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**Psychological Harm Research:** |
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-A 2019 meta-analysis by Forscher et al. published in the *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology* found that diversity training programs, including those based on CRT principles, often have limited or no lasting effect on implicit bias and may actually increase defensiveness among participants. The study analyzed 426 studies involving over 72,000 participants and found that many interventions designed to reduce bias were either ineffective or counterproductive. |
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+A 2019 {{tooltip label="meta-analysis" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}A statistical analysis that combines results from multiple studies to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a research question.{{/tooltip}} by Forscher et al. published in the *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology* found that {{tooltip label="diversity training programs" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Corporate and educational programs designed to promote diversity and inclusion, often based on CRT principles.{{/tooltip}}, including those based on CRT principles, often have limited or no lasting effect on {{tooltip label="implicit bias" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Unconscious attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner.{{/tooltip}} and may actually increase defensiveness among participants. The study analyzed 426 studies involving over 72,000 participants and found that many interventions designed to reduce bias were either ineffective or counterproductive. |
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**Educational Outcomes:** |
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-Research by the Manhattan Institute (2021) found that students exposed to CRT-aligned curricula reported lower levels of trust and higher inter-racial anxiety. The study examined 12 school districts that had implemented CRT-inspired programs and found several concerning patterns: |
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+Research by the {{tooltip label="Manhattan Institute" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}A conservative think tank that has conducted research on CRT and its effects in education.{{/tooltip}} (2021) found that students exposed to CRT-aligned curricula reported lower levels of trust and higher {{tooltip label="inter-racial anxiety" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Stress and discomfort experienced when interacting with people of different races.{{/tooltip}}. The study examined 12 school districts that had implemented CRT-inspired programs and found several concerning patterns: |
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-* **Increased Racial Tension:** Students reported feeling more divided along racial lines after exposure to CRT curricula. |
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-* **Reduced Academic Performance:** In some cases, academic performance declined as attention shifted from traditional academic subjects to identity-based discussions. |
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-* **Psychological Distress:** Students, particularly younger ones, showed signs of anxiety and confusion when taught to view themselves primarily through a racial lens. |
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+Students reported feeling more divided along racial lines after exposure to CRT curricula, with many expressing increased racial tension and discomfort. In some cases, academic performance declined as attention shifted from traditional academic subjects to {{tooltip label="identity-based discussions" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Educational activities that focus primarily on students' racial, gender, or other identity characteristics rather than academic content.{{/tooltip}}. Students, particularly younger ones, showed signs of anxiety and confusion when taught to view themselves primarily through a {{tooltip label="racial lens" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}A perspective that interprets all experiences and interactions primarily through the framework of race.{{/tooltip}}. |
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**Corporate Training Effectiveness:** |
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-A 2020 study by Dobbin and Kalev published in the *Harvard Business Review* found that mandatory diversity training programs often backfire, leading to decreased diversity in management positions. The study suggests that guilt-based approaches to diversity training can create resentment and resistance rather than understanding. |
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+A 2020 study by Dobbin and Kalev published in the *Harvard Business Review* found that {{tooltip label="mandatory diversity training programs" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Required workplace training programs that employees must attend, often focused on diversity and inclusion topics.{{/tooltip}} often backfire, leading to decreased diversity in {{tooltip label="management positions" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Leadership and supervisory roles within organizations.{{/tooltip}}. The study suggests that {{tooltip label="guilt-based approaches" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Training methods that focus on making participants feel guilty about their privilege or past actions.{{/tooltip}} to diversity training can create resentment and resistance rather than understanding. |
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=== Case Studies of CRT Implementation === |
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**San Diego Unified School District:** |
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-In 2021, San Diego Unified implemented an "equity-based" grading system that eliminated penalties for late work and reduced emphasis on traditional academic standards. The stated goal was to reduce racial disparities in academic performance. However, the results were concerning: |
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+In 2021, San Diego Unified implemented an {{tooltip label="equity-based grading system" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}An educational approach that modifies traditional grading practices in an attempt to reduce racial disparities in academic performance.{{/tooltip}} that eliminated penalties for late work and reduced emphasis on traditional academic standards. The stated goal was to reduce {{tooltip label="racial disparities" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Differences in outcomes between different racial groups, often measured in academic performance, income, or other metrics.{{/tooltip}} in academic performance. However, the results were concerning: |
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-* **No Improvement in Gaps:** Racial achievement gaps remained unchanged despite the policy changes. |
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-* **Overall Decline:** Average GPA declined across all racial groups. |
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-* **Reduced Standards:** The elimination of academic penalties led to decreased motivation and effort among students. |
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+The results were concerning, as {{tooltip label="Racial achievement gaps" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Differences in academic performance between different racial groups, often measured by test scores or grades.{{/tooltip}} remained unchanged despite the policy changes. Average {{tooltip label="GPA" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Grade Point Average - a numerical representation of a student's academic performance.{{/tooltip}} declined across all racial groups, and the elimination of academic penalties led to decreased motivation and effort among students. |
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**Portland Public Schools:** |
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Portland Public Schools implemented a comprehensive CRT-based curriculum that included: |
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-* **Racial Identity Development:** Students were taught to identify primarily with their racial group. |
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-* **Oppression Olympics:** Activities that encouraged students to rank different forms of oppression. |
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-* **White Guilt Sessions:** Special sessions designed to help white students understand their privilege. |
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+The curriculum included {{tooltip label="Racial Identity Development" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Educational programs that encourage students to develop their sense of self primarily through their racial identity.{{/tooltip}} programs where students were taught to identify primarily with their racial group. Activities included {{tooltip label="Oppression Olympics" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Activities that encourage students to compare and rank different forms of oppression or victimization.{{/tooltip}} that encouraged students to rank different forms of oppression, as well as {{tooltip label="White Guilt Sessions" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Educational sessions designed to make white students feel guilty about their racial privilege.{{/tooltip}} designed to help white students understand their privilege. |
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-The results included increased racial tension, decreased academic focus, and several incidents of racial conflict among students. |
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+The results included increased racial tension, decreased academic focus, and several incidents of {{tooltip label="racial conflict" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Tensions or disputes between students of different races, often exacerbated by identity-focused curricula.{{/tooltip}} among students. |
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**Seattle Public Schools:** |
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-Seattle's implementation of CRT-inspired mathematics curriculum, which claimed that traditional math was "white supremacist," led to significant controversy and ultimately had to be scaled back due to poor academic outcomes and parent complaints. |
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+Seattle's implementation of CRT-inspired mathematics curriculum, which claimed that traditional math was {{tooltip label="white supremacist" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}A term used to describe systems or practices that are said to promote white dominance or superiority.{{/tooltip}}, led to significant controversy and ultimately had to be scaled back due to poor academic outcomes and parent complaints. |
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== Psychological and Social Impact == |
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=== Effects on Children and Adolescents === |
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-**Identity Formation Issues:** |
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+**{{tooltip label="Identity Formation Issues" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Problems that arise when children's sense of self is primarily defined by external characteristics like race rather than individual qualities.{{/tooltip}}:** |
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-CRT's emphasis on racial identity can interfere with healthy identity development in children and adolescents. Research suggests that children who are taught to view themselves primarily through a racial lens may experience: |
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+CRT's emphasis on racial identity can interfere with healthy {{tooltip label="identity development" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}The process by which individuals develop a sense of who they are, including their values, beliefs, and self-concept.{{/tooltip}} in children and adolescents. Research suggests that children who are taught to view themselves primarily through a racial lens may experience: |
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-* **Identity Confusion:** Difficulty developing a coherent sense of self beyond racial categories. |
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-* **Reduced Individual Agency:** Belief that their outcomes are predetermined by their race. |
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-* **Increased Anxiety:** Worry about being perceived as racist or privileged. |
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+Children may experience {{tooltip label="Identity Confusion" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}A state of uncertainty about one's sense of self, often resulting from conflicting identity messages.{{/tooltip}} as they struggle to develop a coherent sense of self beyond racial categories. This can lead to {{tooltip label="Reduced Individual Agency" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}The belief that individuals have little control over their own lives and outcomes.{{/tooltip}} as children come to believe their outcomes are predetermined by their race. Additionally, many children experience {{tooltip label="Increased Anxiety" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Heightened worry and stress, particularly about racial issues and perceptions.{{/tooltip}} as they worry about being perceived as racist or privileged. |
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**Academic Performance:** |
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Studies have shown that CRT-inspired curricula can negatively impact academic performance: |
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-* **Reduced Focus on Academics:** Time spent on identity-based discussions often comes at the expense of traditional academic subjects. |
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-* **Lowered Expectations:** The emphasis on "equity" over excellence can lead to reduced academic standards. |
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-* **Increased Stress:** Constant focus on racial issues can create anxiety that interferes with learning. |
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+One major concern is {{tooltip label="Reduced Focus on Academics" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}When educational time and resources are diverted from traditional academic subjects to identity-based discussions.{{/tooltip}} as time spent on identity-based discussions often comes at the expense of traditional academic subjects. The emphasis on "equity" over excellence can lead to {{tooltip label="Lowered Expectations" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Reduced academic standards in the name of equity or fairness.{{/tooltip}} and reduced academic standards. Additionally, constant focus on racial issues can create {{tooltip label="Increased Stress" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Heightened anxiety and pressure that interferes with learning and performance.{{/tooltip}} that interferes with learning. |
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=== Effects on Adults and Society === |
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-**Workplace Dynamics:** |
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+**{{tooltip label="Workplace Dynamics" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}The relationships and interactions between employees in a work environment.{{/tooltip}}:** |
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CRT-inspired diversity training in the workplace has been shown to: |
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-* **Increase Tension:** Create resentment and defensiveness among employees. |
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-* **Reduce Trust:** Undermine relationships between colleagues of different races. |
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-* **Decrease Productivity:** Time spent on mandatory training often comes at the expense of actual work. |
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+CRT-inspired diversity training can {{tooltip label="Increase Tension" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Heightened stress and conflict between employees, often due to divisive training content.{{/tooltip}} by creating resentment and defensiveness among employees. This approach can {{tooltip label="Reduce Trust" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Decreased confidence and reliability in relationships between colleagues.{{/tooltip}} and undermine relationships between colleagues of different races. Furthermore, time spent on mandatory training often comes at the expense of actual work, leading to {{tooltip label="Decrease Productivity" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Reduced work output and efficiency due to time spent on non-work activities.{{/tooltip}}. |
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-**Social Cohesion:** |
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+**{{tooltip label="Social Cohesion" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}The degree to which members of a society feel connected and united.{{/tooltip}}:** |
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The emphasis on racial differences and historical grievances promoted by CRT can: |
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-* **Increase Division:** Create a more racially divided society rather than a more integrated one. |
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-* **Undermine Unity:** Focus on what divides people rather than what unites them. |
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-* **Promote Victimhood:** Encourage a victim mentality that can be disempowering. |
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+The emphasis on racial differences can {{tooltip label="Increase Division" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Create greater separation and conflict between different groups in society.{{/tooltip}} by creating a more racially divided society rather than a more integrated one. This approach tends to {{tooltip label="Undermine Unity" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Weaken the bonds that hold society together.{{/tooltip}} by focusing on what divides people rather than what unites them. Additionally, CRT can {{tooltip label="Promote Victimhood" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Encourage a mindset that emphasizes being a victim rather than taking personal responsibility.{{/tooltip}} by encouraging a victim mentality that can be disempowering. |
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== Political and Ideological Dimensions == |
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While CRT presents itself as an academic theory, it has clear political implications and has been embraced by various political movements: |
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-**Progressive Politics:** |
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+**{{tooltip label="Progressive Politics" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}A political ideology that advocates for social reform and change, often through government intervention.{{/tooltip}}:** |
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-CRT has become central to progressive politics, particularly in education and social justice movements. It provides a framework for understanding social issues that aligns with progressive policy goals. |
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+CRT has become central to progressive politics, particularly in education and {{tooltip label="social justice movements" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Organized efforts to promote equality and fairness in society, often focused on specific groups or issues.{{/tooltip}}. It provides a framework for understanding social issues that aligns with progressive policy goals. |
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-**Identity Politics:** |
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+**{{tooltip label="Identity Politics" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Political activity based on group identity rather than individual interests or shared values.{{/tooltip}}:** |
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CRT is closely tied to identity politics, which emphasizes group identity over individual characteristics. This can lead to: |
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-* **Tribalism:** Increased identification with racial groups rather than broader society. |
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-* **Polarization:** Greater division between different racial groups. |
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-* **Reduced Individualism:** De-emphasis on individual merit and personal responsibility. |
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+This approach can lead to {{tooltip label="Tribalism" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Strong loyalty to one's own group, often at the expense of broader society.{{/tooltip}} as individuals increasingly identify with racial groups rather than broader society. The result is often {{tooltip label="Polarization" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}The division of society into opposing groups with extreme differences.{{/tooltip}} with greater division between different racial groups. Additionally, this approach leads to {{tooltip label="Reduced Individualism" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Less emphasis on individual rights, responsibilities, and achievements.{{/tooltip}} as there is a de-emphasis on individual merit and personal responsibility. |
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=== The Role of Power and Control === |
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-**Institutional Capture:** |
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+**{{tooltip label="Institutional Capture" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}The process by which an ideology gains control over major institutions and organizations.{{/tooltip}}:** |
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CRT has achieved significant influence within various institutions: |
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-* **Education:** Many schools and universities have adopted CRT principles in their curricula and policies. |
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-* **Corporate America:** Major corporations have implemented CRT-inspired diversity programs. |
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-* **Government:** Various government agencies have incorporated CRT concepts into their policies and training. |
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+CRT has gained significant influence in {{tooltip label="Education" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Schools, universities, and educational systems that have adopted CRT principles.{{/tooltip}} as many schools and universities have adopted CRT principles in their curricula and policies. {{tooltip label="Corporate America" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Major businesses and corporations that have implemented CRT-inspired programs.{{/tooltip}} has also embraced these concepts, with major corporations implementing CRT-inspired diversity programs. Additionally, various {{tooltip label="Government" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Government agencies and departments that have incorporated CRT concepts.{{/tooltip}} agencies have incorporated CRT concepts into their policies and training. |
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-**Resistance and Backlash:** |
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+**{{tooltip label="Resistance and Backlash" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Opposition and pushback against CRT from various groups and individuals.{{/tooltip}}:** |
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The widespread adoption of CRT has also generated significant resistance: |
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-* **Parental Concerns:** Many parents have objected to CRT being taught to their children. |
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-* **Political Opposition:** Several states have passed laws restricting CRT in schools. |
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-* **Academic Criticism:** Some scholars have raised concerns about CRT's academic rigor and ideological bias. |
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+The resistance has manifested in several ways, including {{tooltip label="Parental Concerns" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Worries expressed by parents about CRT being taught to their children.{{/tooltip}} as many parents have objected to CRT being taught to their children. There has also been significant {{tooltip label="Political Opposition" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Legislative and political efforts to restrict or ban CRT.{{/tooltip}} with several states passing laws restricting CRT in schools. Additionally, there has been growing {{tooltip label="Academic Criticism" event="click" style="width: 320px; text-align: left;"}}Scholarly concerns about CRT's academic rigor and ideological bias.{{/tooltip}} as some scholars have raised concerns about CRT's academic rigor and ideological bias. |
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== Alternative Approaches to Race and Education == |
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