraim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoraim]]// were active there. The [[Babylonian Talmud>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud]], a centerpiece of Jewish religious law, was compiled in Babylonia in the 3rd to 6th centuries.
  === Middle Ages ===
  Further information: [[History of the Jews in Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe]], [[History of European Jews in the Middle Ages>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages]], [[Mizrahi Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews]], and [[Sephardi Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews]]
--Jewish diaspora communities are generally described to have [[coalesced>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescent_theory]] into three major [[ethnic subdivisions>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the //[[Ashkenazim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews]]// (initially in the Rhineland and France), the //[[Sephardim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews]]// (initially in the [[Iberian Peninsula>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews]]), and the //[[Mizrahim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews]]// ([[Middle East>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule]] and [[North Africa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa]]).^^[[~[170~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-172]]^^ [[Romaniote Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniote_Jews]], [[Tunisian Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Jews]], [[Yemenite Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews]], [[Egyptian Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Jews]], [[Ethiopian Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews]], [[Bukharan Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharan_Jews]], [[Mountain Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Jews]], and other groups also predated the arrival of the Sephardic diaspora.^^[[~[171~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-173]]^^
++Jewish diaspora communities are generally described to have [[coalesced>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalescent_theory]] into three major [[ethnic subdivisions>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions]] according to where their ancestors settled: the //[[Ashkenazim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews]]// (initially in the Rhineland and France), the //[[Sephardim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardi_Jews]]// (initially in the [[Iberian Peninsula>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews]]), and the //[[Mizrahim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews]]// ([[Middle East>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule]] and [[North Africa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa]]).^^[[~[170~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-172]]^^ [[Romaniote Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romaniote_Jews]], [[Tunisian Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Jews]], [[Yemenite Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemenite_Jews]], [[Egyptian Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Jews]], [[Ethiopian Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews]], [[Bukharan Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukharan_Jews]], [[Mountain Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_Jews]], and other groups also predated the arrival of the Sephardic diaspora.
--Despite experiencing repeated waves of persecution, Ashkenazi Jews in Western Europe worked in a variety of fields, making an impact on their communities' economy and societies. In [[Francia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia]], for example, figures like [[Isaac Judaeus>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_the_Jew]] and [[Armentarius>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armentarius_(moneylender)]] occupied prominent social and economic positions. However, Jews were frequently the subjects of discriminatory laws, [[segregation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe]], [[blood libels>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel]] and [[pogroms>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom]], which culminated in events like the [[Rhineland Massacres>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland_massacres]] (1066) and the [[expulsion of Jews from England>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_England]] (1290). As a result, Ashkenazi Jews were gradually pushed eastwards to [[Poland>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland]], [[Lithuania>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania]] and [[Russia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia]].^^[[~[172~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-174]]^^
++Despite experiencing repeated waves of persecution, Ashkenazi Jews in Western Europe worked in a variety of fields, making an impact on their communities' economy and societies. In [[Francia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia]], for example, figures like [[Isaac Judaeus>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_the_Jew]] and [[Armentarius>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armentarius_(moneylender)]] occupied prominent social and economic positions. However, Jews were frequently the subjects of discriminatory laws, [[segregation>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe]], [[blood libels>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_libel]] and [[pogroms>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom]], which culminated in events like the [[Rhineland Massacres>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland_massacres]] (1066) and the [[expulsion of Jews from England>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_England]] (1290). As a result, Ashkenazi Jews were gradually pushed eastwards to [[Poland>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland]], [[Lithuania>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania]] and [[Russia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia]].
--During the same period, Jewish communities in the Middle East thrived under Islamic rule, especially in cities like [[Baghdad>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad]], [[Cairo>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo]], and [[Damascus>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus]]. In Babylonia, from the 7th to 11th centuries the [[Pumbedita>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumbedita_Academy]] and [[Sura>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura_Academy]] academies led the Arab and to an extant the entire Jewish world. The deans and students of said academies defined the [[Geonic period>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonim]] in Jewish history.^^[[~[173~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-175]]^^ Following this period were the [[Rishonim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishonim]] who lived from the 11th to 15th centuries. Like their European counterparts, Jews in the Middle East and North Africa also faced periods of persecution and discriminatory policies, with the [[Almohad Caliphate>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate]] in [[North Africa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa]] and [[Iberia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula]] issuing forced conversion decrees, causing Jews such as [[Maimonides>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides]] to seek safety in other regions.
++During the same period, Jewish communities in the Middle East thrived under Islamic rule, especially in cities like [[Baghdad>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad]], [[Cairo>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo]], and [[Damascus>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus]]. In Babylonia, from the 7th to 11th centuries the [[Pumbedita>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumbedita_Academy]] and [[Sura>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sura_Academy]] academies led the Arab and to an extant the entire Jewish world. The deans and students of said academies defined the [[Geonic period>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geonim]] in Jewish history. Following this period were the [[Rishonim>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishonim]] who lived from the 11th to 15th centuries. Like their European counterparts, Jews in the Middle East and North Africa also faced periods of persecution and discriminatory policies, with the [[Almohad Caliphate>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate]] in [[North Africa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Africa]] and [[Iberia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula]] issuing forced conversion decrees, causing Jews such as [[Maimonides>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimonides]] to seek safety in other regions.
--Initially, under [[Visigoth rule>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom]], Jews in the Iberian Peninsula faced persecutions, but their circumstances changed dramatically under [[Islamic rule>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus]]. During this period, they thrived in a [[golden age>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain]], marked by significant intellectual and cultural contributions in fields such as philosophy, medicine, and literature by figures such as [[Samuel ibn Naghrillah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Naghrillah]], [[Judah Halevi>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Halevi]] and [[Solomon ibn Gabirol>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol]]. However, in the 12th to 15th centuries, the Iberian Peninsula witnessed a rise in antisemitism, leading to persecutions, anti-Jewish laws, massacres and forced conversions ([[peaking in 1391>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_1391]]), and the establishment of the [[Spanish Inquisition>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition]] that same year. After the completion of the [[Reconquista>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista]] and the issuance of the [[Alhambra Decree>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_Decree]] by the [[Catholic Monarchs>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain]] in 1492, the Jews of Spain were forced to choose: convert to Christianity or be expelled. As a result, around 200,000 Jews were [[expelled from Spain>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain]], seeking refuge in places such as the [[Ottoman Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire]], [[North Africa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Sephardim]], [[Italy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy#Early_Modern_period]], the [[Netherlands>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands]] and [[India>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India]]. A [[similar fate>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal]] awaited the Jews of Portugal a few years later. Some Jews chose to remain, and pretended to practice [[Catholicism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church]]. These Jews would form the members of [[Crypto-Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-Judaism]].^^[[~[174~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-176]]^^
++Initially, under [[Visigoth rule>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom]], Jews in the Iberian Peninsula faced persecutions, but their circumstances changed dramatically under [[Islamic rule>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus]]. During this period, they thrived in a [[golden age>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain]], marked by significant intellectual and cultural contributions in fields such as philosophy, medicine, and literature by figures such as [[Samuel ibn Naghrillah>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Naghrillah]], [[Judah Halevi>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Halevi]] and [[Solomon ibn Gabirol>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_ibn_Gabirol]]. However, in the 12th to 15th centuries, the Iberian Peninsula witnessed a rise in antisemitism, leading to persecutions, anti-Jewish laws, massacres and forced conversions ([[peaking in 1391>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_1391]]), and the establishment of the [[Spanish Inquisition>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition]] that same year. After the completion of the [[Reconquista>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista]] and the issuance of the [[Alhambra Decree>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhambra_Decree]] by the [[Catholic Monarchs>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain]] in 1492, the Jews of Spain were forced to choose: convert to Christianity or be expelled. As a result, around 200,000 Jews were [[expelled from Spain>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain]], seeking refuge in places such as the [[Ottoman Empire>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire]], [[North Africa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_Sephardim]], [[Italy>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy#Early_Modern_period]], the [[Netherlands>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands]] and [[India>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India]]. A [[similar fate>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal]] awaited the Jews of Portugal a few years later. Some Jews chose to remain, and pretended to practice [[Catholicism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church]]. These Jews would form the members of [[Crypto-Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypto-Judaism]].
  === Modern period ===
  Further information: [[Zionism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism]], [[The Holocaust>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocaust]], and [[History of Israel (1948–present)>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Israel_(1948%E2%80%93present)]]
--In the 19th century, when Jews in [[Western Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe]] were increasingly granted [[equality before the law>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation]], Jews in the [[Pale of Settlement>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement]] faced growing persecution, legal restrictions and widespread [[pogroms>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom]]. Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in [[Central>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe]] as a national revival movement, aiming to re-establish a Jewish polity in the Land of Israel, an endeavor to restore the Jewish people back to their ancestral homeland in order to stop the exoduses and persecutions that have plagued their history. This led to waves of Jewish migration to [[Ottoman-controlled Palestine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Syria]]. [[Theodor Herzl>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl]], who is considered the father of political Zionism,^^[[~[175~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-177]]^^ offered his vision of a future Jewish state in his 1896 book //[[Der Judenstaat>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Judenstaat]]// (//The Jewish State//); a year later, he presided over the [[First Zionist Congress>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress]].^^[[~[176~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-178]]^^
++In the 19th century, when Jews in [[Western Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe]] were increasingly granted [[equality before the law>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_emancipation]], Jews in the [[Pale of Settlement>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement]] faced growing persecution, legal restrictions and widespread [[pogroms>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom]]. Zionism emerged in the late 19th century in [[Central>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe]] and [[Eastern Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe]] as a national revival movement, aiming to re-establish a Jewish polity in the Land of Israel, an endeavor to restore the Jewish people back to their ancestral homeland in order to stop the exoduses and persecutions that have plagued their history. This led to waves of Jewish migration to [[Ottoman-controlled Palestine>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Syria]]. [[Theodor Herzl>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Herzl]], who is considered the father of political Zionism,^^[[~[175~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-177]]^^ offered his vision of a future Jewish state in his 1896 book //[[Der Judenstaat>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Judenstaat]]// (//The Jewish State//); a year later, he presided over the [[First Zionist Congress>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress]].
--The antisemitism that inflicted Jewish communities in Europe also triggered a mass exodus of more than two million Jews to the [[United States>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States]] between 1881 and 1924.^^[[~[177~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-179]]^^ The Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. Among those generally considered the most famous were [[Albert Einstein>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein]]. Many [[Nobel Prize>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize]] winners at this time were Jewish, as is still the case.^^[[~[178~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-Jewish_Nobel_Prize_Winners-180]]^^[[image:330px-Map_of_the_Jewish_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png]]
++The antisemitism that inflicted Jewish communities in Europe also triggered a mass exodus of more than two million Jews to the [[United States>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States]] between 1881 and 1924. The Jews of Europe and the United States gained success in the fields of science, culture and the economy. Among those generally considered the most famous were [[Albert Einstein>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein]] and [[Ludwig Wittgenstein>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein]]. Many [[Nobel Prize>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize]] winners at this time were Jewish, as is still the case.
  Map of the Jewish diaspora:  Israel
@@ -143,9 +143,9 @@
  See also: [[Jewish atheism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_atheism]] and [[Jewish secularism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_secularism]]
--|Part of [[a series>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism]] on
++|
  |=[[Judaism>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism]]
--|[[~[~[image:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png~|~|alt="Star of David" height="69" width="60"~]~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_David]] [[image:60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png]] [[image:120px-Menora.svg.png]]
++|[[~[~[image:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png~|~|alt="Star of David" height="69" width="60"~]~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_David]]
  |show(((
  [[Movements>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements]]
  )))
@@ -164,49 +164,18 @@
  |show(((
  [[Important figures>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_leadership]]
  )))
--|show(((
--[[Religious roles>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations]]
--)))
--|show(((
--[[Culture>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_culture]] and [[education>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_education]]
--)))
--|show(((
--Ritual objects
--)))
--|show(((
--[[Prayers>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_prayer]]
--)))
--|show(((
--[[Major holidays>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holidays]]
--)))
--|show(((
--[[Other religions>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions]]
--)))
--|show(((
--Related topics
--)))
--|(((
--* [[image:20px-Star_of_David.svg.png]] [[Judaism portal>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Judaism]]
--)))
--|(((
--* [[v>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Judaism]]
--* [[t>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism]]
--* [[e>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism]]
--)))
--
--
  === Population centers ===
--For a more comprehensive list, see [[Jewish population by city>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_city]].[[image:250px-Purim_2012_Williamsburg_Brooklyn_01.jpg]]
++For a more comprehensive list, see [[Jewish population by city>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population_by_city]].
  [[New York City>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City]] is home to 960,000 Jews, making it the [[largest Jewish community>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_New_York_City]] outside of Israel.
--Although historically, Jews have been found all over the world, in the decades since World War II and the establishment of Israel, they have increasingly concentrated in a small number of countries.^^[[~[255~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-257]][[~[256~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-258]]^^ In 2021, [[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel]] and the [[United States>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States]] together accounted for over 85 percent of the global Jewish population, with approximately 45.3% and 39.6% of the world's Jews, respectively.^^[[~[2~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-JDB-3]]^^ More than half (51.2%) of world Jewry resides in just ten metropolitan areas. As of 2021, these ten areas were [[Tel Aviv>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gush_Dan]], [[New York>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area]], [[Jerusalem>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Jerusalem]], [[Haifa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa_metropolitan_area]], [[Los Angeles>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles]], [[Miami>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area]], [[Philadelphia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Valley]], [[Paris>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area]], [[Washington>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area]], and [[Chicago>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area]]. The Tel Aviv metro area has the highest percent of Jews among the total population (94.8%), followed by Jerusalem (72.3%), Haifa (73.1%), and Beersheba (60.4%), the balance mostly being Israeli Arabs. Outside Israel, the highest percent of Jews in a metropolitan area was in New York (10.8%), followed by Miami (8.7%), Philadelphia (6.8%), San Francisco (5.1%), Washington (4.7%), Los Angeles (4.7%), Toronto (4.5%), and Baltimore (4.1%).^^[[~[2~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-JDB-3]]^^
++Although historically, Jews have been found all over the world, in the decades since World War II and the establishment of Israel, they have increasingly concentrated in a small number of countries. In 2021, [[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel]] and the [[United States>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States]] together accounted for over 85 percent of the global Jewish population, with approximately 45.3% and 39.6% of the world's Jews, respectively.More than half (51.2%) of world Jewry resides in just ten metropolitan areas. As of 2021, these ten areas were [[Tel Aviv>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gush_Dan]], [[New York>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area]], [[Jerusalem>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Jerusalem]], [[Haifa>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifa_metropolitan_area]], [[Los Angeles>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles]], [[Miami>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_metropolitan_area]], [[Philadelphia>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Valley]], [[Paris>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_metropolitan_area]], [[Washington>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area]], and [[Chicago>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area]]. The Tel Aviv metro area has the highest percent of Jews among the total population (94.8%), followed by Jerusalem (72.3%), Haifa (73.1%), and Beersheba (60.4%), the balance mostly being Israeli Arabs. Outside Israel, the highest percent of Jews in a metropolitan area was in New York (10.8%), followed by Miami (8.7%), Philadelphia (6.8%), San Francisco (5.1%), Washington (4.7%), Los Angeles (4.7%), Toronto (4.5%), and Baltimore (4.1%).
--As of 2010, there were nearly 14 million Jews around the world, roughly 0.2% of the world's population at the time.^^[[~[257~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-:6-259]]^^ According to the 2007 estimates of [[The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_People_Policy_Planning_Institute]], the world's Jewish population is 13.2 million.^^[[~[258~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-haaretz.com-260]]^^ This statistic incorporates both practicing Jews affiliated with [[synagogues>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue]] and the Jewish community, and approximately 4.5 million unaffiliated and [[secular Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_secularism]].^^[//[[citation needed>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed]]//]^^
++As of 2010, there were nearly 14 million Jews around the world, roughly 0.2% of the world's population at the time. According to the 2007 estimates of [[The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jewish_People_Policy_Planning_Institute]], the world's Jewish population is 13.2 million.(% style="font-size:15.75px" %) (%%)This statistic incorporates both practicing Jews affiliated with [[synagogues>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue]] and the Jewish community, and approximately 4.5 million unaffiliated and [[secular Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_secularism]].^^[//[[citation needed>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed]]//]^^
--According to [[Sergio Della Pergola>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Della_Pergola]], a demographer of the [[Jewish population>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population]], in 2021 there were about 6.8 million Jews in Israel, 6 million in the United States, and 2.3 million in the rest of the world.^^[[~[2~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-JDB-3]]^^
++According to [[Sergio Della Pergola>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Della_Pergola]], a demographer of the [[Jewish population>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_population]], in 2021 there were about 6.8 million Jews in Israel, 6 million in the United States, and 2.3 million in the rest of the world.
  ==== Israel ====
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@
  Jewish people in [[Jerusalem>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem]], Israel
--[[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel]], the Jewish nation-state, is the only country in which Jews make up a majority of the citizens.^^[[~[259~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-261]]^^ Israel was established as an independent [[democratic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy]] and Jewish state on 14 May 1948.^^[[~[260~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-cia-262]]^^ Of the 120 members in its parliament, the [[Knesset>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset]],^^[[~[261~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-263]]^^ as of 2016, 14 members of the Knesset are [[Arab citizens of Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel]] (not including the Druze), most representing Arab political parties. One of Israel's [[Supreme Court>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel]] judges is also an Arab citizen of Israel.^^[[~[262~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-264]]^^
++[[Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel]], the Jewish nation-state, is the only country in which Jews make up a majority of the citizens. Israel was established as an independent [[democratic>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy]] and Jewish state on 14 May 1948. Of the 120 members in its parliament, the [[Knesset>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset]],^^[[~[261~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-263]]^^ as of 2016, 14 members of the Knesset are [[Arab citizens of Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel]] (not including the Druze), most representing Arab political parties. One of Israel's [[Supreme Court>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel]] judges is also an Arab citizen of Israel.^^[[~[262~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-264]]^^
  Between 1948 and 1958, the Jewish population rose from 800,000 to two million.^^[[~[263~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-265]]^^ Currently, Jews account for 75.4 percent of the Israeli population, or 6 million people.^^[[~[264~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-266]][[~[265~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-267]]^^ The early years of the State of Israel were marked by the [[mass immigration>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah]] of [[Holocaust survivors>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_survivors]] in the [[aftermath of the Holocaust>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust]] and Jews [[fleeing Arab lands>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries]].^^[[~[266~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-persecution-268]]^^ Israel also has a large population of [[Ethiopian Jews>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews]], many of whom were airlifted to Israel in the late 1980s and early 1990s.^^[[~[267~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-269]][[~[268~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-270]]^^ Between 1974 and 1979 nearly 227,258 immigrants arrived in Israel, about half being from the [[Soviet Union>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union]].^^[[~[269~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-271]]^^ This period also saw an increase in [[immigration to Israel>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah]] from [[Western Europe>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe]], [[Latin America>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America]], and [[North America>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America]].^^[[~[270~]>>url:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews#cite_note-272]]^^
@@ -321,9 +321,6 @@
  )))
  = References =
--
--* [[XWiki>>http://www.xwiki.org]]
--* [[XWiki Extensions>>http://www.xwiki.org]]
  )))
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